Development and Implementation of an Online Psychological Support Program for Tobacco Users

NCT ID: NCT07001722

Last Updated: 2025-06-03

Study Results

Results pending

The study team has not published outcome measurements, participant flow, or safety data for this trial yet. Check back later for updates.

Basic Information

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Recruitment Status

COMPLETED

Clinical Phase

NA

Total Enrollment

124 participants

Study Classification

INTERVENTIONAL

Study Start Date

2023-01-26

Study Completion Date

2025-04-24

Brief Summary

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Introduction: Tobacco use is the most prevalent and preventable public health problem in the world, responsible for 8 million deaths worldwide annually.

Objective: The aim of this study was to develop and implement a remote, asynchronous, eight-module psychoeducation programme (Tobacco Addiction Support System (TÜBSİS) = Tobacco Addiction Psychological Support Programme) based on mindfulness psychological intervention with a web-based, online platform-supported application for male and female individuals over the age of 18 with tobacco use. The TÜBSİS Programme, which is an individual intervention, was applied to male and female tobacco users at a university via a web platform.

Method: In this randomised controlled study, data collection from the participants in the intervention group was carried out through the web-based platform of the TÜBSİS Programme. Data collection from the participants in the control group was carried out via Google Forms and Google E-mail (Gmail). The participants were asked questions including the intervention variables three times in total, at the beginning, after two weeks and after four weeks. The participants in the intervention and control groups were asked about sociodemographic characteristics and tobacco use characteristics at baseline. Health Action Process Approach (HAPA) Model Change Question Form, Warwick Edinburgh Mental Well-Being Scale, Fagerström Nicotine Dependence Test and Informed Consent Form were applied to both groups at the beginning, in the middle and at the end of the intervention study. Intervention Variable '4-week TÜBSİS Tobacco Addiction Psychoeducation Programme' and 'Control Variables' Sociodemographic Characteristics (Age, Gender, Education level, Student status (being a student or not and level of education), Regular employment status (present/absent), Marital status, Having children, Perceived monthly income level, Father's education level, Living environment), Tobacco Use Characteristics (Age at the time of first smoking attempt, Past (pre-survey) smoking cessation attempt and number of attempts). The primary outcomes evaluated completed-8 modules of follow-up during the TÜBSİS Programme are as follows: 'Stage of change according to the HAPA Model (pre-intender stage, intender stage, actor stage)', "7-day point prevalence smoking cessation attempt (i.e. not having smoked a puff of cigarette in the last 7 days)", "Daily cigarette consumption amount (number of cigarettes smoked in a typical day for daily smokers, number of days smoked in a month and number of cigarettes smoked in a typical smoking day for occasional smokers)". Secondary outcomes were 'Increase in Warwick Edinburgh Mental Well-being Scale score' and 'Increase in Fagerström Nicotine Dependence Test score'. All statistical analyses were performed using SPSS version 25 software.

Keywords: tobacco use, mindfulness, web-based psychoeducation, Health Action Process Approach

Detailed Description

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Tobacco addiction is not only a behavioral challenge but also a neurobiological and psychosocial condition requiring tailored interventions beyond simple awareness efforts. Digital interventions-particularly those grounded in psychological theory and structured learning-have shown growing promise in addressing addictive behaviors in accessible and scalable formats.

The TÜBSİS Programme was developed as a structured psychoeducational tool incorporating principles of mindfulness and behavior change, aiming to strengthen psychological resources such as self-regulation, motivation, and resilience in tobacco users. While the program was digitally delivered, its design emphasized individual reflection, staged goal-setting, and emotional regulation skills to facilitate both cognitive and behavioral disengagement from tobacco use.

Each module of TÜBSİS was designed to align with the core constructs of the Health Action Process Approach (HAPA), such as risk perception, action self-efficacy, planning, and maintenance self-efficacy. Participants were guided through these constructs in a phased format, enabling a personalized change trajectory based on their psychological readiness and behavioral intentions.

In addition to the behavior change model, mindfulness strategies were embedded throughout the program, including attentional control exercises, present-moment awareness tasks, and cognitive reframing components. These were introduced progressively across modules to avoid cognitive overload and to allow integration into daily life routines.

Assessments used in this study were not only intended to track behavioral change but also to understand the interplay between tobacco dependence and psychological well-being. The Warwick Edinburgh Mental Well-Being Scale and the Fagerström Test provided quantitative indices of mental health status and addiction severity, allowing for multidimensional evaluation.

Given the asynchronous format, the study emphasized user engagement and retention. Platform analytics and module completion rates were monitored to interpret efficacy within the context of adherence.

Conditions

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Tobacco Addiction

Study Design

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Allocation Method

RANDOMIZED

Intervention Model

PARALLEL

The intervention is designed as a psychoeducational support remotely for tobacco user adult individuals. The control group had no intervention.
Primary Study Purpose

OTHER

Blinding Strategy

NONE

Study Groups

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TÜBSİS Web-based Psycho-education Programme

The intervention group had the TÜBSİS Program, which consists of a total of 8 modules lasting 1 month, is supported by the integration of two different frameworks: Mindfulness Approach and HAPA Health Action Approach. While the progress process in the TÜBSİS Program was created with the HAPA Model, the module contents of it were created within the framework of the Mindfulness Approach. Each participant receives reminder emails during this asynchronous and distance learning process and can open each new module at least 3 days later.

Participants in the intervention (as well as control group) were asked about sociodemographic and tobacco use characteristics at baseline. Health Action Process Approach (HAPA) Model Change Question Form, Warwick Edinburgh Mental Well-Being Scale, Fagerström Nicotine Dependence Test and Informed Consent Form were administered to the intervention group at the beginning, in the middle and at the end of the intervention study.

Group Type EXPERIMENTAL

TÜBSİS Web-based Psycho-education Programme

Intervention Type OTHER

The theoretical infrastructure of the TÜBSİS Program, which consists of a total of 8 modules lasting 1 month, is supported by the integration of two different frameworks: Mindfulness Approach and HAPA Health Action Approach. While the progress process in the TÜBSİS Program was created with the HAPA Model, the module contents of it were created within the framework of the Mindfulness Approach. Each participant receives reminder emails during this asynchronous and distance learning process and can open each new module at least 3 days later. Participants in the intervention (as well as control group) were asked about sociodemographic and tobacco use characteristics at baseline. Health Action Process Approach (HAPA) Model Change Question Form, Warwick Edinburgh Mental Well-Being Scale, Fagerström Nicotine Dependence Test and Informed Consent Form were administered to the intervention group at the beginning, in the middle and at the end of the intervention study.

Control Group (without intervention)

Participants in the control (as well as intervention group) were asked about sociodemographic and tobacco use characteristics at baseline. Health Action Process Approach (HAPA) Model Change Question Form, Warwick Edinburgh Mental Well-Being Scale, Fagerström Nicotine Dependence Test and Informed Consent Form were administered to the intervention group at the beginning, in the middle and at the end of the control study (during one month).

Group Type NO_INTERVENTION

No interventions assigned to this group

Interventions

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TÜBSİS Web-based Psycho-education Programme

The theoretical infrastructure of the TÜBSİS Program, which consists of a total of 8 modules lasting 1 month, is supported by the integration of two different frameworks: Mindfulness Approach and HAPA Health Action Approach. While the progress process in the TÜBSİS Program was created with the HAPA Model, the module contents of it were created within the framework of the Mindfulness Approach. Each participant receives reminder emails during this asynchronous and distance learning process and can open each new module at least 3 days later. Participants in the intervention (as well as control group) were asked about sociodemographic and tobacco use characteristics at baseline. Health Action Process Approach (HAPA) Model Change Question Form, Warwick Edinburgh Mental Well-Being Scale, Fagerström Nicotine Dependence Test and Informed Consent Form were administered to the intervention group at the beginning, in the middle and at the end of the intervention study.

Intervention Type OTHER

Eligibility Criteria

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Inclusion Criteria

* 18 years of age or older
* Used tobacco at least once a week for the last one month
* Being literate in Turkish language
* Be a student of Ege University or have graduated within the last three months

Exclusion Criteria

* Currently taking any smoking cessation intervention or medical treatment
* Not having given the mid-test or post-test measurement within 3 months from the time of the pre-test in the TÜBSİS Program
Minimum Eligible Age

18 Years

Maximum Eligible Age

65 Years

Eligible Sex

ALL

Accepts Healthy Volunteers

Yes

Sponsors

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Ege University Scientific Research Projects Coordination

UNKNOWN

Sponsor Role collaborator

Ege University

OTHER

Sponsor Role lead

Responsible Party

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Inci Derya YUCEL

Dr. Lecturer

Responsibility Role PRINCIPAL_INVESTIGATOR

Principal Investigators

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Gorkem YARARBAS, Prof. Dr.

Role: PRINCIPAL_INVESTIGATOR

Ege University, Institute on Drug Abuse, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science, Department of Drug Abuse

Hur HASSOY, Prof. Dr.

Role: PRINCIPAL_INVESTIGATOR

Ege University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health

Locations

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Ege University Institute on Drug Abuse, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science

Izmir, , Turkey (Türkiye)

Site Status

Countries

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Turkey (Türkiye)

References

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Schaub, M.P. (2023). Nikotinabhängigkeit. In: Ebert, D.D., Baumeister, H. (eds) Digitale Gesundheitsinterventionen. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg.

Reference Type BACKGROUND

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Reference Type BACKGROUND
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Spears CA, Abroms LC, Glass CR, Hedeker D, Eriksen MP, Cottrell-Daniels C, Tran BQ, Wetter DW. Mindfulness-Based Smoking Cessation Enhanced With Mobile Technology (iQuit Mindfully): Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial. JMIR Mhealth Uhealth. 2019 Jun 24;7(6):e13059. doi: 10.2196/13059.

Reference Type BACKGROUND
PMID: 31237242 (View on PubMed)

van Emmerik AAP, Berings F, Lancee J. Efficacy of a Mindfulness-Based Mobile Application: a Randomized Waiting-List Controlled Trial. Mindfulness (N Y). 2018;9(1):187-198. doi: 10.1007/s12671-017-0761-7. Epub 2017 Jun 21.

Reference Type BACKGROUND
PMID: 29387266 (View on PubMed)

Thornton L, Quinn C, Birrell L, Guillaumier A, Shaw B, Forbes E, Deady M, Kay-Lambkin F. Free smoking cessation mobile apps available in Australia: a quality review and content analysis. Aust N Z J Public Health. 2017 Dec;41(6):625-630. doi: 10.1111/1753-6405.12688. Epub 2017 Jul 27.

Reference Type BACKGROUND
PMID: 28749591 (View on PubMed)

Oikonomou MT, Arvanitis M, Sokolove RL. Mindfulness training for smoking cessation: A meta-analysis of randomized-controlled trials. J Health Psychol. 2017 Dec;22(14):1841-1850. doi: 10.1177/1359105316637667. Epub 2016 Apr 4.

Reference Type BACKGROUND
PMID: 27044630 (View on PubMed)

Firat M, Demir Gokmen B, Karakurt P. An investigation of smoking habits and mental well-being in healthcare personnel during COVID-19. Perspect Psychiatr Care. 2022 Jan;58(1):108-113. doi: 10.1111/ppc.12819. Epub 2021 Apr 30.

Reference Type BACKGROUND
PMID: 33931894 (View on PubMed)

Legleye S, Bricard D, Khlat M. Roles of parental smoking and family structure for the explanation of socio-economic inequalities in adolescent smoking. Addiction. 2023 Jan;118(1):149-159. doi: 10.1111/add.16026. Epub 2022 Aug 26.

Reference Type BACKGROUND
PMID: 35971293 (View on PubMed)

Haug S, Paz Castro R, Kowatsch T, Filler A, Dey M, Schaub MP. Efficacy of a web- and text messaging-based intervention to reduce problem drinking in adolescents: Results of a cluster-randomized controlled trial. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2017 Feb;85(2):147-159. doi: 10.1037/ccp0000138. Epub 2016 Sep 8.

Reference Type BACKGROUND
PMID: 27606700 (View on PubMed)

Haug S, Schaub MP, Venzin V, Meyer C, John U. Efficacy of a text message-based smoking cessation intervention for young people: a cluster randomized controlled trial. J Med Internet Res. 2013 Aug 16;15(8):e171. doi: 10.2196/jmir.2636.

Reference Type BACKGROUND
PMID: 23956024 (View on PubMed)

Durmaz S, Ergin I, Durusoy R, Hassoy H, Caliskan A, Okyay P. WhatsApp embedded in routine service delivery for smoking cessation: effects on abstinence rates in a randomized controlled study. BMC Public Health. 2019 Apr 8;19(1):387. doi: 10.1186/s12889-019-6727-z.

Reference Type BACKGROUND
PMID: 30961557 (View on PubMed)

Bandura, A. (1969). Social-learning theory of identificatory processes. In D. A. Goslin (Ed.), Handbook of socialization theory and research (pp. 213-262). Chicago, IL: Rand McNally.

Reference Type BACKGROUND

Other Identifiers

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28432

Identifier Type: OTHER_GRANT

Identifier Source: secondary_id

23-1.1T/38

Identifier Type: -

Identifier Source: org_study_id

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