Trial Outcomes & Findings for Smell in COVID-19 and Efficacy of Nasal Theophylline (SCENT 3) (NCT NCT05947643)

Last Updated: 2025-08-20

Results Overview

The Clinical Global Impression-Improvement scale (CGI-I) is a subjective rating scale used to measure changes in a patient's condition over time. It ranges from 1 to 7, where 1 means "Very Much Improved," 2 means "Much Improved," 3 means "Minimally Improved," 4 means "No Change," 5 means "Minimally Worse," 6 means "Much Worse," and 7 means "Very Much Worsened." In this study, participants reporting scores of 1, 2, or 3 on the CGI-I are considered responders to treatment. The primary analysis will compare the proportion of responders between the theophylline and placebo groups assessing both within-subject changes over time and between-group differences. We will measure the response rate defined as the number of participants self-reporting minimal change or larger in the Clinical Global Impression Scale (CGI) scale, divided by the number of participants in each group.The main comparison will be focused on changes at 12-weeks

Recruitment status

COMPLETED

Study phase

PHASE2

Target enrollment

77 participants

Primary outcome timeframe

week 12

Results posted on

2025-08-20

Participant Flow

Per protocol the study plans to enroll 240 patients to account for a 20% dropout rate, aiming to have 200 evaluable participants for the trial. Reported are 77 randomized patients.

Participant milestones

Participant milestones
Measure	Theophylline Participants will dissolve the contents of the 400 mg theophylline capsules (experimental) into the sinus rinse bottle containing nasal saline. theophylline: capsules dissolved in intranasal irrigation	Placebo Participant will dissolve the contents of the identical-appearing lactose capsules (control) into the sinus rinse bottle containing nasal saline. Placebo: identical-appearing lactose capsules dissolved in intranasal irrigation
Overall Study STARTED	39	38
Overall Study COMPLETED	21	27
Overall Study NOT COMPLETED	18	11

Reasons for withdrawal

Withdrawal data not reported

Baseline Characteristics

Smell in COVID-19 and Efficacy of Nasal Theophylline (SCENT 3)

Baseline characteristics by cohort

Baseline characteristics by cohort
Measure	Theophylline n=39 Participants Participants will dissolve the contents of the 400 mg theophylline capsules (experimental) into the sinus rinse bottle containing nasal saline. theophylline: capsules dissolved in intranasal irrigation	Placebo n=38 Participants Participant will dissolve the contents of the identical-appearing lactose capsules (control) into the sinus rinse bottle containing nasal saline. Placebo: identical-appearing lactose capsules dissolved in intranasal irrigation	Total n=77 Participants Total of all reporting groups
Age, Continuous	47 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 14 • n=5 Participants	49 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 13 • n=7 Participants	48 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 13 • n=5 Participants
Sex: Female, Male Female	30 Participants n=5 Participants	26 Participants n=7 Participants	56 Participants n=5 Participants
Sex: Female, Male Male	9 Participants n=5 Participants	12 Participants n=7 Participants	21 Participants n=5 Participants
Race/Ethnicity, Customized American Indian or Alaskan Native	0 Participants n=5 Participants	1 Participants n=7 Participants	1 Participants n=5 Participants
Race/Ethnicity, Customized Asian	0 Participants n=5 Participants	0 Participants n=7 Participants	0 Participants n=5 Participants
Race/Ethnicity, Customized Black or African American	2 Participants n=5 Participants	0 Participants n=7 Participants	2 Participants n=5 Participants
Race/Ethnicity, Customized Hispanic or Latino	1 Participants n=5 Participants	0 Participants n=7 Participants	1 Participants n=5 Participants
Race/Ethnicity, Customized Native Hawaiian or pacific Islander	0 Participants n=5 Participants	0 Participants n=7 Participants	0 Participants n=5 Participants
Race/Ethnicity, Customized White	18 Participants n=5 Participants	25 Participants n=7 Participants	43 Participants n=5 Participants
Race/Ethnicity, Customized Asian and White	0 Participants n=5 Participants	1 Participants n=7 Participants	1 Participants n=5 Participants
Parosmia Yes	28 Participants n=5 Participants	29 Participants n=7 Participants	57 Participants n=5 Participants
Parosmia No	11 Participants n=5 Participants	9 Participants n=7 Participants	20 Participants n=5 Participants
Phantosmia Yes	17 Participants n=5 Participants	17 Participants n=7 Participants	34 Participants n=5 Participants
Phantosmia No	22 Participants n=5 Participants	21 Participants n=7 Participants	43 Participants n=5 Participants
The University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test	25 score on a scale (0-40) n=5 Participants	28 score on a scale (0-40) n=7 Participants	25 score on a scale (0-40) n=5 Participants
The Olfactory Dysfunction Outcomes Rating	52 score on a scale 0-112 n=5 Participants	47 score on a scale 0-112 n=7 Participants	49 score on a scale 0-112 n=5 Participants
Clinical Global Impression of Severity of Smell Loss Absent	7 Participants n=5 Participants	6 Participants n=7 Participants	13 Participants n=5 Participants
Clinical Global Impression of Severity of Smell Loss Poor	25 Participants n=5 Participants	21 Participants n=7 Participants	46 Participants n=5 Participants
Clinical Global Impression of Severity of Smell Loss Fair	5 Participants n=5 Participants	9 Participants n=7 Participants	14 Participants n=5 Participants
Clinical Global Impression of Severity of Smell Loss Good	0 Participants n=5 Participants	1 Participants n=7 Participants	1 Participants n=5 Participants
Clinical Global Impression of Severity of Smell Loss Very Good	0 Participants n=5 Participants	1 Participants n=7 Participants	1 Participants n=5 Participants
Clinical Global Impression of Severity of Smell Loss Excellent	2 Participants n=5 Participants	0 Participants n=7 Participants	2 Participants n=5 Participants

PRIMARY outcome

Timeframe: week 12

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Theophylline n=21 Participants Participants will dissolve the contents of the 400 mg theophylline capsules (experimental) into the sinus rinse bottle containing nasal saline. theophylline: capsules dissolved in intranasal irrigation	Placebo n=27 Participants Participant will dissolve the contents of the identical-appearing lactose capsules (control) into the sinus rinse bottle containing nasal saline. Placebo: identical-appearing lactose capsules dissolved in intranasal irrigation
Clinical Global Impression - Improvement Scale	9 Participants	9 Participants

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: 6 weeks and 12 week

Olfactory Dysfunction Outcomes Rating (ODOR) is a disease-specific questionnaire that assesses for physical, functional, and emotional limitations in participants with olfactory dysfunction of any etiology. The instrument contains 28 total items with each scored on a 5-point Likert scale from 0 to 4. Total score ranges from 0 to 112. Higher scores indicate higher degree of dysfunction and limitation.

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Theophylline n=21 Participants Participants will dissolve the contents of the 400 mg theophylline capsules (experimental) into the sinus rinse bottle containing nasal saline. theophylline: capsules dissolved in intranasal irrigation	Placebo n=27 Participants Participant will dissolve the contents of the identical-appearing lactose capsules (control) into the sinus rinse bottle containing nasal saline. Placebo: identical-appearing lactose capsules dissolved in intranasal irrigation
Olfactory Dysfunction Outcomes Rating 6 weeks	43.38 score on a scale (0-112) Interval 34.35 to 52.41	45.96 score on a scale (0-112) Interval 38.21 to 53.72
Olfactory Dysfunction Outcomes Rating 12 weeks	43.94 score on a scale (0-112) Interval 35.08 to 52.8	45.26 score on a scale (0-112) Interval 37.33 to 53.18

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: 12 weeks

Participants will be contacted to report the number of irrigations completed over the prior 7 days out of a possible 14. Participants report their compliance with the twice-daily nasal irrigations through self-reported measures in REDCap surveys, including how many rinses they have completed. The measure count represents the self-reported compliance with twice daily irrigations.

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Theophylline n=29 Participants Participants will dissolve the contents of the 400 mg theophylline capsules (experimental) into the sinus rinse bottle containing nasal saline. theophylline: capsules dissolved in intranasal irrigation	Placebo n=32 Participants Participant will dissolve the contents of the identical-appearing lactose capsules (control) into the sinus rinse bottle containing nasal saline. Placebo: identical-appearing lactose capsules dissolved in intranasal irrigation
Assessment of Adherence 6 days	1 participants	1 participants
Assessment of Adherence 8 days	1 participants	0 participants
Assessment of Adherence 10 days	1 participants	1 participants
Assessment of Adherence 11 days	1 participants	0 participants
Assessment of Adherence 12 days	5 participants	1 participants
Assessment of Adherence 13 days	2 participants	4 participants
Assessment of Adherence 14 days	18 participants	25 participants

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: within first 3 weeks

The assessment of the blind in this study involves contacting participants within the first 3 weeks after starting nasal irrigations and asking them which treatment arm they believe they were assigned to-either "theophylline and nasal saline irrigation" or "nasal saline irrigation alone." The numbers reported represent how many participants correctly guessed an arm in which they were assigned to.

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Theophylline n=39 Participants Participants will dissolve the contents of the 400 mg theophylline capsules (experimental) into the sinus rinse bottle containing nasal saline. theophylline: capsules dissolved in intranasal irrigation	Placebo n=38 Participants Participant will dissolve the contents of the identical-appearing lactose capsules (control) into the sinus rinse bottle containing nasal saline. Placebo: identical-appearing lactose capsules dissolved in intranasal irrigation
Assessment of Blind	20 Participants	26 Participants

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: up to 12 weeks

Patients will be asked to report any adverse effects they experience at any time during the 12-week study period. An adverse event in this study refers to any undesirable or unintended medical occurrence experienced by a participant during the trial, which may or may not be related to the use of intranasal theophylline.

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Theophylline n=39 Participants Participants will dissolve the contents of the 400 mg theophylline capsules (experimental) into the sinus rinse bottle containing nasal saline. theophylline: capsules dissolved in intranasal irrigation	Placebo n=38 Participants Participant will dissolve the contents of the identical-appearing lactose capsules (control) into the sinus rinse bottle containing nasal saline. Placebo: identical-appearing lactose capsules dissolved in intranasal irrigation
Adverse Effects Mild nose bleed	1 participants	0 participants
Adverse Effects Dry nose noted and blood-tinged nasal discharge	1 participants	0 participants
Adverse Effects Small amount of epistaxis and cold during the first week.	1 participants	0 participants
Adverse Effects Upper respiratory infection and sleep disturbing cough	1 participants	0 participants
Adverse Effects Little hard red bumps inside and outside of nose.	0 participants	1 participants
Adverse Effects Migraine	0 participants	1 participants
Adverse Effects Participant developed a sinus infection	0 participants	3 participants
Adverse Effects Patient developed nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea	0 participants	1 participants
Adverse Effects Nasal soreness	0 participants	1 participants
Adverse Effects Urine in blood	0 participants	1 participants

Adverse Events

Theophylline

Serious events: 0 serious events

Other events: 4 other events

Deaths: 0 deaths

Placebo

Serious events: 0 serious events

Other events: 8 other events

Deaths: 0 deaths

Serious adverse events

Adverse event data not reported

Other adverse events

Other adverse events
Measure	Theophylline n=39 participants at risk Participants will dissolve the contents of the 400 mg theophylline capsules (experimental) into the sinus rinse bottle containing nasal saline. theophylline: capsules dissolved in intranasal irrigation	Placebo n=38 participants at risk Participant will dissolve the contents of the identical-appearing lactose capsules (control) into the sinus rinse bottle containing nasal saline. Placebo: identical-appearing lactose capsules dissolved in intranasal irrigation
General disorders mid nose bleed	2.6% 1/39 • Number of events 1 • Adverse event data will be collected throughout the entire 12-week study period. Specifically, participants will be asked about adverse events during phone check-ins at weeks 3, 6, 9, and 12. Additionally, participants can report adverse events at any time by contacting the study team via phone or pager, who are available 24/7 during the trial. Common systemic adverse effects of theophylline include headache, nausea, vomiting, tremors, insomnia, lightheadedness, and restlessness, while serious effects can include tachyarrhythmias, atrial fibrillation, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, intracranial hemorrhage, and seizure. However, intranasal theophylline has shown minimal adverse effects and negligible systemic absorption in prior studies.	0.00% 0/38 • Adverse event data will be collected throughout the entire 12-week study period. Specifically, participants will be asked about adverse events during phone check-ins at weeks 3, 6, 9, and 12. Additionally, participants can report adverse events at any time by contacting the study team via phone or pager, who are available 24/7 during the trial. Common systemic adverse effects of theophylline include headache, nausea, vomiting, tremors, insomnia, lightheadedness, and restlessness, while serious effects can include tachyarrhythmias, atrial fibrillation, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, intracranial hemorrhage, and seizure. However, intranasal theophylline has shown minimal adverse effects and negligible systemic absorption in prior studies.
General disorders Dry nose noted and blood tingled nasal discharge	2.6% 1/39 • Number of events 1 • Adverse event data will be collected throughout the entire 12-week study period. Specifically, participants will be asked about adverse events during phone check-ins at weeks 3, 6, 9, and 12. Additionally, participants can report adverse events at any time by contacting the study team via phone or pager, who are available 24/7 during the trial. Common systemic adverse effects of theophylline include headache, nausea, vomiting, tremors, insomnia, lightheadedness, and restlessness, while serious effects can include tachyarrhythmias, atrial fibrillation, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, intracranial hemorrhage, and seizure. However, intranasal theophylline has shown minimal adverse effects and negligible systemic absorption in prior studies.	0.00% 0/38 • Adverse event data will be collected throughout the entire 12-week study period. Specifically, participants will be asked about adverse events during phone check-ins at weeks 3, 6, 9, and 12. Additionally, participants can report adverse events at any time by contacting the study team via phone or pager, who are available 24/7 during the trial. Common systemic adverse effects of theophylline include headache, nausea, vomiting, tremors, insomnia, lightheadedness, and restlessness, while serious effects can include tachyarrhythmias, atrial fibrillation, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, intracranial hemorrhage, and seizure. However, intranasal theophylline has shown minimal adverse effects and negligible systemic absorption in prior studies.
General disorders Small amount of epistaxis and cold during the first week	2.6% 1/39 • Number of events 1 • Adverse event data will be collected throughout the entire 12-week study period. Specifically, participants will be asked about adverse events during phone check-ins at weeks 3, 6, 9, and 12. Additionally, participants can report adverse events at any time by contacting the study team via phone or pager, who are available 24/7 during the trial. Common systemic adverse effects of theophylline include headache, nausea, vomiting, tremors, insomnia, lightheadedness, and restlessness, while serious effects can include tachyarrhythmias, atrial fibrillation, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, intracranial hemorrhage, and seizure. However, intranasal theophylline has shown minimal adverse effects and negligible systemic absorption in prior studies.	0.00% 0/38 • Adverse event data will be collected throughout the entire 12-week study period. Specifically, participants will be asked about adverse events during phone check-ins at weeks 3, 6, 9, and 12. Additionally, participants can report adverse events at any time by contacting the study team via phone or pager, who are available 24/7 during the trial. Common systemic adverse effects of theophylline include headache, nausea, vomiting, tremors, insomnia, lightheadedness, and restlessness, while serious effects can include tachyarrhythmias, atrial fibrillation, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, intracranial hemorrhage, and seizure. However, intranasal theophylline has shown minimal adverse effects and negligible systemic absorption in prior studies.
General disorders Upper respiratory of infection and sleep disturbing cough	2.6% 1/39 • Number of events 1 • Adverse event data will be collected throughout the entire 12-week study period. Specifically, participants will be asked about adverse events during phone check-ins at weeks 3, 6, 9, and 12. Additionally, participants can report adverse events at any time by contacting the study team via phone or pager, who are available 24/7 during the trial. Common systemic adverse effects of theophylline include headache, nausea, vomiting, tremors, insomnia, lightheadedness, and restlessness, while serious effects can include tachyarrhythmias, atrial fibrillation, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, intracranial hemorrhage, and seizure. However, intranasal theophylline has shown minimal adverse effects and negligible systemic absorption in prior studies.	0.00% 0/38 • Adverse event data will be collected throughout the entire 12-week study period. Specifically, participants will be asked about adverse events during phone check-ins at weeks 3, 6, 9, and 12. Additionally, participants can report adverse events at any time by contacting the study team via phone or pager, who are available 24/7 during the trial. Common systemic adverse effects of theophylline include headache, nausea, vomiting, tremors, insomnia, lightheadedness, and restlessness, while serious effects can include tachyarrhythmias, atrial fibrillation, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, intracranial hemorrhage, and seizure. However, intranasal theophylline has shown minimal adverse effects and negligible systemic absorption in prior studies.
General disorders Little hard red bumps inside and outside of nose	0.00% 0/39 • Adverse event data will be collected throughout the entire 12-week study period. Specifically, participants will be asked about adverse events during phone check-ins at weeks 3, 6, 9, and 12. Additionally, participants can report adverse events at any time by contacting the study team via phone or pager, who are available 24/7 during the trial. Common systemic adverse effects of theophylline include headache, nausea, vomiting, tremors, insomnia, lightheadedness, and restlessness, while serious effects can include tachyarrhythmias, atrial fibrillation, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, intracranial hemorrhage, and seizure. However, intranasal theophylline has shown minimal adverse effects and negligible systemic absorption in prior studies.	2.6% 1/38 • Number of events 1 • Adverse event data will be collected throughout the entire 12-week study period. Specifically, participants will be asked about adverse events during phone check-ins at weeks 3, 6, 9, and 12. Additionally, participants can report adverse events at any time by contacting the study team via phone or pager, who are available 24/7 during the trial. Common systemic adverse effects of theophylline include headache, nausea, vomiting, tremors, insomnia, lightheadedness, and restlessness, while serious effects can include tachyarrhythmias, atrial fibrillation, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, intracranial hemorrhage, and seizure. However, intranasal theophylline has shown minimal adverse effects and negligible systemic absorption in prior studies.
General disorders Migraine	0.00% 0/39 • Adverse event data will be collected throughout the entire 12-week study period. Specifically, participants will be asked about adverse events during phone check-ins at weeks 3, 6, 9, and 12. Additionally, participants can report adverse events at any time by contacting the study team via phone or pager, who are available 24/7 during the trial. Common systemic adverse effects of theophylline include headache, nausea, vomiting, tremors, insomnia, lightheadedness, and restlessness, while serious effects can include tachyarrhythmias, atrial fibrillation, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, intracranial hemorrhage, and seizure. However, intranasal theophylline has shown minimal adverse effects and negligible systemic absorption in prior studies.	2.6% 1/38 • Number of events 1 • Adverse event data will be collected throughout the entire 12-week study period. Specifically, participants will be asked about adverse events during phone check-ins at weeks 3, 6, 9, and 12. Additionally, participants can report adverse events at any time by contacting the study team via phone or pager, who are available 24/7 during the trial. Common systemic adverse effects of theophylline include headache, nausea, vomiting, tremors, insomnia, lightheadedness, and restlessness, while serious effects can include tachyarrhythmias, atrial fibrillation, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, intracranial hemorrhage, and seizure. However, intranasal theophylline has shown minimal adverse effects and negligible systemic absorption in prior studies.
General disorders Participants developed a sinus infection	0.00% 0/39 • Adverse event data will be collected throughout the entire 12-week study period. Specifically, participants will be asked about adverse events during phone check-ins at weeks 3, 6, 9, and 12. Additionally, participants can report adverse events at any time by contacting the study team via phone or pager, who are available 24/7 during the trial. Common systemic adverse effects of theophylline include headache, nausea, vomiting, tremors, insomnia, lightheadedness, and restlessness, while serious effects can include tachyarrhythmias, atrial fibrillation, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, intracranial hemorrhage, and seizure. However, intranasal theophylline has shown minimal adverse effects and negligible systemic absorption in prior studies.	7.9% 3/38 • Number of events 3 • Adverse event data will be collected throughout the entire 12-week study period. Specifically, participants will be asked about adverse events during phone check-ins at weeks 3, 6, 9, and 12. Additionally, participants can report adverse events at any time by contacting the study team via phone or pager, who are available 24/7 during the trial. Common systemic adverse effects of theophylline include headache, nausea, vomiting, tremors, insomnia, lightheadedness, and restlessness, while serious effects can include tachyarrhythmias, atrial fibrillation, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, intracranial hemorrhage, and seizure. However, intranasal theophylline has shown minimal adverse effects and negligible systemic absorption in prior studies.
General disorders Patient developed nausea, vomiting and diarrhea	0.00% 0/39 • Adverse event data will be collected throughout the entire 12-week study period. Specifically, participants will be asked about adverse events during phone check-ins at weeks 3, 6, 9, and 12. Additionally, participants can report adverse events at any time by contacting the study team via phone or pager, who are available 24/7 during the trial. Common systemic adverse effects of theophylline include headache, nausea, vomiting, tremors, insomnia, lightheadedness, and restlessness, while serious effects can include tachyarrhythmias, atrial fibrillation, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, intracranial hemorrhage, and seizure. However, intranasal theophylline has shown minimal adverse effects and negligible systemic absorption in prior studies.	2.6% 1/38 • Number of events 1 • Adverse event data will be collected throughout the entire 12-week study period. Specifically, participants will be asked about adverse events during phone check-ins at weeks 3, 6, 9, and 12. Additionally, participants can report adverse events at any time by contacting the study team via phone or pager, who are available 24/7 during the trial. Common systemic adverse effects of theophylline include headache, nausea, vomiting, tremors, insomnia, lightheadedness, and restlessness, while serious effects can include tachyarrhythmias, atrial fibrillation, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, intracranial hemorrhage, and seizure. However, intranasal theophylline has shown minimal adverse effects and negligible systemic absorption in prior studies.
General disorders Nasal soreness	0.00% 0/39 • Adverse event data will be collected throughout the entire 12-week study period. Specifically, participants will be asked about adverse events during phone check-ins at weeks 3, 6, 9, and 12. Additionally, participants can report adverse events at any time by contacting the study team via phone or pager, who are available 24/7 during the trial. Common systemic adverse effects of theophylline include headache, nausea, vomiting, tremors, insomnia, lightheadedness, and restlessness, while serious effects can include tachyarrhythmias, atrial fibrillation, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, intracranial hemorrhage, and seizure. However, intranasal theophylline has shown minimal adverse effects and negligible systemic absorption in prior studies.	2.6% 1/38 • Number of events 1 • Adverse event data will be collected throughout the entire 12-week study period. Specifically, participants will be asked about adverse events during phone check-ins at weeks 3, 6, 9, and 12. Additionally, participants can report adverse events at any time by contacting the study team via phone or pager, who are available 24/7 during the trial. Common systemic adverse effects of theophylline include headache, nausea, vomiting, tremors, insomnia, lightheadedness, and restlessness, while serious effects can include tachyarrhythmias, atrial fibrillation, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, intracranial hemorrhage, and seizure. However, intranasal theophylline has shown minimal adverse effects and negligible systemic absorption in prior studies.
General disorders Urine in blood	0.00% 0/39 • Adverse event data will be collected throughout the entire 12-week study period. Specifically, participants will be asked about adverse events during phone check-ins at weeks 3, 6, 9, and 12. Additionally, participants can report adverse events at any time by contacting the study team via phone or pager, who are available 24/7 during the trial. Common systemic adverse effects of theophylline include headache, nausea, vomiting, tremors, insomnia, lightheadedness, and restlessness, while serious effects can include tachyarrhythmias, atrial fibrillation, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, intracranial hemorrhage, and seizure. However, intranasal theophylline has shown minimal adverse effects and negligible systemic absorption in prior studies.	2.6% 1/38 • Number of events 1 • Adverse event data will be collected throughout the entire 12-week study period. Specifically, participants will be asked about adverse events during phone check-ins at weeks 3, 6, 9, and 12. Additionally, participants can report adverse events at any time by contacting the study team via phone or pager, who are available 24/7 during the trial. Common systemic adverse effects of theophylline include headache, nausea, vomiting, tremors, insomnia, lightheadedness, and restlessness, while serious effects can include tachyarrhythmias, atrial fibrillation, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, intracranial hemorrhage, and seizure. However, intranasal theophylline has shown minimal adverse effects and negligible systemic absorption in prior studies.

Additional Information

Dorina Kallogjeri, Assoc.Professor of Otolaryngology

Washington University, Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery

Phone: 314-362-1077

Email: [email protected]

Results disclosure agreements

Principal investigator is a sponsor employee
Publication restrictions are in place