Study Results
Results pending
The study team has not published outcome measurements, participant flow, or safety data for this trial yet. Check back later for updates.
Basic Information
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Recruitment Status
RECRUITING
Clinical Phase
NA
Total Enrollment
40 participants
Study Classification
INTERVENTIONAL
Study Start Date
2024-10-16
Study Completion Date
2025-12-31
Brief Summary
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Virtual reality (VR) uses computer technology to create a three-dimensional environment which the user can explore and interact with. VR can be used to distract the patient during an operation and has been used to avoid sedative premedication, increase patient satisfaction and decrease pain during nerve blocks. VR used alongside spinal anaesthetic for hip, knee and ankle operations has shown a trend of less sedation being required with no decrease in patient satisfaction.
The most common type of anaesthesia given during total knee arthroplasty (TKA) is spinal. Spinal anaesthesia is given unless there are complications or other conditions present, and general anaesthesia is given instead. General anaesthesia puts the patient to sleep during the operation, whereas spinal anaesthesia allows the patient to stay awake, but numbs the lower half of the body so no pain is felt. Sedation is usually given with spinal anaesthesia to make the patient relaxed and sleepy. Light sedation will allow the patient to be awake but relaxed, whereas deeper sedation means the patient is more likely to be asleep and less likely to recall what happened during the operation. Sedation can cause a number of side effects including nausea, vomiting, headache, drowsiness, pain, confusion, memory loss and breathing difficulties.
In this study, all patients will receive spinal anaesthesia. Group 1 will receive VR and a light level of sedation, whilst Group 2 will not receive VR but will receive a deeper level of sedation (standard of care). When using VR during TKA, a lighter level of sedation should be required. This could help to reduce side effects and aid quicker patient recovery. This pilot study aims to investigate this further.
The most common type of anaesthesia given during total knee arthroplasty (TKA) is spinal. Spinal anaesthesia is given unless there are complications or other conditions present, and general anaesthesia is given instead. General anaesthesia puts the patient to sleep during the operation, whereas spinal anaesthesia allows the patient to stay awake, but numbs the lower half of the body so no pain is felt. Sedation is usually given with spinal anaesthesia to make the patient relaxed and sleepy. Light sedation will allow the patient to be awake but relaxed, whereas deeper sedation means the patient is more likely to be asleep and less likely to recall what happened during the operation. Sedation can cause a number of side effects including nausea, vomiting, headache, drowsiness, pain, confusion, memory loss and breathing difficulties.
In this study, all patients will receive spinal anaesthesia. Group 1 will receive VR and a light level of sedation, whilst Group 2 will not receive VR but will receive a deeper level of sedation (standard of care). When using VR during TKA, a lighter level of sedation should be required. This could help to reduce side effects and aid quicker patient recovery. This pilot study aims to investigate this further.
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Detailed Description
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Total joint arthroplasty (TJA) is a successful surgical intervention to reduce pain and immobility from osteoarthritis. Mortality rates following TJA are low and survival has been increasing over the last two and a half decades despite an ageing population with a higher frequency of comorbidities.
Perioperative virtual reality (VR) is a non-pharmacological technique which has been used effectively to avoid sedative pre-medication, increase patient satisfaction and alleviate procedural pain during nerve blocks. VR has been successfully utilised across different medical specialties to reduce patient anxiety associated with interventions including magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), physical therapy, dental pain, and change of burns dressings. Furthermore, a trend towards less propofol sedation with use of VR has been found in spinal anaesthetic for hip, knee and ankle operations, with no decrease in patient satisfaction. However, this small pilot study did not investigate any other outcomes other than type and amount of sedation and duration of surgery. VR use has also been shown to reduce fentanyl dose, midazolam use and pain in elective total knee arthroplasty (TKA) patients who received a pre-operative adductor canal catheter. Satisfaction of patient, surgeon and anaesthetist has also been compared when using VR and using sedation with midazolam in patients undergoing urologic surgery under spinal anaesthesia. The patient and anaesthetist satisfaction scores were significantly higher in the VR group than in the sedation group.
Sedation is associated with a number of post-operative complications including nausea, hypo/hypertension, lower respiratory tract infection, cardiac arrhythmias, peripheral nerve damage, and post-operative delirium (PD). Nausea is a common occurrence following surgery with reported incidences of 30% in all post-surgical patients and up to 80% in high-risk patients. Dose dependent hypotension is the common complication in patients who have received propofol sedation, particularly in volume depleted patients. A common cardiovascular complication during anaesthesia is arrhythmia, with 70% of patients having arrhythmia undergoing general anaesthesia for various surgical procedures. Further complications associated with propofol, although more uncommon, include hypertriglyceridemia, pancreatitis and allergic complications.
The incidence of PD is generally higher after hip fracture surgery (4-53.3%) compared to elective hip surgery (3.6-28.3%). Independent risk factors for developing inpatient delirium include dementia, age, visual impairment, functional impairment and increased comorbidities. While most studies measuring effect of propofol on sleep disturbance and PD have focussed on the critical care setting, light propofol sedation (to target a bispectral index (BIS) \>80) decreased the prevalence of PD by 50% compared to deep sedation (BIS target of 50) in patients undergoing hip surgery with spinal anaesthesia. A further RCT investigated whether limiting propofol sedation with spinal anaesthesia in non-elective hip fracture repair patients reduced risk of delirium post-operatively. Patients were randomised to receive either heavier sedation (modified observer's assessment of alertness/sedation score (OAA/S) of 0-2) or lighter sedation (OAA/S of 4-5). There were no significant differences in risk of incident delirium between the heavier and lighter sedation groups. However, when stratified by Charlson comorbidity index (CCI), in low comorbid states, heavier sedation levels doubled the risk of delirium compared to lighter sedation. This randomised controlled trial (RCT) recruited hip fracture patients with a mean age of 82 years. Therefore, a similar study should be conducted in younger, less comorbid patients undergoing elective joint arthroplasty.
Sedation can also affect recovery following surgery. Being male, nausea, vomiting and pain during the ward stay have been reported to be risk factors for poor quality of recovery after sedation with midazolam for lower limb orthopaedic surgeries. Poor quality of recovery following surgery can also increase hospital stay and health care resources. No significant difference in quality of recovery has been reported between those who experienced immersive VR and those who underwent conventional care.
Propofol infusions are commonly administered alongside spinal anaesthesia for orthopaedic surgery. It is commonly given with no specific objective clinical target end point. This gives rise to the potential of administering excess propofol which may result in inadvertent deep levels of sedation. This can cause prolonged periods of inadvertent general anaesthesia depth during 'regional' cases (often without insertion of an airway device). Therefore, it is important to investigate potential ways of lowering propofol infusions during surgery, without increasing patient risk, anxiety or pain, such as through the use of VR.
Aims of Study
The aims of this pilot study are to determine:
1. the feasibility of using VR during TKA with spinal anaesthesia.
2. what outcomes, if any, can be influenced using VR during TKA with spinal anaesthesia.
Perioperative virtual reality (VR) is a non-pharmacological technique which has been used effectively to avoid sedative pre-medication, increase patient satisfaction and alleviate procedural pain during nerve blocks. VR has been successfully utilised across different medical specialties to reduce patient anxiety associated with interventions including magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), physical therapy, dental pain, and change of burns dressings. Furthermore, a trend towards less propofol sedation with use of VR has been found in spinal anaesthetic for hip, knee and ankle operations, with no decrease in patient satisfaction. However, this small pilot study did not investigate any other outcomes other than type and amount of sedation and duration of surgery. VR use has also been shown to reduce fentanyl dose, midazolam use and pain in elective total knee arthroplasty (TKA) patients who received a pre-operative adductor canal catheter. Satisfaction of patient, surgeon and anaesthetist has also been compared when using VR and using sedation with midazolam in patients undergoing urologic surgery under spinal anaesthesia. The patient and anaesthetist satisfaction scores were significantly higher in the VR group than in the sedation group.
Sedation is associated with a number of post-operative complications including nausea, hypo/hypertension, lower respiratory tract infection, cardiac arrhythmias, peripheral nerve damage, and post-operative delirium (PD). Nausea is a common occurrence following surgery with reported incidences of 30% in all post-surgical patients and up to 80% in high-risk patients. Dose dependent hypotension is the common complication in patients who have received propofol sedation, particularly in volume depleted patients. A common cardiovascular complication during anaesthesia is arrhythmia, with 70% of patients having arrhythmia undergoing general anaesthesia for various surgical procedures. Further complications associated with propofol, although more uncommon, include hypertriglyceridemia, pancreatitis and allergic complications.
The incidence of PD is generally higher after hip fracture surgery (4-53.3%) compared to elective hip surgery (3.6-28.3%). Independent risk factors for developing inpatient delirium include dementia, age, visual impairment, functional impairment and increased comorbidities. While most studies measuring effect of propofol on sleep disturbance and PD have focussed on the critical care setting, light propofol sedation (to target a bispectral index (BIS) \>80) decreased the prevalence of PD by 50% compared to deep sedation (BIS target of 50) in patients undergoing hip surgery with spinal anaesthesia. A further RCT investigated whether limiting propofol sedation with spinal anaesthesia in non-elective hip fracture repair patients reduced risk of delirium post-operatively. Patients were randomised to receive either heavier sedation (modified observer's assessment of alertness/sedation score (OAA/S) of 0-2) or lighter sedation (OAA/S of 4-5). There were no significant differences in risk of incident delirium between the heavier and lighter sedation groups. However, when stratified by Charlson comorbidity index (CCI), in low comorbid states, heavier sedation levels doubled the risk of delirium compared to lighter sedation. This randomised controlled trial (RCT) recruited hip fracture patients with a mean age of 82 years. Therefore, a similar study should be conducted in younger, less comorbid patients undergoing elective joint arthroplasty.
Sedation can also affect recovery following surgery. Being male, nausea, vomiting and pain during the ward stay have been reported to be risk factors for poor quality of recovery after sedation with midazolam for lower limb orthopaedic surgeries. Poor quality of recovery following surgery can also increase hospital stay and health care resources. No significant difference in quality of recovery has been reported between those who experienced immersive VR and those who underwent conventional care.
Propofol infusions are commonly administered alongside spinal anaesthesia for orthopaedic surgery. It is commonly given with no specific objective clinical target end point. This gives rise to the potential of administering excess propofol which may result in inadvertent deep levels of sedation. This can cause prolonged periods of inadvertent general anaesthesia depth during 'regional' cases (often without insertion of an airway device). Therefore, it is important to investigate potential ways of lowering propofol infusions during surgery, without increasing patient risk, anxiety or pain, such as through the use of VR.
Aims of Study
The aims of this pilot study are to determine:
1. the feasibility of using VR during TKA with spinal anaesthesia.
2. what outcomes, if any, can be influenced using VR during TKA with spinal anaesthesia.
Conditions
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Total Knee Arthroplasty
Study Design
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Allocation Method
RANDOMIZED
Intervention Model
PARALLEL
A single centred, parallel group, randomised controlled tria
Primary Study Purpose
TREATMENT
Blinding Strategy
NONE
Study Groups
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Virtual Reality
Group Type
EXPERIMENTAL
Virtual Reality
Intervention Type
PROCEDURE
* VR
* Spinal anaesthesia
* Limited propofol aiming for OAA/S of 4-5 (light sedation)
Control
Standard Care
Group Type
NO_INTERVENTION
No interventions assigned to this group
Interventions
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Virtual Reality
* VR
* Spinal anaesthesia
* Limited propofol aiming for OAA/S of 4-5 (light sedation)
Intervention Type
PROCEDURE
Eligibility Criteria
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Inclusion Criteria
* Patients ≥ 18 years old who are American Society of Anaesthesiologists (ASA) grade 1 or 2 scheduled for routine primary elective knee arthroplasty.
Exclusion Criteria
* Patients who are ASA grade 3 or 4.
* Patients who cannot use VR e.g. those with dementia.
* Patients with an existing diagnosis of delirium.
* Patients with visual impairment if degree of myopia/hyperopia exceeds the corrective power of the VR headset.
* Patients with hearing aids.
* Patients with previous history of motion sickness.
* Patients with epilepsy, history of black outs or fitting.
* Patients who will have an operation over 1 hour in duration or any patient who requires more complex surgery.
* Patients who have requested no sedation during the operation.
* Patients who have received premedication.
* Patients who have a general anaesthetic.
* Patients who do not adequately understand verbal explanations or written information given in English, or who have special communication needs.
* Patients who are not capable of informed consent.
* Patients who cannot use VR e.g. those with dementia.
* Patients with an existing diagnosis of delirium.
* Patients with visual impairment if degree of myopia/hyperopia exceeds the corrective power of the VR headset.
* Patients with hearing aids.
* Patients with previous history of motion sickness.
* Patients with epilepsy, history of black outs or fitting.
* Patients who will have an operation over 1 hour in duration or any patient who requires more complex surgery.
* Patients who have requested no sedation during the operation.
* Patients who have received premedication.
* Patients who have a general anaesthetic.
* Patients who do not adequately understand verbal explanations or written information given in English, or who have special communication needs.
* Patients who are not capable of informed consent.
Minimum Eligible Age
18 Years
Maximum Eligible Age
100 Years
Eligible Sex
ALL
Accepts Healthy Volunteers
No
Sponsors
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Belfast Health and Social Care Trust
OTHER
Sponsor Role
lead
Responsible Party
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Responsibility Role
SPONSOR
Principal Investigators
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David Johnston
Role: PRINCIPAL_INVESTIGATOR
Belfast Health and Social Care Trust
Locations
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Musgrave Park Hospital
Belfast, , United Kingdom
Site Status
RECRUITING
Countries
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United Kingdom
Central Contacts
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Facility Contacts
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References
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Hamel MB, Toth M, Legedza A, Rosen MP. Joint replacement surgery in elderly patients with severe osteoarthritis of the hip or knee: decision making, postoperative recovery, and clinical outcomes. Arch Intern Med. 2008 Jul 14;168(13):1430-40. doi: 10.1001/archinte.168.13.1430.
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BACKGROUND
Lalmohamed A, Vestergaard P, de Boer A, Leufkens HG, van Staa TP, de Vries F. Changes in mortality patterns following total hip or knee arthroplasty over the past two decades: a nationwide cohort study. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2014 Feb;66(2):311-8. doi: 10.1002/art.38232.
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BACKGROUND
Bekelis K, Calnan D, Simmons N, MacKenzie TA, Kakoulides G. Effect of an Immersive Preoperative Virtual Reality Experience on Patient Reported Outcomes: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Ann Surg. 2017 Jun;265(6):1068-1073. doi: 10.1097/SLA.0000000000002094.
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BACKGROUND
Pandya PG, Kim TE, Howard SK, Stary E, Leng JC, Hunter OO, Mariano ER. Virtual reality distraction decreases routine intravenous sedation and procedure-related pain during preoperative adductor canal catheter insertion: a retrospective study. Korean J Anesthesiol. 2017 Aug;70(4):439-445. doi: 10.4097/kjae.2017.70.4.439. Epub 2017 Mar 15.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Brown RKJ, Petty S, O'Malley S, Stojanovska J, Davenport MS, Kazerooni EA, Fessahazion D. Virtual Reality Tool Simulates MRI Experience. Tomography. 2018 Sep;4(3):95-98. doi: 10.18383/j.tom.2018.00023.
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Ashmore J, Di Pietro J, Williams K, Stokes E, Symons A, Smith M, Clegg L, McGrath C. A Free Virtual Reality Experience to Prepare Pediatric Patients for Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Cross-Sectional Questionnaire Study. JMIR Pediatr Parent. 2019 Apr 18;2(1):e11684. doi: 10.2196/11684.
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Carrougher GJ, Hoffman HG, Nakamura D, Lezotte D, Soltani M, Leahy L, Engrav LH, Patterson DR. The effect of virtual reality on pain and range of motion in adults with burn injuries. J Burn Care Res. 2009 Sep-Oct;30(5):785-91. doi: 10.1097/BCR.0b013e3181b485d3.
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BACKGROUND
Furman E, Jasinevicius TR, Bissada NF, Victoroff KZ, Skillicorn R, Buchner M. Virtual reality distraction for pain control during periodontal scaling and root planing procedures. J Am Dent Assoc. 2009 Dec;140(12):1508-16. doi: 10.14219/jada.archive.2009.0102.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Mott J, Bucolo S, Cuttle L, Mill J, Hilder M, Miller K, Kimble RM. The efficacy of an augmented virtual reality system to alleviate pain in children undergoing burns dressing changes: a randomised controlled trial. Burns. 2008 Sep;34(6):803-8. doi: 10.1016/j.burns.2007.10.010. Epub 2008 Mar 5.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Chan PY, Scharf S. Virtual Reality as an Adjunctive Nonpharmacological Sedative During Orthopedic Surgery Under Regional Anesthesia: A Pilot and Feasibility Study. Anesth Analg. 2017 Oct;125(4):1200-1202. doi: 10.1213/ANE.0000000000002169.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Moon JY, Shin J, Chung J, Ji SH, Ro S, Kim WH. Virtual Reality Distraction during Endoscopic Urologic Surgery under Spinal Anesthesia: A Randomized Controlled Trial. J Clin Med. 2018 Dec 20;8(1):2. doi: 10.3390/jcm8010002.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Inverso G, Dodson TB, Gonzalez ML, Chuang SK. Complications of Moderate Sedation Versus Deep Sedation/General Anesthesia for Adolescent Patients Undergoing Third Molar Extraction. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2016 Mar;74(3):474-9. doi: 10.1016/j.joms.2015.10.009. Epub 2015 Oct 16.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Amornyotin S. Sedation-related complications in gastrointestinal endoscopy. World J Gastrointest Endosc. 2013 Nov 16;5(11):527-33. doi: 10.4253/wjge.v5.i11.527.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
De Gaudio AR, Rinaldi S. Sedation in PACU: indications, monitoring, complications. Curr Drug Targets. 2005 Nov;6(7):729-40. doi: 10.2174/138945005774574542.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Sieber FE, Zakriya KJ, Gottschalk A, Blute MR, Lee HB, Rosenberg PB, Mears SC. Sedation depth during spinal anesthesia and the development of postoperative delirium in elderly patients undergoing hip fracture repair. Mayo Clin Proc. 2010 Jan;85(1):18-26. doi: 10.4065/mcp.2009.0469.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Sieber FE, Neufeld KJ, Gottschalk A, Bigelow GE, Oh ES, Rosenberg PB, Mears SC, Stewart KJ, Ouanes JP, Jaberi M, Hasenboehler EA, Li T, Wang NY. Effect of Depth of Sedation in Older Patients Undergoing Hip Fracture Repair on Postoperative Delirium: The STRIDE Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Surg. 2018 Nov 1;153(11):987-995. doi: 10.1001/jamasurg.2018.2602.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Marik PE. Propofol: therapeutic indications and side-effects. Curr Pharm Des. 2004;10(29):3639-49. doi: 10.2174/1381612043382846.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Kwon CH, Kim SH. Intraoperative management of critical arrhythmia. Korean J Anesthesiol. 2017 Apr;70(2):120-126. doi: 10.4097/kjae.2017.70.2.120. Epub 2017 Feb 21.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Sharma PT, Sieber FE, Zakriya KJ, Pauldine RW, Gerold KB, Hang J, Smith TH. Recovery room delirium predicts postoperative delirium after hip-fracture repair. Anesth Analg. 2005 Oct;101(4):1215-1220. doi: 10.1213/01.ane.0000167383.44984.e5.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Bitsch MS, Foss NB, Kristensen BB, Kehlet H. Acute cognitive dysfunction after hip fracture: frequency and risk factors in an optimized, multimodal, rehabilitation program. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2006 Apr;50(4):428-36. doi: 10.1111/j.1399-6576.2005.00899.x.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Bruce AJ, Ritchie CW, Blizard R, Lai R, Raven P. The incidence of delirium associated with orthopedic surgery: a meta-analytic review. Int Psychogeriatr. 2007 Apr;19(2):197-214. doi: 10.1017/S104161020600425X. Epub 2006 Sep 14.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Inouye SK, Zhang Y, Jones RN, Kiely DK, Yang F, Marcantonio ER. Risk factors for delirium at discharge: development and validation of a predictive model. Arch Intern Med. 2007 Jul 9;167(13):1406-13. doi: 10.1001/archinte.167.13.1406.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Moro ET, Silva MA, Couri MG, Issa DD, Barbieri JM. Quality of recovery from anesthesia in patients undergoing orthopedic surgery of the lower limbs. Braz J Anesthesiol. 2016 Nov-Dec;66(6):642-650. doi: 10.1016/j.bjane.2015.05.001. Epub 2016 Sep 30.
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BACKGROUND
Liu J, Yuan W, Wang X, Royse CF, Gong M, Zhao Y, Zhang H. Peripheral nerve blocks versus general anesthesia for total knee replacement in elderly patients on the postoperative quality of recovery. Clin Interv Aging. 2014 Feb 18;9:341-50. doi: 10.2147/CIA.S56116. eCollection 2014.
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Sieber FE, Gottshalk A, Zakriya KJ, Mears SC, Lee H. General anesthesia occurs frequently in elderly patients during propofol-based sedation and spinal anesthesia. J Clin Anesth. 2010 May;22(3):179-83. doi: 10.1016/j.jclinane.2009.06.005.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Bellelli G, Morandi A, Davis DH, Mazzola P, Turco R, Gentile S, Ryan T, Cash H, Guerini F, Torpilliesi T, Del Santo F, Trabucchi M, Annoni G, MacLullich AM. Validation of the 4AT, a new instrument for rapid delirium screening: a study in 234 hospitalised older people. Age Ageing. 2014 Jul;43(4):496-502. doi: 10.1093/ageing/afu021. Epub 2014 Mar 2.
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BACKGROUND
Singh H. Bispectral index (BIS) monitoring during propofol-induced sedation and anaesthesia. Eur J Anaesthesiol. 1999 Jan;16(1):31-6. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2346.1999.00420.x.
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BACKGROUND
Podsiadlo D, Richardson S. The timed "Up & Go": a test of basic functional mobility for frail elderly persons. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1991 Feb;39(2):142-8. doi: 10.1111/j.1532-5415.1991.tb01616.x.
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BACKGROUND
Kleif J, Waage J, Christensen KB, Gogenur I. Systematic review of the QoR-15 score, a patient- reported outcome measure measuring quality of recovery after surgery and anaesthesia. Br J Anaesth. 2018 Jan;120(1):28-36. doi: 10.1016/j.bja.2017.11.013. Epub 2017 Nov 22.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Myles PS, Reeves MD, Anderson H, Weeks AM. Measurement of quality of recovery in 5672 patients after anaesthesia and surgery. Anaesth Intensive Care. 2000 Jun;28(3):276-80. doi: 10.1177/0310057X0002800304.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Related Links
Access external resources that provide additional context or updates about the study.
https://www.mdcalc.com/calc/1873/national-early-warning-score-news
National Early Warning Score (NEWS)
https://www.pearsonclinical.co.uk/store/ukassessments/en/Store/Professional-Assessments/Cognition-%26-Neuro/Wechsler-Memory-Scale---Fourth-UK-Edition/p/P100009265.html
Pearson Education Ltd. Wechsler Memory Scale - Fourth UK Edition (WMS-IV UK).
Other Identifiers
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19066DJ-SW
Identifier Type: -
Identifier Source: org_study_id
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