Masseter Muscle Thickness and Craniofacial Skeletal Patterns

Study Results

Results pending

The study team has not published outcome measurements, participant flow, or safety data for this trial yet. Check back later for updates.

Basic Information

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Recruitment Status

COMPLETED

Total Enrollment

101 participants

Study Classification

OBSERVATIONAL

Study Start Date

2024-03-01

Study Completion Date

2025-02-24

Brief Summary

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Facial morphology is influenced by hard and soft tissues, including bone and muscle. While numerous factors can lead to changes in bone tissue, soft tissues such as muscle also have an important influence. It is widely acknowledged that the function, shape and thickness of masticatory muscles have substantial effects on facial morphology and skeletal development, and are correlate with other anthropometric variables. Furthermore, a correlation has been observed between masseter muscle thickness and various characteristics of the dental arches, such as alveolar process thickness and intermaxillary width.

The evaluation of soft tissue in the region of the face is a more challenging process in comparison to that of hard tissue.The recent development of cone beam computed tomography has improved the analysis of three-dimensional skeletal morphology and jaw. However, the radiographic assessment of soft tissue remains more difficult.The thickness of masticatory muscles can be measured using computerised tomography; however, this has the disadvantage of exposing the patient to radiation. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is an imaging technique that can be used to assess soft tissues. However, this technique is expensive and time-consuming. Furthermore, MRI is a static rather than a dynamic imaging technique, which makes it difficult to analyse during muscle contraction and relaxation. Ultrasound is a technique that provides dynamic imaging that can assess the masticatory muscles without the use of ionising radiation.

There are many publications in the literature that indicate that malocclusions in the vertical and sagittal dimensions can be assessed with measurements from lateral cephalometric radiographs.

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Detailed Description

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Conditions

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Masseter Ultrasonography Malocclusions Cephalometry

Study Design

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Observational Model Type

COHORT

Study Time Perspective

PROSPECTIVE

Study Groups

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Class I

Patients with ANB angle between 0-4 degrees were classified as class I.

Lateral cephalometric radiography

Intervention Type OTHER

Standard lateral cephalometric radiographs were obtained from the patients.

Class II

Patients with ANB angle greater than 4 degrees were classified as class II.

Lateral cephalometric radiography

Intervention Type OTHER

Standard lateral cephalometric radiographs were obtained from the patients.

Class III

Patients with ANB angle less than 0 degrees were classified as class III.

Lateral cephalometric radiography

Intervention Type OTHER

Standard lateral cephalometric radiographs were obtained from the patients.

Normodivergent

Patients with SN/GoGn angle between 28 and 36 were classified as normodivergent.

Lateral cephalometric radiography

Intervention Type OTHER

Standard lateral cephalometric radiographs were obtained from the patients.

Hyperdivergent

Patients with SN/GoGn angle greater than 36 degrees were classified as hyperdivergent.

Lateral cephalometric radiography

Intervention Type OTHER

Standard lateral cephalometric radiographs were obtained from the patients.

Hypodivergent

Patients with SN/GoGn angle less than 28 degrees were classified as hypodivergent.

Lateral cephalometric radiography

Intervention Type OTHER

Standard lateral cephalometric radiographs were obtained from the patients.

Brachyfacial

If the facial index value was less than 84%, it was classified as brachyfacial.

Facial photograph

Intervention Type OTHER

Standard facial photographs were taken from a distance of 1.5 metres.

Mesofacial

A facial index value between 84% and 88% was classified as mesofacial.

Facial photograph

Intervention Type OTHER

Standard facial photographs were taken from a distance of 1.5 metres.

Dolichofacial

If the facial index value was greater than 88%, it was classified as dolichofacial.

Facial photograph

Intervention Type OTHER

Standard facial photographs were taken from a distance of 1.5 metres.

Intermolar width

The intertermolar distance was measured in millimetres. This measurement was taken from the mesiopalatinal surfaces of two maxillary first permanent molars at the level of the cervical. The measurement was taken using an electronic caliper.

Electronic caliper

Intervention Type OTHER

The intermaxillary distance is measured from the cervical level of the palatal surfaces of the first permanent molars to their mesial corners using an electronic caliper.

Body Mass Index

The Body Mass Index is calculated by measuring with a standardised scale and height chart.

Weigth and Heigth

Intervention Type OTHER

The Body Mass Index is calculated by measuring with a standardised scale and height chart.

Masseter muscle thickness

Ultrasonography

Intervention Type OTHER

The masseter muscle thickness measurements were performed in B mode of ultrasound, midline between the zygomatic arch and mandibular plane, parallel to the mandibular plane and perpendicular to the mandibular ramus. Prior to the examination being performed in the resting position, the patient was instructed to make minimal contact between the lips without the teeth touching each other.The first USG image was recorded in this position. The patient was then requested to clench their teeth as firmly as possible, after which a second USG image was recorded from the same area. The thickness of the muscles was measured again on second recorded images. To ensure the reliability of the measurements, these procedures were repeated by the same researcher after the patients rested for five minutes.

Interventions

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Ultrasonography

The masseter muscle thickness measurements were performed in B mode of ultrasound, midline between the zygomatic arch and mandibular plane, parallel to the mandibular plane and perpendicular to the mandibular ramus. Prior to the examination being performed in the resting position, the patient was instructed to make minimal contact between the lips without the teeth touching each other.The first USG image was recorded in this position. The patient was then requested to clench their teeth as firmly as possible, after which a second USG image was recorded from the same area. The thickness of the muscles was measured again on second recorded images. To ensure the reliability of the measurements, these procedures were repeated by the same researcher after the patients rested for five minutes.

Intervention Type OTHER

Lateral cephalometric radiography

Standard lateral cephalometric radiographs were obtained from the patients.

Intervention Type OTHER

Facial photograph

Standard facial photographs were taken from a distance of 1.5 metres.

Intervention Type OTHER

Weigth and Heigth

The Body Mass Index is calculated by measuring with a standardised scale and height chart.

Intervention Type OTHER

Electronic caliper

The intermaxillary distance is measured from the cervical level of the palatal surfaces of the first permanent molars to their mesial corners using an electronic caliper.

Intervention Type OTHER

Eligibility Criteria

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Inclusion Criteria

* Patients who were 18 years of age or older,
* had skeletal malocclusion,
* were systemically healthy,
* were not taking any medication,
* had no missing teeth except for the third molars,
* had no history of congenital and/or acquired anomalies in the lips, mouth and facial regions,
* had not received orthodontic treatment before

Exclusion Criteria

* were younger than 18 years of age
* were with systemic disease,
* used antidepressant drugs before,
* has bruxism habit,
* had orthodontic treatment or has active orthodontic treatment,
* had history of trauma and surgery in the maxillofacial region

Minimum Eligible Age

18 Minutes

Eligible Sex

ALL

Accepts Healthy Volunteers

Yes