Changes in Metabolic Rate and Perceptual Indicators After Acute Ingestion of Paraxanthine

Study Results

Results pending

The study team has not published outcome measurements, participant flow, or safety data for this trial yet. Check back later for updates.

Basic Information

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Recruitment Status

COMPLETED

Clinical Phase

NA

Total Enrollment

20 participants

Study Classification

INTERVENTIONAL

Study Start Date

2021-12-12

Study Completion Date

2022-10-12

Brief Summary

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The purpose of this study is to evaluate the acute impact of ingesting individual and combined dosages of caffeine and paraxanthine in comparison to placebo on changes in resting metabolic rate, perceived levels of affect, and markers of lipolysis.

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Detailed Description

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The study will be conducted using a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study design. Approximately 10 healthy men and 10 healthy women between the ages of 18 - 39 years of age will be recruited to participate in this study. Prior to beginning the study, all participants will sign an IRB-approved informed consent document and complete a healthy history questionnaire to determine study eligibility. All participants will report to the laboratory for all study visits between 0600 - 1000 hours. Prior to each of the seven study visits, participants will be asked to abstain from exercise, tobacco, nicotine, and alcohol for 24 hours and observe an overnight (8 - 10 hours) fast including caffeine. Study visit 1 will be a screening visit where participants will first sign an IRB-approved informed consent document. To determine eligibility, participants will then complete a health and medical history form and have their height and weight assessed along with their resting heart rate and blood pressure. If determined eligible, study participants will allowed to exercise within 24 hours of each study visit. On one occasion prior to study visit 1, study participants will be required to record their food and fluid intake for the three days prior to each study visit and instructed to replicate this diet prior to each visit. To assist in replicating their food intake, participants will be given pre-packaged frozen meals of their choosing. All meals will provide similar amounts of energy, carbohydrates, fats, and proteins. Participants will be instructed to follow an overnight fast whereby no food or fluid with calories will be consumed for the 8 to 10-hour period prior to each study visit. Water intake will be encouraged during this time for appropriate hydration status. Upon arrival for each subsequent study visit, participants will again have their body mass determined and they must be determined to be weight stable (defined as having a body mass within 2% of their previous study visit body mass). Resting heart rate, blood pressure, and body composition will then be assessed (only study visit 2) using a bio-electrical impedance analyzer (BIA). After assessment of body mass, resting heart rate, and resting blood pressure, study participants will donate their first of six venous blood samples. From there, participants will complete a series of assessments evaluating various perceptual indicators using the profile of mood states (POMS) and anchored 100-mm visual analog scales. Finally, participants will then have their resting metabolic rate determined using a metabolic cart. Upon determination of baseline resting metabolic rate, participants will be assigned in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover fashion to ingest one of seven supplement conditions. One condition will be a non-energetic placebo (maltodextrin) while the other six supplemental conditions will be a 200 mg dose of caffeine, 100 mg paraxanthine, 200 mg paraxanthine, 300 mg paraxanthine, a combination of caffeine (200 mg) + paraxanthine (200 mg), and a 200 mg dose of 1-methylxanthine. All supplements will be orally ingested with 8 fluid ounces of cold tap water. The order of administration for all interventions will be randomized using a random allocation software to ensure randomization and to avoid order effects. After ingestion, participants will complete all assessments in an identical fashion 30, 60, 90, 120, and 180 minutes after ingestion of their assigned supplement. All study visits will take place between 0600 - 1000 hours. It is anticipated that follow-up study visits will be scheduled 3 - 7 days apart from each other after all dietary and exercise controls have been observed.

Conditions

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Metabolic Syndrome Caffeine

Study Design

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Allocation Method

RANDOMIZED

Intervention Model

CROSSOVER

Using a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study design. to ingest one of seven supplement conditions. One condition will be a non-energetic placebo (maltodextrin) while the other six supplemental conditions will be a 200 mg dose of caffeine, 100 mg paraxanthine, 200 mg paraxanthine, 300 mg paraxanthine, a combination of caffeine (200 mg) + paraxanthine (200 mg), and a 200 mg dose of 1-methylxanthine. All supplements will be orally ingested with 8 fluid ounces of cold tap water.

Primary Study Purpose

OTHER

Blinding Strategy

DOUBLE

Participants Investigators

All supplements provided to all research participants containing Caffeine, Paraxanthine, 1-Methylxanthine, or Placebo will be procured and prepared in a similar manner. All supplements are in identical capsules.

Study Groups

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Placebo

Maltodextrin placebo capsules

Group Type PLACEBO_COMPARATOR

Venous Blood Collection

Intervention Type OTHER

Within each supplementation condition, study participants will have their venous blood collected on six different occasions: 0, 30, 60, 90, 120, and 180 minutes after ingestion of their assigned study agent. Blood will be collected via a forearm vein using standard phlebotomy techniques using either an indwelling catheter or single venipunctures. All blood samples will be collected into ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid EDTA-coated Vacutainer™ tubes and gently inverted ten times before being centrifuged at 3000 revolutions per minute (rpm) (MegaFuge XFR, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA) at 4oC for 20 minutes. After centrifugation, 400 μl aliquots of plasma will be removed and frozen at -80oC within four hours of collection.

Resting Metabolic Rate Determination

Intervention Type OTHER

During all study visits and on six occasions during each of the seven experimental conditions (0, 30, 60, 90, 120, and 180 minutes after supplement ingestion), resting metabolic rates will be determined in a thermoneutral laboratory environment.

Mood State

Intervention Type OTHER

Participants will complete electronic versions of the Profile of Mood States (POMS) questionnaire to evaluate perceptual responses. The Profile of Mood States (POMS) is a 65-item validated scale that uses a 5-point Likert scale with each individual area being scored and summed into profiles for tension, anger, vigor, fatigue, depression, and confusion. Finally, a total mood disturbance score will be calculated by summing all categories and subtracting the vigor score.

Visual Analog Scales

Intervention Type OTHER

Participants will complete electronic versions of the visual analog (VAS) scale to evaluate perceptual responses. Each VAS scale will be completed using a 100-mm line anchored by "Lowest Possible" and "Highest Possible" to assess subjective ratings of focus, anxiety, concentration, energy, restfulness, wakefulness, swagger, confidence, hunger, and appetite. The validity and reliability of VAS to assess fatigue and energy have been previously established (Lee, Hicks, et al. 1991) and our methods have been published elsewhere (Ziegenfuss, Habowski, et al. 2017, Ziegenfuss, Lopez, et al. 2017, Ziegenfuss, Kedia, et al. 2018, Zabriskie, Blumkaitis, et al. 2020).

200 mg caffeine

200 mg caffeine capsules

Group Type ACTIVE_COMPARATOR

Venous Blood Collection

Intervention Type OTHER

Within each supplementation condition, study participants will have their venous blood collected on six different occasions: 0, 30, 60, 90, 120, and 180 minutes after ingestion of their assigned study agent. Blood will be collected via a forearm vein using standard phlebotomy techniques using either an indwelling catheter or single venipunctures. All blood samples will be collected into ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid EDTA-coated Vacutainer™ tubes and gently inverted ten times before being centrifuged at 3000 revolutions per minute (rpm) (MegaFuge XFR, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA) at 4oC for 20 minutes. After centrifugation, 400 μl aliquots of plasma will be removed and frozen at -80oC within four hours of collection.

Resting Metabolic Rate Determination

Intervention Type OTHER

During all study visits and on six occasions during each of the seven experimental conditions (0, 30, 60, 90, 120, and 180 minutes after supplement ingestion), resting metabolic rates will be determined in a thermoneutral laboratory environment.

Mood State

Intervention Type OTHER

Participants will complete electronic versions of the Profile of Mood States (POMS) questionnaire to evaluate perceptual responses. The Profile of Mood States (POMS) is a 65-item validated scale that uses a 5-point Likert scale with each individual area being scored and summed into profiles for tension, anger, vigor, fatigue, depression, and confusion. Finally, a total mood disturbance score will be calculated by summing all categories and subtracting the vigor score.

Visual Analog Scales

Intervention Type OTHER

Participants will complete electronic versions of the visual analog (VAS) scale to evaluate perceptual responses. Each VAS scale will be completed using a 100-mm line anchored by "Lowest Possible" and "Highest Possible" to assess subjective ratings of focus, anxiety, concentration, energy, restfulness, wakefulness, swagger, confidence, hunger, and appetite. The validity and reliability of VAS to assess fatigue and energy have been previously established (Lee, Hicks, et al. 1991) and our methods have been published elsewhere (Ziegenfuss, Habowski, et al. 2017, Ziegenfuss, Lopez, et al. 2017, Ziegenfuss, Kedia, et al. 2018, Zabriskie, Blumkaitis, et al. 2020).

100 mg paraxanthine

100 mg paraxanthine capsules

Group Type EXPERIMENTAL

Venous Blood Collection

Intervention Type OTHER

Within each supplementation condition, study participants will have their venous blood collected on six different occasions: 0, 30, 60, 90, 120, and 180 minutes after ingestion of their assigned study agent. Blood will be collected via a forearm vein using standard phlebotomy techniques using either an indwelling catheter or single venipunctures. All blood samples will be collected into ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid EDTA-coated Vacutainer™ tubes and gently inverted ten times before being centrifuged at 3000 revolutions per minute (rpm) (MegaFuge XFR, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA) at 4oC for 20 minutes. After centrifugation, 400 μl aliquots of plasma will be removed and frozen at -80oC within four hours of collection.

Resting Metabolic Rate Determination

Intervention Type OTHER

During all study visits and on six occasions during each of the seven experimental conditions (0, 30, 60, 90, 120, and 180 minutes after supplement ingestion), resting metabolic rates will be determined in a thermoneutral laboratory environment.

Mood State

Intervention Type OTHER

Participants will complete electronic versions of the Profile of Mood States (POMS) questionnaire to evaluate perceptual responses. The Profile of Mood States (POMS) is a 65-item validated scale that uses a 5-point Likert scale with each individual area being scored and summed into profiles for tension, anger, vigor, fatigue, depression, and confusion. Finally, a total mood disturbance score will be calculated by summing all categories and subtracting the vigor score.

Visual Analog Scales

Intervention Type OTHER

Participants will complete electronic versions of the visual analog (VAS) scale to evaluate perceptual responses. Each VAS scale will be completed using a 100-mm line anchored by "Lowest Possible" and "Highest Possible" to assess subjective ratings of focus, anxiety, concentration, energy, restfulness, wakefulness, swagger, confidence, hunger, and appetite. The validity and reliability of VAS to assess fatigue and energy have been previously established (Lee, Hicks, et al. 1991) and our methods have been published elsewhere (Ziegenfuss, Habowski, et al. 2017, Ziegenfuss, Lopez, et al. 2017, Ziegenfuss, Kedia, et al. 2018, Zabriskie, Blumkaitis, et al. 2020).

200 mg paraxanthine

200 mg paraxanthine capsules

Group Type EXPERIMENTAL

Venous Blood Collection

Intervention Type OTHER

Within each supplementation condition, study participants will have their venous blood collected on six different occasions: 0, 30, 60, 90, 120, and 180 minutes after ingestion of their assigned study agent. Blood will be collected via a forearm vein using standard phlebotomy techniques using either an indwelling catheter or single venipunctures. All blood samples will be collected into ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid EDTA-coated Vacutainer™ tubes and gently inverted ten times before being centrifuged at 3000 revolutions per minute (rpm) (MegaFuge XFR, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA) at 4oC for 20 minutes. After centrifugation, 400 μl aliquots of plasma will be removed and frozen at -80oC within four hours of collection.

Resting Metabolic Rate Determination

Intervention Type OTHER

During all study visits and on six occasions during each of the seven experimental conditions (0, 30, 60, 90, 120, and 180 minutes after supplement ingestion), resting metabolic rates will be determined in a thermoneutral laboratory environment.

Mood State

Intervention Type OTHER

Participants will complete electronic versions of the Profile of Mood States (POMS) questionnaire to evaluate perceptual responses. The Profile of Mood States (POMS) is a 65-item validated scale that uses a 5-point Likert scale with each individual area being scored and summed into profiles for tension, anger, vigor, fatigue, depression, and confusion. Finally, a total mood disturbance score will be calculated by summing all categories and subtracting the vigor score.

Visual Analog Scales

Intervention Type OTHER

Participants will complete electronic versions of the visual analog (VAS) scale to evaluate perceptual responses. Each VAS scale will be completed using a 100-mm line anchored by "Lowest Possible" and "Highest Possible" to assess subjective ratings of focus, anxiety, concentration, energy, restfulness, wakefulness, swagger, confidence, hunger, and appetite. The validity and reliability of VAS to assess fatigue and energy have been previously established (Lee, Hicks, et al. 1991) and our methods have been published elsewhere (Ziegenfuss, Habowski, et al. 2017, Ziegenfuss, Lopez, et al. 2017, Ziegenfuss, Kedia, et al. 2018, Zabriskie, Blumkaitis, et al. 2020).

300 mg paraxanthine

300 mg paraxanthine capsules

Group Type EXPERIMENTAL

Venous Blood Collection

Intervention Type OTHER

Within each supplementation condition, study participants will have their venous blood collected on six different occasions: 0, 30, 60, 90, 120, and 180 minutes after ingestion of their assigned study agent. Blood will be collected via a forearm vein using standard phlebotomy techniques using either an indwelling catheter or single venipunctures. All blood samples will be collected into ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid EDTA-coated Vacutainer™ tubes and gently inverted ten times before being centrifuged at 3000 revolutions per minute (rpm) (MegaFuge XFR, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA) at 4oC for 20 minutes. After centrifugation, 400 μl aliquots of plasma will be removed and frozen at -80oC within four hours of collection.

Resting Metabolic Rate Determination

Intervention Type OTHER

During all study visits and on six occasions during each of the seven experimental conditions (0, 30, 60, 90, 120, and 180 minutes after supplement ingestion), resting metabolic rates will be determined in a thermoneutral laboratory environment.

Mood State

Intervention Type OTHER

Participants will complete electronic versions of the Profile of Mood States (POMS) questionnaire to evaluate perceptual responses. The Profile of Mood States (POMS) is a 65-item validated scale that uses a 5-point Likert scale with each individual area being scored and summed into profiles for tension, anger, vigor, fatigue, depression, and confusion. Finally, a total mood disturbance score will be calculated by summing all categories and subtracting the vigor score.

Visual Analog Scales

Intervention Type OTHER

Participants will complete electronic versions of the visual analog (VAS) scale to evaluate perceptual responses. Each VAS scale will be completed using a 100-mm line anchored by "Lowest Possible" and "Highest Possible" to assess subjective ratings of focus, anxiety, concentration, energy, restfulness, wakefulness, swagger, confidence, hunger, and appetite. The validity and reliability of VAS to assess fatigue and energy have been previously established (Lee, Hicks, et al. 1991) and our methods have been published elsewhere (Ziegenfuss, Habowski, et al. 2017, Ziegenfuss, Lopez, et al. 2017, Ziegenfuss, Kedia, et al. 2018, Zabriskie, Blumkaitis, et al. 2020).

200 mg caffeine + 200 mg paraxanthine

200 mg caffeine + 200 mg paraxanthine capsules

Group Type EXPERIMENTAL

Venous Blood Collection

Intervention Type OTHER

Within each supplementation condition, study participants will have their venous blood collected on six different occasions: 0, 30, 60, 90, 120, and 180 minutes after ingestion of their assigned study agent. Blood will be collected via a forearm vein using standard phlebotomy techniques using either an indwelling catheter or single venipunctures. All blood samples will be collected into ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid EDTA-coated Vacutainer™ tubes and gently inverted ten times before being centrifuged at 3000 revolutions per minute (rpm) (MegaFuge XFR, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA) at 4oC for 20 minutes. After centrifugation, 400 μl aliquots of plasma will be removed and frozen at -80oC within four hours of collection.

Resting Metabolic Rate Determination

Intervention Type OTHER

During all study visits and on six occasions during each of the seven experimental conditions (0, 30, 60, 90, 120, and 180 minutes after supplement ingestion), resting metabolic rates will be determined in a thermoneutral laboratory environment.

Mood State

Intervention Type OTHER

Participants will complete electronic versions of the Profile of Mood States (POMS) questionnaire to evaluate perceptual responses. The Profile of Mood States (POMS) is a 65-item validated scale that uses a 5-point Likert scale with each individual area being scored and summed into profiles for tension, anger, vigor, fatigue, depression, and confusion. Finally, a total mood disturbance score will be calculated by summing all categories and subtracting the vigor score.

Visual Analog Scales

Intervention Type OTHER

Participants will complete electronic versions of the visual analog (VAS) scale to evaluate perceptual responses. Each VAS scale will be completed using a 100-mm line anchored by "Lowest Possible" and "Highest Possible" to assess subjective ratings of focus, anxiety, concentration, energy, restfulness, wakefulness, swagger, confidence, hunger, and appetite. The validity and reliability of VAS to assess fatigue and energy have been previously established (Lee, Hicks, et al. 1991) and our methods have been published elsewhere (Ziegenfuss, Habowski, et al. 2017, Ziegenfuss, Lopez, et al. 2017, Ziegenfuss, Kedia, et al. 2018, Zabriskie, Blumkaitis, et al. 2020).

200 mg 1-methylxanthine

200 mg 1-methylxanthine capsules

Group Type EXPERIMENTAL

Venous Blood Collection

Intervention Type OTHER

Within each supplementation condition, study participants will have their venous blood collected on six different occasions: 0, 30, 60, 90, 120, and 180 minutes after ingestion of their assigned study agent. Blood will be collected via a forearm vein using standard phlebotomy techniques using either an indwelling catheter or single venipunctures. All blood samples will be collected into ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid EDTA-coated Vacutainer™ tubes and gently inverted ten times before being centrifuged at 3000 revolutions per minute (rpm) (MegaFuge XFR, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA) at 4oC for 20 minutes. After centrifugation, 400 μl aliquots of plasma will be removed and frozen at -80oC within four hours of collection.

Resting Metabolic Rate Determination

Intervention Type OTHER

During all study visits and on six occasions during each of the seven experimental conditions (0, 30, 60, 90, 120, and 180 minutes after supplement ingestion), resting metabolic rates will be determined in a thermoneutral laboratory environment.

Mood State

Intervention Type OTHER

Participants will complete electronic versions of the Profile of Mood States (POMS) questionnaire to evaluate perceptual responses. The Profile of Mood States (POMS) is a 65-item validated scale that uses a 5-point Likert scale with each individual area being scored and summed into profiles for tension, anger, vigor, fatigue, depression, and confusion. Finally, a total mood disturbance score will be calculated by summing all categories and subtracting the vigor score.

Visual Analog Scales

Intervention Type OTHER

Participants will complete electronic versions of the visual analog (VAS) scale to evaluate perceptual responses. Each VAS scale will be completed using a 100-mm line anchored by "Lowest Possible" and "Highest Possible" to assess subjective ratings of focus, anxiety, concentration, energy, restfulness, wakefulness, swagger, confidence, hunger, and appetite. The validity and reliability of VAS to assess fatigue and energy have been previously established (Lee, Hicks, et al. 1991) and our methods have been published elsewhere (Ziegenfuss, Habowski, et al. 2017, Ziegenfuss, Lopez, et al. 2017, Ziegenfuss, Kedia, et al. 2018, Zabriskie, Blumkaitis, et al. 2020).

Interventions

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Venous Blood Collection

Within each supplementation condition, study participants will have their venous blood collected on six different occasions: 0, 30, 60, 90, 120, and 180 minutes after ingestion of their assigned study agent. Blood will be collected via a forearm vein using standard phlebotomy techniques using either an indwelling catheter or single venipunctures. All blood samples will be collected into ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid EDTA-coated Vacutainer™ tubes and gently inverted ten times before being centrifuged at 3000 revolutions per minute (rpm) (MegaFuge XFR, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA) at 4oC for 20 minutes. After centrifugation, 400 μl aliquots of plasma will be removed and frozen at -80oC within four hours of collection.

Intervention Type OTHER

Resting Metabolic Rate Determination

During all study visits and on six occasions during each of the seven experimental conditions (0, 30, 60, 90, 120, and 180 minutes after supplement ingestion), resting metabolic rates will be determined in a thermoneutral laboratory environment.

Intervention Type OTHER

Mood State

Participants will complete electronic versions of the Profile of Mood States (POMS) questionnaire to evaluate perceptual responses. The Profile of Mood States (POMS) is a 65-item validated scale that uses a 5-point Likert scale with each individual area being scored and summed into profiles for tension, anger, vigor, fatigue, depression, and confusion. Finally, a total mood disturbance score will be calculated by summing all categories and subtracting the vigor score.

Intervention Type OTHER

Visual Analog Scales

Participants will complete electronic versions of the visual analog (VAS) scale to evaluate perceptual responses. Each VAS scale will be completed using a 100-mm line anchored by "Lowest Possible" and "Highest Possible" to assess subjective ratings of focus, anxiety, concentration, energy, restfulness, wakefulness, swagger, confidence, hunger, and appetite. The validity and reliability of VAS to assess fatigue and energy have been previously established (Lee, Hicks, et al. 1991) and our methods have been published elsewhere (Ziegenfuss, Habowski, et al. 2017, Ziegenfuss, Lopez, et al. 2017, Ziegenfuss, Kedia, et al. 2018, Zabriskie, Blumkaitis, et al. 2020).

Intervention Type OTHER

Eligibility Criteria

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Inclusion Criteria

* All participants will be between the ages of 18-39 years
* Participants will be healthy and free of disease as determined by evaluation of a - medical history
* All participants will be required to abstain from taking any additional forms of nutritional supplementation (pre-workouts, creatine, beta-alanine, thermogenic supplements, etc.) for four weeks prior to beginning this study and for the entire duration of the study
* Participant's report accumulating at least 30 minutes of moderate exercise 3 days per week
* Currently have a body mass index between 18.5 - 25 kg/m2. Alternatively, individuals with a body mass index between 25 - 30 kg/m2 will be included in the study if body-fat percentage is below 32% for females and 25% for males.
* Not currently restricting calories or completing a dieting program
* As determined through a caffeine intake survey, participants will be moderate caffeine consumers, consuming approximately 200 mg of caffeine per day.

Exclusion Criteria

* Those individuals less than 18 and greater than 40 years of age will be excluded. Participants younger than 18 are excluded due to necessity of parental consent. Participants greater than 40 years old are excluded due to the known changes that occur with metabolic rate as individuals achieve an age of 40 years or greater
* As indicated on a self-reported medical history, any individual who is currently being treated for or diagnosed with a cardiac, respiratory, circulatory, musculoskeletal, metabolic, obesity (defined as body mass index \> 30 kg/m2), immune, autoimmune, psychiatric, hematological, neurological, or endocrinological disorder or disease will be excluded.
* Regular (\>3 days/week) administration of thermogenic supplements or other weight loss aids in the past 60 days
* Participants not meeting minimum exercise guidelines (30 minutes per day, 3 days per week) or exceeding 8 hours of exercise per week will be excluded
* Daily intake of caffeine doses exceeding 300 mg/day
* Participants who do not or are not willing to abstain from alcohol, nicotine, and caffeine for 12 hours prior to each visit will be excluded
* Participants who do not or are not willing to abstain from exercise for 24 hours prior to each visit will be excluded.
* Participants who do not or are not willing to follow the prescribed dietary control leading up to each exercise bout will be excluded
* Individuals who are pregnant, nursing, or trying to get pregnant

Minimum Eligible Age

18 Years

Maximum Eligible Age

39 Years

Eligible Sex

ALL

Accepts Healthy Volunteers

Yes