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Online Food and Beverage Labels and Vending Machine Selections

NCT ID: NCT05432271

Last Updated: 2023-12-20

Study Results

Results available

Outcome measurements, participant flow, baseline characteristics, and adverse events have been published for this study.

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Basic Information

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Recruitment Status

COMPLETED

Clinical Phase

NA

Total Enrollment

8145 participants

Study Classification

INTERVENTIONAL

Study Start Date

2022-11-16

Study Completion Date

2022-12-03

Brief Summary

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The aim of this study is to compare the impact of 5 different types of front of package (FOP) food and beverage labels: 1) calorie labels \[control\], 2) green labels on healthy foods, 3) red/yellow/green labels on less healthy/moderately healthy/healthy foods, 4) physical activity calorie equivalent labels, and 5) "High in" nutrient warning labels) on consumers' beverage and snack selections.

Detailed Description

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This project involves an online randomized experiment. We are working with an external survey company that will recruit 8,000 participants to complete an online survey in which they will be randomized to one of the five different label conditions: 1) calorie labels (control condition); 2) single green traffic light labels (on healthy foods); 3) multiple traffic light labels (red traffic light labels applied to less healthy foods, yellow applied to moderately healthy foods, and green on healthy foods); 4) physical activity labels (calorie content displayed in terms of physical activity equivalents); 5) "High in" warnings (applied to all products exceeding thresholds for calories, saturated fat, sugar, or sodium content). Participants will be instructed to select products to purchase in a mock vending machine. After purchasing their products, they will be asked to answer questions about their perceptions of the different labels.

Conditions

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Food Preferences Obesity Weight Gain

Keywords

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food labeling sugar-sweetened beverages eating drinking choice behavior

Study Design

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Allocation Method

RANDOMIZED

Intervention Model

PARALLEL

Participants will be randomly assigned to 1 of 5 front-of-package labeling arms with equal probability: Participants will complete two vending machine choice tasks with their assigned labels shown (one for beverages, one for snack foods, in random order). For each choice task, participants will be asked to select 1 item they most wish to purchase. We will incentivize truthful responding by instructing participants that they could be randomly selected to have their choice delivered to them. We will record participants' selections and match these to nutrition information.
Primary Study Purpose

PREVENTION

Blinding Strategy

NONE

Study Groups

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Control

Calorie labels shown on front of product packaging

Group Type ACTIVE_COMPARATOR

Exposure to calorie information

Intervention Type BEHAVIORAL

Calories for all beverages and foods

Green labels

Green label added to front of product packaging for healthy products; no additional labels shown for "less healthy" products

Group Type EXPERIMENTAL

Exposure to calorie information

Intervention Type BEHAVIORAL

Calories for all beverages and foods

Exposure to healthy labels only

Intervention Type BEHAVIORAL

Green labels only for beverages and foods scored as healthy

Traffic light labels

Red/yellow/green labels added to front of product packaging for less healthy/moderately healthy/healthy products, respectively

Group Type EXPERIMENTAL

Exposure to calorie information

Intervention Type BEHAVIORAL

Calories for all beverages and foods

Exposure to healthiness information

Intervention Type BEHAVIORAL

All beverages and foods labeled as either healthy (green), moderately healthy (yellow), or less healthy (red)

Physical activity calorie equivalent labels

Labels added to front of product packaging that display products' calorie content in terms of physical activity required to burn those calories

Group Type EXPERIMENTAL

Exposure to calorie information

Intervention Type BEHAVIORAL

Calories for all beverages and foods

Exposure to physical activity equivalents

Intervention Type BEHAVIORAL

All beverages and foods labeled with physical activity required to burn their calories

"High in" nutrient warning labels

Labels added to front of product packaging that signal when the product exceeds thresholds for sugar, sodium, saturated fat, or calorie content

Group Type EXPERIMENTAL

Exposure to calorie information

Intervention Type BEHAVIORAL

Calories for all beverages and foods

Exposure to "high in" nutrient warning labels

Intervention Type BEHAVIORAL

Warning labels only for beverages and foods that exceed the thresholds for sugar, sodium, saturated fat, or calorie content

Interventions

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Exposure to calorie information

Calories for all beverages and foods

Intervention Type BEHAVIORAL

Exposure to healthy labels only

Green labels only for beverages and foods scored as healthy

Intervention Type BEHAVIORAL

Exposure to healthiness information

All beverages and foods labeled as either healthy (green), moderately healthy (yellow), or less healthy (red)

Intervention Type BEHAVIORAL

Exposure to physical activity equivalents

All beverages and foods labeled with physical activity required to burn their calories

Intervention Type BEHAVIORAL

Exposure to "high in" nutrient warning labels

Warning labels only for beverages and foods that exceed the thresholds for sugar, sodium, saturated fat, or calorie content

Intervention Type BEHAVIORAL

Eligibility Criteria

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Inclusion Criteria

* Participants will be US adults
* Ages 18 or older
* With an over-sample of adults with lower educational attainment (some college or less)

Exclusion Criteria

* Younger than 18
* Non-US
* Educational quota filled
Minimum Eligible Age

18 Years

Eligible Sex

ALL

Accepts Healthy Volunteers

Yes

Sponsors

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National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK)

NIH

Sponsor Role collaborator

University of Pennsylvania

OTHER

Sponsor Role lead

Responsible Party

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Responsibility Role SPONSOR

Principal Investigators

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Christina A Roberto, PhD

Role: PRINCIPAL_INVESTIGATOR

University of Pennsylvania

Locations

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University of Pennsylvania

Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States

Site Status

Countries

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United States

References

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Grummon AH, Gibson LA, Musicus AA, Stephens-Shields AJ, Hua SV, Roberto CA. Effects of 4 Interpretive Front-of-Package Labeling Systems on Hypothetical Beverage and Snack Selections: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Netw Open. 2023 Sep 5;6(9):e2333515. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.33515.

Reference Type DERIVED
PMID: 37703015 (View on PubMed)

Provided Documents

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Document Type: Study Protocol and Statistical Analysis Plan

View Document

Other Identifiers

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R01DK113307

Identifier Type: NIH

Identifier Source: secondary_id

View Link

850263

Identifier Type: -

Identifier Source: org_study_id