Impact of a Mock-up Fact-checking Extension on HPV Vaccine Misinformation: A Survey Experiment
NCT ID: NCT06405048
Last Updated: 2024-05-08
Study Results
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Basic Information
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NOT_YET_RECRUITING
NA
1200 participants
INTERVENTIONAL
2024-04-28
2024-06-30
Brief Summary
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Detailed Description
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The sample size for this study was determined based on the two primary outcomes: knowledge of the HPV vaccine and the ability to dispel misinformation. A review of the existing literature suggests that the intention or confidence among Chinese parents to vaccinate their children with the HPV vaccine, as well as their knowledge about the vaccine and capability to counteract misinformation, typically ranges from 50% to 70%. We assumed a baseline rate of 60% for both vaccine knowledge and misinformation discernment. It is anticipated that exposure to educational interventions will increase these rates by 10%, elevating them to 70%. Using a significance level of 0.05 and a statistical power of 90%, the required sample size was calculated to be a minimum of 473 participants per group. To accommodate potential variability and to strengthen the robustness of the study, 500 participants will be recruited for each group, maintaining a 1:1 ratio. This approach results in a total sample size of 1,000 participants. Such a sample size ensures that the study is sufficiently powered to detect a significant change in the outcomes of interest.
In this study, 11 mobile Weibo post screenshots were created, covering a range of topics including infertility, safety, vaccine ingredients, high-risk cervical cancer types, regular check-ups, transmission routes, and others.
The participants in both groups will complete a questionnaire consisting of six phases:
1. Phase 1 (Baseline Assessment): Participants in both the intervention and control groups will complete a questionnaire covering (a) basic demographic information, (b) HPV vaccine knowledge, (c) HPV vaccine awareness and confidence, and (d) vaccination intentions.
2. Phase 2 (Intervention Module 1): Participants in the intervention group will review six Weibo post screenshots, each featuring a mock-up Chinese fact-checking extension. The control group will view identical screenshots, but without the fact-checking extension. Half of these posts will include false information. After viewing each post, those in the intervention group will evaluate a statement related to the Weibo content and corresponding to one of the predefined (b) HPV vaccine knowledge. Their responses will be: 1) Correct, 2) Incorrect, or 3) I don't know, considering both the post content and the fact-checking extension's findings. Participants in the control group will assess the same statement based only on the post content, with the same response options.
3. Phase 3 (Intervention Module 2): All participants will review four additional Weibo post screenshots, including two containing false information, to evaluate whether exposure to the mock-up fact-checking extension has improved the intervention group's ability to identify false information. The same question format from Intervention Module 1 will be used for responses.
4. Phase 4 (Post-intervention Assessment): All participants are required to fill out sections on (c) HPV vaccine awareness and confidence, and (d) vaccine intentions.
5. Phase 5 (Intervention Module 3): All participants in both groups will be asked whether they use a mock-up fact-checking extension when viewing Weibo post screenshots. If participants choose 'Yes', they will view a Weibo post screenshot with the extension displayed; if they choose 'No', the extension will not be displayed. The same question format from Intervention Module 1 will be used for responses. This phase aims to assess participants' behaviour regarding the use of the extension.
6. Phase 6 (User Experience Assessment): All participants will complete the section (e) the user experience with a mock-up fact-checking extension.
Following the completion of the experiment, a debunking procedure will be conducted for participants in both the intervention and control groups. This is to avoid any potential risks associated with the spread of misinformation on Weibo.
Data analysis will employ Difference-in-Differences (DID) analysis, multiple logistic regression, and other suitable statistical methods to evaluate the effectiveness of the mock-up Chinese fact-checking extension.
Conditions
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Study Design
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RANDOMIZED
PARALLEL
HEALTH_SERVICES_RESEARCH
DOUBLE
Study Groups
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Mock-up fact-checking extension intervention group
Intervention group participants will engage with three modules:
In Module 1, participants will examine six Weibo post screenshots, each featuring a mock-up of a Chinese fact-checking extension. Participants in the intervention group will assess a statement linked to the content of each post, which aligns with predefined HPV vaccine knowledge from section (b). Their response options will be: 1) Correct, 2) Incorrect, or 3) I don't know, taking into account both the post and the extension's feedback.
In the module 2, participants will review four additional Weibo post screenshots, two of which include false information. Responses will follow the same format used in Module 1.
In Module 3, participants will choose whether to view Weibo post screenshots with the fact-checking extension enabled or disabled. If they choose "Yes", the screenshot will be displayed with the extension; if "No", it will be shown without the extension.
Mobile Weibo post screenshot with mock-up Chinese fact-checking extension
The intervention in this survey experiment involves mobile Weibo post screenshots equipped with a mock-up Chinese fact-checking browser extension. All screenshots are based on actual Weibo posts. The fact-checking content is generated by a Large Language Model (LLM), tailored to relevant knowledge and prompts, and subsequently validated by experts. The Weibo posts cover a range of popular topics known to contain misinformation, including infertility, safety, vaccine ingredients, high-risk cervical cancer types, regular check-ups, transmission routes, and others.
Control group
Control group participants will participate in three modules:
In Modules 1 and 2, they will review six and four Weibo post screenshots, respectively, without the mock-up Chinese fact-checking extension. Participants will evaluate statements linked to the content of each post, aligning with predefined HPV vaccine knowledge from section (b). Their response options will be: 1) Correct, 2) Incorrect, or 3) I don't know, based solely on the content of the posts.
In Module 3, participants will choose whether to view Weibo post screenshots with the fact-checking extension enabled or disabled. If they choose "Yes", the screenshot will be displayed with the extension; if "No", it will be shown without the extension.
No interventions assigned to this group
Interventions
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Mobile Weibo post screenshot with mock-up Chinese fact-checking extension
The intervention in this survey experiment involves mobile Weibo post screenshots equipped with a mock-up Chinese fact-checking browser extension. All screenshots are based on actual Weibo posts. The fact-checking content is generated by a Large Language Model (LLM), tailored to relevant knowledge and prompts, and subsequently validated by experts. The Weibo posts cover a range of popular topics known to contain misinformation, including infertility, safety, vaccine ingredients, high-risk cervical cancer types, regular check-ups, transmission routes, and others.
Eligibility Criteria
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Inclusion Criteria
2. The parent's or guardian's female middle school student must not have received the HPV vaccine, must not have an HPV vaccination appointment scheduled, and must not have any contraindications to receiving the HPV vaccine.
3. Participants must be free of mental health disorders or visual/reading disabilities that could prevent their full participation in and completion of the intervention activities.
4. Participants must have provided informed consent and expressed a willingness to actively participate throughout the study.
18 Years
ALL
Yes
Sponsors
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The University of Hong Kong
OTHER
Fudan University
OTHER
Responsible Party
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Zhiyuan Hou
Associate Professor
Principal Investigators
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Zhiyuan Hou, PhD
Role: PRINCIPAL_INVESTIGATOR
Fudan University
Leesa Lin, PhD
Role: PRINCIPAL_INVESTIGATOR
The University of Hong Kong
Locations
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Chizhou Health Center for Disease Control and Prevention
Chizhou, Anhui, China
Jiading District Center for Disease Control and Prevention
Shanghai, Shanghai Municipality, China
Countries
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Central Contacts
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Facility Contacts
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References
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Huang S, Yang J, Fong S, Zhao Q. Artificial intelligence in the diagnosis of COVID-19: challenges and perspectives. Int J Biol Sci. 2021 Apr 10;17(6):1581-1587. doi: 10.7150/ijbs.58855. eCollection 2021.
Scherer LD, McPhetres J, Pennycook G, Kempe A, Allen LA, Knoepke CE, Tate CE, Matlock DD. Who is susceptible to online health misinformation? A test of four psychosocial hypotheses. Health Psychol. 2021 Apr;40(4):274-284. doi: 10.1037/hea0000978. Epub 2021 Mar 1.
Bin Naeem S, Kamel Boulos MN. COVID-19 Misinformation Online and Health Literacy: A Brief Overview. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021 Jul 30;18(15):8091. doi: 10.3390/ijerph18158091.
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Chen L, Wang X, Peng TQ. Nature and Diffusion of Gynecologic Cancer-Related Misinformation on Social Media: Analysis of Tweets. J Med Internet Res. 2018 Oct 16;20(10):e11515. doi: 10.2196/11515.
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Zimet GD, Rosberger Z, Fisher WA, Perez S, Stupiansky NW. Beliefs, behaviors and HPV vaccine: correcting the myths and the misinformation. Prev Med. 2013 Nov;57(5):414-8. doi: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2013.05.013. Epub 2013 May 31.
Huang Y, Xu S, Xu Y, Yao D, Wang L, Zhao Y, Wu Q. A New Strategy for Cervical Cancer Prevention Among Chinese Women: How Much Do They Know and How Do They React Toward the HPV Immunization? J Cancer Educ. 2021 Apr;36(2):386-394. doi: 10.1007/s13187-019-01642-y.
Zhang Y, Wang Y, Liu L, Fan Y, Liu Z, Wang Y, Nie S. Awareness and knowledge about human papillomavirus vaccination and its acceptance in China: a meta-analysis of 58 observational studies. BMC Public Health. 2016 Mar 3;16:216. doi: 10.1186/s12889-016-2873-8.
Li K, Li Q, Song L, Wang D, Yin R. The distribution and prevalence of human papillomavirus in women in mainland China. Cancer. 2019 Apr 1;125(7):1030-1037. doi: 10.1002/cncr.32003. Epub 2019 Feb 12.
Li C, Wu M, Wang J, Zhang S, Zhu L, Pan J, Zhang W. A population-based study on the risks of cervical lesion and human papillomavirus infection among women in Beijing, People's Republic of China. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2010 Oct;19(10):2655-64. doi: 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-10-0212. Epub 2010 Aug 18.
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Other Identifiers
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Fact-checking Extension
Identifier Type: -
Identifier Source: org_study_id
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