Investigation of Inter-rater and Test-retest Reliability of Y Balance Test in Individuals With Pes Planus

Study Results

Results pending

The study team has not published outcome measurements, participant flow, or safety data for this trial yet. Check back later for updates.

Basic Information

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Recruitment Status

COMPLETED

Total Enrollment

19 participants

Study Classification

OBSERVATIONAL

Study Start Date

2022-12-10

Study Completion Date

2023-02-28

Brief Summary

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Pes Planus is characterized by the descent of the medial longitudinal arch, eversion of the hindfoot, and dorsiflexion and abduction of the midfoot. Disorders in the bones of the foot, dysfunction of the tibialis posterior muscle, shortness of the Achilles tendon or weakness in the muscles may pose a risk for pes planus.

In a study in which 80 female participants aged 65 and over participated voluntarily, it was shown that 90% of the deformities seen in the foot were pes planus. In another study conducted with adults aged 18-21 years, pes planus was found with a rate of 13.6%. In a study in a group of 500 people aged 18-25 years, this rate was found to be 29%.

Since exercise, physical activity and walking for a long time will cause foot and leg pain in people with pes planus, the level of physical activity of these people may be limited. There are studies examining the relationship between pes planus and different physical parameters. It has been determined as a result of some studies that the balance, which is one of these parameters, is negatively affected by the presence of pes planus.

According to the literature, many studies have used the Y test in the evaluation of dynamic balance in individuals with pes planus. However the reliability of the Y Balance Test, which is a valid and reliable method for assessing balance in healthy individuals, has not been found in individuals with pes planus.

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Detailed Description

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Conditions

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Flatfoot

Study Design

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Observational Model Type

OTHER

Study Time Perspective

CROSS_SECTIONAL

Study Groups

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Pes Planus

Participants with unilateral pes planus aged 18-40 years will be included in the study.

Navicular Drop Test

Intervention Type DIAGNOSTIC_TEST

While participants in sitting position, the navicular tuberosity (NT) will be palpated.The most distal protruding portion of the medial NT will be marked. Participants will be asked to stand with equal weight on both feet. The new distance will be measured. The navicular drop test (NDT) results will then be obtained by comparing the measured values between the sitting and standing positions. Each measurement will be repeated three times and the average of the 3 measurements will be calculated. The expression in mm of the distance between the two marks will be considered the amount of ND. The amount of navicular fall of 10 mm or more will be interpreted as pes planus. Measurements will be made on both extremities. As a result of the measurements, if pes planus is present in a single extremity, that extremity, if it is present in both extremities, the extremity with higher NDT or if it is equal on both sides, the dominant extremity will be tested.

Lower Extremity Length Measurement

Intervention Type OTHER

Lower extremity length will be recorded to normalize dynamic balance test data. The person will lie in the supine position. The distance between the umbilicus and the anterior superior of the spina iliaca will be measured in cm with the help of a tape measure. If there is no asymmetry, it will be assumed that there is no rotation in the pelvis, and it will be started to measure the length of the lower extremity. If pelvic asymmetry is detected, the pelvic position will be corrected manually. Then, the most inferior point of the spina iliaca anterior superior and the most distal point of the medial malleolus will be marked and measured and recorded. Lower extremity length and data in 3 different directions will be used in cm. The purpose of using formulas is to easily provide comparisons with other studies using the same type of data. The data obtained from the formula is expressed as a percentage of the length of the limb.

Y Balance Test

Intervention Type OTHER

While the individual tries to balance on one bare foot at the midpoint of the assembly, the individual will also be asked to reach as far as possible with the other foot in the anterior, posteromedial and posterolateral directions, touch the tip of the toe, and then immediately return to the starting position without disturbing the balance. The test will be evaluated for 3 repetitions. Situations where the participant will be requested to repeat the test: the foot on the ground passes the reference point or the heel lifts off the ground, perturbations caused by the environment, contact of the foot with the ground, and loss of balance when returning to the starting position. 10 seconds between 3 repetitions during testing will be given. Each participant will be given the right to try 6 times before starting the test in order to eliminate the possible learning parameter. The test will be repeated 3 times in each direction and the closest distance in cm will be recorded.

Interventions

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Navicular Drop Test

While participants in sitting position, the navicular tuberosity (NT) will be palpated.The most distal protruding portion of the medial NT will be marked. Participants will be asked to stand with equal weight on both feet. The new distance will be measured. The navicular drop test (NDT) results will then be obtained by comparing the measured values between the sitting and standing positions. Each measurement will be repeated three times and the average of the 3 measurements will be calculated. The expression in mm of the distance between the two marks will be considered the amount of ND. The amount of navicular fall of 10 mm or more will be interpreted as pes planus. Measurements will be made on both extremities. As a result of the measurements, if pes planus is present in a single extremity, that extremity, if it is present in both extremities, the extremity with higher NDT or if it is equal on both sides, the dominant extremity will be tested.

Intervention Type DIAGNOSTIC_TEST

Lower Extremity Length Measurement

Lower extremity length will be recorded to normalize dynamic balance test data. The person will lie in the supine position. The distance between the umbilicus and the anterior superior of the spina iliaca will be measured in cm with the help of a tape measure. If there is no asymmetry, it will be assumed that there is no rotation in the pelvis, and it will be started to measure the length of the lower extremity. If pelvic asymmetry is detected, the pelvic position will be corrected manually. Then, the most inferior point of the spina iliaca anterior superior and the most distal point of the medial malleolus will be marked and measured and recorded. Lower extremity length and data in 3 different directions will be used in cm. The purpose of using formulas is to easily provide comparisons with other studies using the same type of data. The data obtained from the formula is expressed as a percentage of the length of the limb.

Intervention Type OTHER

Y Balance Test

While the individual tries to balance on one bare foot at the midpoint of the assembly, the individual will also be asked to reach as far as possible with the other foot in the anterior, posteromedial and posterolateral directions, touch the tip of the toe, and then immediately return to the starting position without disturbing the balance. The test will be evaluated for 3 repetitions. Situations where the participant will be requested to repeat the test: the foot on the ground passes the reference point or the heel lifts off the ground, perturbations caused by the environment, contact of the foot with the ground, and loss of balance when returning to the starting position. 10 seconds between 3 repetitions during testing will be given. Each participant will be given the right to try 6 times before starting the test in order to eliminate the possible learning parameter. The test will be repeated 3 times in each direction and the closest distance in cm will be recorded.

Intervention Type OTHER

Eligibility Criteria

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Inclusion Criteria

* Volunteering to participate in the study,
* Being between the ages of 18-40,
* Having pes planus.

Exclusion Criteria

* Having had lower extremity or spine surgery,
* Having a neurological or rheumatic disease,
* Having a problem with vision and hearing,
* Having suffered a lower extremity injury in the last 1 year,
* Presence of acute or chronic pain,
* Regular participation in sports activities,
* Being pregnant,
* Ambulation with an assistive device,
* Active participation in treatment,
* Presence of lower extremity inequality.

Minimum Eligible Age

18 Years

Maximum Eligible Age

40 Years

Eligible Sex

ALL

Accepts Healthy Volunteers

No