The Right Care, for the Right Patient, at the Right Time, by the Right Provider: A Value-based Comparison of the Management of Ambulatory Patients With Acute Health Concerns in walk-in Clinics, Primary Care Physician Practices and Emergency Departments

NCT ID: NCT05892666

Last Updated: 2024-08-12

Study Results

Results pending

The study team has not published outcome measurements, participant flow, or safety data for this trial yet. Check back later for updates.

Basic Information

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Recruitment Status

RECRUITING

Total Enrollment

4000 participants

Study Classification

OBSERVATIONAL

Study Start Date

2023-06-15

Study Completion Date

2025-12-31

Brief Summary

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INTRODUCTION Whereas low-acuity ambulatory patients have been cited as a source of emergency department (ED) overuse or misuse, it is argued that patient evaluation in the ED may end up being more cost-effective. The COVID-19 pandemic has complicated the debate by shifting primary care practices (PCP) and walk-in clinics (WIC) towards telemedicine, a consultation modality presumed to be more efficient under the circumstances.

OBJECTIVES To compare, from patient and healthcare system perspectives, the value of the care received in person or by telemedicine in EDs, WICs and PCPs by ambulatory patients presenting with one the following complaints: 1) Acute diarrheas; 2) Sore throat; 3) Nasal congestion; 4) Increased or purulent nasal discharge; 5) Earache or ear discharge; 6) Shortness of breath; 7) Cough; 8) Increased or purulent sputum; 9) Muscle aches; 10) Anosmia; 11) Dysgeusia; 12) Burning urine; 13) Urinary frequency and urgency; 14) Dysuria; 15) Limb traumatic injury; 16) Cervical, thoracic or lumbar back pain; and 17) Fever

METHODS The investigators shall perform a multicenter prospective cohort study in Québec and Ontario. In phase 1, a time-driven activity-based costing method will be applied at each of 14 study sites. This method uses time as a cost driver to allocate direct costs (e.g. medication), consumable expenditures (e.g. needles, office supplies), overhead (e.g. building maintenance) and physician charges to patient care. The cost of a care episode thus will be proportional to the time spent receiving the care. At the end of this phase, a list of care process costs (e.g. triage, virtual medical assessment) will be generated and used to calculate the cost of each consultation during phase 2, in which a prospective cohort of patients will be monitored in order to compare the care received in EDs, WICs and PCPs. Research assistants will recruit eligible participants during the initial in-person or virtual visit. They will complete the collection using local medical records and provincial databases. Participants will be contacted by phone for follow-up questionnaires 1-3 and 8-14 days after their visit. Patients shall be aged 18 years and over, ambulatory throughout the care episode and have one of the targeted presenting complaints mentioned above. The estimated sample size is 3,906 patients. The primary outcome measurement for comparing the three types of care setting will be patient-reported outcome scores. The secondary outcome measurements will be: 1) patient-reported experience scores; 2) mean costs borne wholly by patients; 3) the proportion of return visits to any site 3 and 7 days after the initial visit; 4) the mean cost of care; 5) the incidences of mortality, hospital admissions and placement in intensive care within 30 days following the initial visit; 6) adherence to practice guidelines. Multilevel generalized linear models will be used to compare the care setting types and an overlap weights approach will be applied to adjust for confounding due to age, sex, gender, ethnicity, comorbidities, registration with a family physician, socioeconomic status and perceived severity of illness.

EXPERTISE This research project brings together a strong team with expertise in emergency and primary care, pneumonology, performance assessment, biostatistics, health economics, patient-oriented research, knowledge translation, administration and policymaking.

IMPORTANCE The endpoint of our program will be for policymakers, patients and care providers to be able to determine the most appropriate care setting for the management of ambulatory emergency conditions, based on the value of care associated with each alternative.

Detailed Description

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Conditions

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Ambulatory Care Emergency Services, Hospital Quality of Care Costs

Study Design

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Observational Model Type

COHORT

Study Time Perspective

PROSPECTIVE

Study Groups

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Emergency department

ED care for acute ambulatory conditions by physicians unfamiliar with the patients.

On-site recruitment (information and consent) following a random sampling recruitment schedule

Intervention Type OTHER

A trained research assistant in collaboration with local clerks at each site will screen eligible patients after on-site registration or online scheduling, but prior to assessment by a physician, based on included presenting complaints. The research assistant or member of the care team, depending on the local rules, will approach the potentially eligible participants and present them the research project and information consent form. If the patient agrees to participate and is eligible, they will sign the information and consent form and the research assistant will take their vital signs (for onsite participants only).

First phone call 1-3 days after the initial visit

Intervention Type OTHER

Once the patient has been discharged, a research assistant will call the patient within 72 hours following the initial visit. This phone call will allow to i) ensure that gender, ethnicity, comorbidities and disposition plans are fully documented; and ii) use our patient-reported experience measure tool and administer a questionnaire on motivation for choosing one care setting over the other. Motivation will be classified in the 6 domains of the Conceptual Model of Emergency Department Use (Uscher-Pines et al. 2019). Participants will be asked to specify whether their choice of care setting was based on accessibility, convenience, their perception of the severity of illness, their beliefs and knowledge regarding these care settings, referral/advice from a care professional or an acquaintance, or on costs.

Second phone call 8-14 days after the initial visit

Intervention Type OTHER

A follow-up phone call will be made to all participants 8 days after the initial visit to evaluate primary and secondary outcome metrics. Patient-reported outcome (primary) and cost measures will be completed by the participants at this moment.

Walk-in clinics

In-person or virtual care in a walk-in clinic for acute ambulatory conditions by physicians unfamiliar with the patients. In-person and virtual care will be assessed together as part of the care offer in outpatient clinics, but separately as a sub-analysis.

On-site recruitment (information and consent) following a random sampling recruitment schedule

Intervention Type OTHER

A trained research assistant in collaboration with local clerks at each site will screen eligible patients after on-site registration or online scheduling, but prior to assessment by a physician, based on included presenting complaints. The research assistant or member of the care team, depending on the local rules, will approach the potentially eligible participants and present them the research project and information consent form. If the patient agrees to participate and is eligible, they will sign the information and consent form and the research assistant will take their vital signs (for onsite participants only).

First phone call 1-3 days after the initial visit

Intervention Type OTHER

Once the patient has been discharged, a research assistant will call the patient within 72 hours following the initial visit. This phone call will allow to i) ensure that gender, ethnicity, comorbidities and disposition plans are fully documented; and ii) use our patient-reported experience measure tool and administer a questionnaire on motivation for choosing one care setting over the other. Motivation will be classified in the 6 domains of the Conceptual Model of Emergency Department Use (Uscher-Pines et al. 2019). Participants will be asked to specify whether their choice of care setting was based on accessibility, convenience, their perception of the severity of illness, their beliefs and knowledge regarding these care settings, referral/advice from a care professional or an acquaintance, or on costs.

Second phone call 8-14 days after the initial visit

Intervention Type OTHER

A follow-up phone call will be made to all participants 8 days after the initial visit to evaluate primary and secondary outcome metrics. Patient-reported outcome (primary) and cost measures will be completed by the participants at this moment.

Primary care practice

In-person or virtual care in a primary care clinic for acute ambulatory conditions (patients attached to a primary care practice, seen by their family physician or a colleague on a same-day appointment for urgent needs). In-person and virtual care will be assessed together as part of the care offer in outpatient clinics, but separately as a sub-analysis.

On-site recruitment (information and consent) following a random sampling recruitment schedule

Intervention Type OTHER

A trained research assistant in collaboration with local clerks at each site will screen eligible patients after on-site registration or online scheduling, but prior to assessment by a physician, based on included presenting complaints. The research assistant or member of the care team, depending on the local rules, will approach the potentially eligible participants and present them the research project and information consent form. If the patient agrees to participate and is eligible, they will sign the information and consent form and the research assistant will take their vital signs (for onsite participants only).

First phone call 1-3 days after the initial visit

Intervention Type OTHER

Once the patient has been discharged, a research assistant will call the patient within 72 hours following the initial visit. This phone call will allow to i) ensure that gender, ethnicity, comorbidities and disposition plans are fully documented; and ii) use our patient-reported experience measure tool and administer a questionnaire on motivation for choosing one care setting over the other. Motivation will be classified in the 6 domains of the Conceptual Model of Emergency Department Use (Uscher-Pines et al. 2019). Participants will be asked to specify whether their choice of care setting was based on accessibility, convenience, their perception of the severity of illness, their beliefs and knowledge regarding these care settings, referral/advice from a care professional or an acquaintance, or on costs.

Second phone call 8-14 days after the initial visit

Intervention Type OTHER

A follow-up phone call will be made to all participants 8 days after the initial visit to evaluate primary and secondary outcome metrics. Patient-reported outcome (primary) and cost measures will be completed by the participants at this moment.

Interventions

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On-site recruitment (information and consent) following a random sampling recruitment schedule

A trained research assistant in collaboration with local clerks at each site will screen eligible patients after on-site registration or online scheduling, but prior to assessment by a physician, based on included presenting complaints. The research assistant or member of the care team, depending on the local rules, will approach the potentially eligible participants and present them the research project and information consent form. If the patient agrees to participate and is eligible, they will sign the information and consent form and the research assistant will take their vital signs (for onsite participants only).

Intervention Type OTHER

First phone call 1-3 days after the initial visit

Once the patient has been discharged, a research assistant will call the patient within 72 hours following the initial visit. This phone call will allow to i) ensure that gender, ethnicity, comorbidities and disposition plans are fully documented; and ii) use our patient-reported experience measure tool and administer a questionnaire on motivation for choosing one care setting over the other. Motivation will be classified in the 6 domains of the Conceptual Model of Emergency Department Use (Uscher-Pines et al. 2019). Participants will be asked to specify whether their choice of care setting was based on accessibility, convenience, their perception of the severity of illness, their beliefs and knowledge regarding these care settings, referral/advice from a care professional or an acquaintance, or on costs.

Intervention Type OTHER

Second phone call 8-14 days after the initial visit

A follow-up phone call will be made to all participants 8 days after the initial visit to evaluate primary and secondary outcome metrics. Patient-reported outcome (primary) and cost measures will be completed by the participants at this moment.

Intervention Type OTHER

Eligibility Criteria

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Inclusion Criteria

We shall include patients:

1. aged 18 years and over;
2. seen in person or via telemedicine in an ED, a walk-in clinic, or the primary care practice where they are registered;
3. ambulatory during the entire visit or consultation;
4. with one of the following presenting complaints:

1. acute diarrheas, defined as at least one day (24h) reported with three or more loose or liquid stools in the last seven days;
2. Sore throat;
3. Nasal congestion;
4. Increased or purulent nasal discharge;
5. Earache or ear discharge;
6. Shortness of breath;
7. Cough;
8. Increased or purulent sputum;
9. Muscle aches;
10. Anosmia;
11. Dysgeusia;
12. Burning urine;
13. Urinary frequency and urgency;
14. Dysuria;
15. Limb traumatic injury;
16. Cervical, thoracic or lumbar back pain;
17. Fever.

We shall exclude patients:

1. transported by ambulance;
2. not covered by the provincial health insurance plan;
3. having consulted for a similar problem in the previous 30 days since patients with refractory disease represent a population with different care needs.;
4. living in a long-term healthcare facility or incarcerated;
5. with cognitive impairment that prevents reliable answers to the research questions;
6. receiving palliative care.
Minimum Eligible Age

18 Years

Eligible Sex

ALL

Accepts Healthy Volunteers

No

Sponsors

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Simon Berthelot

OTHER

Sponsor Role lead

Responsible Party

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Simon Berthelot

Emergency Physician, CHU de Québec-Université Laval; Associate Professor, Faculté of medicine, Université Laval

Responsibility Role SPONSOR_INVESTIGATOR

Principal Investigators

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Simon Berthelot, MD MSc FRCPC CCMF(MU)

Role: PRINCIPAL_INVESTIGATOR

CHU de Québec-Université Laval

Mylaine Breton, PhD

Role: PRINCIPAL_INVESTIGATOR

Université de Sherbrooke

Jason R. Guertin, PhD

Role: PRINCIPAL_INVESTIGATOR

Laval University

Locations

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Kingston Health Sciences Centre

Kingston, Ontario, Canada

Site Status NOT_YET_RECRUITING

Queen's Family Health Team

Kingston, Ontario, Canada

Site Status NOT_YET_RECRUITING

Ottawa Hospital

Ottawa, Ontario, Canada

Site Status NOT_YET_RECRUITING

CISSS de Lanaudière

Joliette, Quebec, Canada

Site Status NOT_YET_RECRUITING

CIUSSS-Nord de Montréal

Montreal, Quebec, Canada

Site Status NOT_YET_RECRUITING

CIUSSS de la Capitale-Nationale

Québec, , Canada

Site Status NOT_YET_RECRUITING

Centre de recherche CHU de Québec - Université Laval

Québec, , Canada

Site Status RECRUITING

Countries

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Canada

Central Contacts

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Simon Berthelot, MD MSc FRCPC

Role: CONTACT

418 525-4444 ext. 46095

Ariane Bluteau, MSc

Role: CONTACT

418 525-4444 ext. 70542

Facility Contacts

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Danielle Blouin, MD PhD FRCPC

Role: primary

Colleen Grady, MBA DBA

Role: primary

Jeff Perry, MD MSC CCFP-EM

Role: primary

Jean-Sébastien Paquette, MD MSc

Role: primary

Judy Morris, MD MSc FRCPC

Role: primary

Simon Berthelot, MD MSc FRCPC

Role: primary

Simon Berthelot, MD MSc FRCPC

Role: primary

418 525-4444 ext. 46095

References

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Berthelot S, Breton M, Guertin JR, Archambault PM, Berger Pelletier E, Blouin D, Borgundvaag B, Duhoux A, Harvey Labbe L, Laberge M, Lachapelle P, Lapointe-Shaw L, Layani G, Lefebvre G, Mallet M, Matthews D, McBrien K, McLeod S, Mercier E, Messier A, Moore L, Morris J, Morris K, Ovens H, Pageau P, Paquette JS, Perry J, Schull M, Simon M, Simonyan D, Stelfox HT, Talbot D, Vaillancourt S. A Value-Based Comparison of the Management of Ambulatory Respiratory Diseases in Walk-in Clinics, Primary Care Practices, and Emergency Departments: Protocol for a Multicenter Prospective Cohort Study. JMIR Res Protoc. 2021 Feb 22;10(2):e25619. doi: 10.2196/25619.

Reference Type BACKGROUND
PMID: 33616548 (View on PubMed)

Other Identifiers

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Value trial

Identifier Type: -

Identifier Source: org_study_id

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