The Impact of Innovative Tax Proposals on Purchase Patterns

Study Results

Results pending

The study team has not published outcome measurements, participant flow, or safety data for this trial yet. Check back later for updates.

Basic Information

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Recruitment Status

COMPLETED

Clinical Phase

NA

Total Enrollment

285 participants

Study Classification

INTERVENTIONAL

Study Start Date

2023-04-11

Study Completion Date

2025-06-10

Brief Summary

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This study will investigate the effect of four tax proposals (i.e. Tobacco Parity, Nicotine-Content, Harm-Reduction, and Modified Risk Tobacco Product-related taxes) on tobacco product purchasing patterns.

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Detailed Description

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This study experimentally examines the effects of largely untried integrated tax proposals. Four tax proposals will be modeled: Tobacco Parity, Nicotine-Content, Harm-Reduction, and MRTP. Tobacco products are placed into three tax tiers: high-, medium-, and no-tax, according to the goals of each proposal. In a within-subjects design, cigarette smokers will complete two control (market price) trials and four conditions in the Experimental Tobacco Marketplace, representing each of the four tax proposals. Within each condition, taxes will be increased proportionally across 5 trials (relative to tax tier) to examine how cigarette purchasing, substitution, and poly-tobacco purchasing (i.e., diversity in products purchased) are affected.

Conditions

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Cigarette Smoking

Study Design

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Allocation Method

RANDOMIZED

Intervention Model

CROSSOVER

Participants will each complete two control trials and four Experimental Marketplace conditions, representing each of the four tax proposals. The order of tax proposal conditions will be determined randomly. Within each condition, taxes will be increased proportionally across 5 trials to examine how cigarette purchasing, substitution, and poly-tobacco purchasing (i.e., diversity in products purchased) are affected.

Primary Study Purpose

BASIC_SCIENCE

Blinding Strategy

NONE

Study Groups

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Cigarette smokers - Sequence 1

Exclusive cigarette smokers will be recruited and will be exposed to two control trials and each of the four tax policy conditions in this sequence: Tobacco Parity, Modified Risk Tobacco Products, Harm Reduction, Nicotine Content.

Group Type EXPERIMENTAL

Market Price Condition (control)

Intervention Type BEHAVIORAL

Nicotine/tobacco products available in the Experimental Tobacco Marketplace at market price. Cigarette taxes increased across trials at the same magnitudes used in the tax conditions.

Tobacco Parity Tax Condition

Intervention Type BEHAVIORAL

Tobacco products in the Experimental Tobacco Marketplace are placed into three tax tiers: high-, medium-, and no-tax. In this condition, all tobacco products are placed in the high-tax tier while products that do not contain tobacco (e.g., herbal cigarettes and nicotine-free ENDS) are placed in the medium-tax tier. Nicotine Replacement Therapy products are placed in the no-tax tier.

Nicotine-Content Tax Condition

Intervention Type BEHAVIORAL

Tobacco products in the Experimental Tobacco Marketplace are placed into three tax tiers: high-, medium-, and no-tax. In this condition, products with greater than 3 mg nicotine per single unit are placed in the high-tax tier, products with 0.6-3.0 mg/unit in the medium-tax tier, and those with 0.5 mg/unit or less in the no-tax tier.

Harm-Reduction Tax Condition

Intervention Type BEHAVIORAL

Tobacco products in the Experimental Tobacco Marketplace are placed into three tax tiers: high-, medium-, and no-tax. In this condition, all combustible products with high abuse liability are placed in the high-tax tier. All non-combustible products or combustible products with low abuse liability are placed in the medium-tax tier. Nicotine Replacement Therapy products are placed in the no-tax tier.

Modified Risk Tobacco Product (MRTP) Tax Condition

Intervention Type BEHAVIORAL

Tobacco products in the Experimental Tobacco Marketplace are placed into three tax tiers: high-, medium-, and no-tax. In this condition, all non-MRTP tobacco products are placed in the high-tax tier, MRTPs are placed in the medium-tax tier, and Nicotine Replacement Therapy products are placed in the no-tax tier.

Cigarette smokers - Sequence 2

Exclusive cigarette smokers will be recruited and will be exposed to two control trials and the four tax policy conditions in this sequence: Nicotine Content, Tobacco Parity, Modified Risk Tobacco Products, Harm Reduction.

Group Type EXPERIMENTAL

Market Price Condition (control)

Intervention Type BEHAVIORAL

Nicotine/tobacco products available in the Experimental Tobacco Marketplace at market price. Cigarette taxes increased across trials at the same magnitudes used in the tax conditions.

Tobacco Parity Tax Condition

Intervention Type BEHAVIORAL

Tobacco products in the Experimental Tobacco Marketplace are placed into three tax tiers: high-, medium-, and no-tax. In this condition, all tobacco products are placed in the high-tax tier while products that do not contain tobacco (e.g., herbal cigarettes and nicotine-free ENDS) are placed in the medium-tax tier. Nicotine Replacement Therapy products are placed in the no-tax tier.

Nicotine-Content Tax Condition

Intervention Type BEHAVIORAL

Tobacco products in the Experimental Tobacco Marketplace are placed into three tax tiers: high-, medium-, and no-tax. In this condition, products with greater than 3 mg nicotine per single unit are placed in the high-tax tier, products with 0.6-3.0 mg/unit in the medium-tax tier, and those with 0.5 mg/unit or less in the no-tax tier.

Harm-Reduction Tax Condition

Intervention Type BEHAVIORAL

Tobacco products in the Experimental Tobacco Marketplace are placed into three tax tiers: high-, medium-, and no-tax. In this condition, all combustible products with high abuse liability are placed in the high-tax tier. All non-combustible products or combustible products with low abuse liability are placed in the medium-tax tier. Nicotine Replacement Therapy products are placed in the no-tax tier.

Modified Risk Tobacco Product (MRTP) Tax Condition

Intervention Type BEHAVIORAL

Tobacco products in the Experimental Tobacco Marketplace are placed into three tax tiers: high-, medium-, and no-tax. In this condition, all non-MRTP tobacco products are placed in the high-tax tier, MRTPs are placed in the medium-tax tier, and Nicotine Replacement Therapy products are placed in the no-tax tier.

Cigarette smokers - Sequence 3

Exclusive cigarette smokers will be recruited and will be exposed to two control trials and each of the the four tax policy conditions in this sequence: Modified Risk Tobacco Products, Harm Reduction, Nicotine Content, Tobacco Parity.

Group Type EXPERIMENTAL

Market Price Condition (control)

Intervention Type BEHAVIORAL

Nicotine/tobacco products available in the Experimental Tobacco Marketplace at market price. Cigarette taxes increased across trials at the same magnitudes used in the tax conditions.

Tobacco Parity Tax Condition

Intervention Type BEHAVIORAL

Tobacco products in the Experimental Tobacco Marketplace are placed into three tax tiers: high-, medium-, and no-tax. In this condition, all tobacco products are placed in the high-tax tier while products that do not contain tobacco (e.g., herbal cigarettes and nicotine-free ENDS) are placed in the medium-tax tier. Nicotine Replacement Therapy products are placed in the no-tax tier.

Nicotine-Content Tax Condition

Intervention Type BEHAVIORAL

Tobacco products in the Experimental Tobacco Marketplace are placed into three tax tiers: high-, medium-, and no-tax. In this condition, products with greater than 3 mg nicotine per single unit are placed in the high-tax tier, products with 0.6-3.0 mg/unit in the medium-tax tier, and those with 0.5 mg/unit or less in the no-tax tier.

Harm-Reduction Tax Condition

Intervention Type BEHAVIORAL

Tobacco products in the Experimental Tobacco Marketplace are placed into three tax tiers: high-, medium-, and no-tax. In this condition, all combustible products with high abuse liability are placed in the high-tax tier. All non-combustible products or combustible products with low abuse liability are placed in the medium-tax tier. Nicotine Replacement Therapy products are placed in the no-tax tier.

Modified Risk Tobacco Product (MRTP) Tax Condition

Intervention Type BEHAVIORAL

Tobacco products in the Experimental Tobacco Marketplace are placed into three tax tiers: high-, medium-, and no-tax. In this condition, all non-MRTP tobacco products are placed in the high-tax tier, MRTPs are placed in the medium-tax tier, and Nicotine Replacement Therapy products are placed in the no-tax tier.

Cigarette smokers - Sequence 4

Exclusive cigarette smokers will be recruited and will be exposed to two control trials and each of the the four tax policy conditions in this sequence: Harm Reduction, Nicotine Content, Tobacco Parity, Modified Risk Tobacco Products.

Group Type EXPERIMENTAL

Market Price Condition (control)

Intervention Type BEHAVIORAL

Nicotine/tobacco products available in the Experimental Tobacco Marketplace at market price. Cigarette taxes increased across trials at the same magnitudes used in the tax conditions.

Tobacco Parity Tax Condition

Intervention Type BEHAVIORAL

Tobacco products in the Experimental Tobacco Marketplace are placed into three tax tiers: high-, medium-, and no-tax. In this condition, all tobacco products are placed in the high-tax tier while products that do not contain tobacco (e.g., herbal cigarettes and nicotine-free ENDS) are placed in the medium-tax tier. Nicotine Replacement Therapy products are placed in the no-tax tier.

Nicotine-Content Tax Condition

Intervention Type BEHAVIORAL

Tobacco products in the Experimental Tobacco Marketplace are placed into three tax tiers: high-, medium-, and no-tax. In this condition, products with greater than 3 mg nicotine per single unit are placed in the high-tax tier, products with 0.6-3.0 mg/unit in the medium-tax tier, and those with 0.5 mg/unit or less in the no-tax tier.

Harm-Reduction Tax Condition

Intervention Type BEHAVIORAL

Tobacco products in the Experimental Tobacco Marketplace are placed into three tax tiers: high-, medium-, and no-tax. In this condition, all combustible products with high abuse liability are placed in the high-tax tier. All non-combustible products or combustible products with low abuse liability are placed in the medium-tax tier. Nicotine Replacement Therapy products are placed in the no-tax tier.

Modified Risk Tobacco Product (MRTP) Tax Condition

Intervention Type BEHAVIORAL

Tobacco products in the Experimental Tobacco Marketplace are placed into three tax tiers: high-, medium-, and no-tax. In this condition, all non-MRTP tobacco products are placed in the high-tax tier, MRTPs are placed in the medium-tax tier, and Nicotine Replacement Therapy products are placed in the no-tax tier.

Interventions

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Market Price Condition (control)

Nicotine/tobacco products available in the Experimental Tobacco Marketplace at market price. Cigarette taxes increased across trials at the same magnitudes used in the tax conditions.

Intervention Type BEHAVIORAL

Tobacco Parity Tax Condition

Tobacco products in the Experimental Tobacco Marketplace are placed into three tax tiers: high-, medium-, and no-tax. In this condition, all tobacco products are placed in the high-tax tier while products that do not contain tobacco (e.g., herbal cigarettes and nicotine-free ENDS) are placed in the medium-tax tier. Nicotine Replacement Therapy products are placed in the no-tax tier.

Intervention Type BEHAVIORAL

Nicotine-Content Tax Condition

Tobacco products in the Experimental Tobacco Marketplace are placed into three tax tiers: high-, medium-, and no-tax. In this condition, products with greater than 3 mg nicotine per single unit are placed in the high-tax tier, products with 0.6-3.0 mg/unit in the medium-tax tier, and those with 0.5 mg/unit or less in the no-tax tier.

Intervention Type BEHAVIORAL

Harm-Reduction Tax Condition

Tobacco products in the Experimental Tobacco Marketplace are placed into three tax tiers: high-, medium-, and no-tax. In this condition, all combustible products with high abuse liability are placed in the high-tax tier. All non-combustible products or combustible products with low abuse liability are placed in the medium-tax tier. Nicotine Replacement Therapy products are placed in the no-tax tier.

Intervention Type BEHAVIORAL

Modified Risk Tobacco Product (MRTP) Tax Condition

Tobacco products in the Experimental Tobacco Marketplace are placed into three tax tiers: high-, medium-, and no-tax. In this condition, all non-MRTP tobacco products are placed in the high-tax tier, MRTPs are placed in the medium-tax tier, and Nicotine Replacement Therapy products are placed in the no-tax tier.

Intervention Type BEHAVIORAL

Eligibility Criteria

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Inclusion Criteria

* provide informed consent
* provide a breath carbon monoxide sample ≥ 8 ppm,
* be at least 21 years of age (the legal age to purchase tobacco),
* smoke at least 10 cigarettes daily, and
* use other tobacco products less than weekly.

Exclusion Criteria

* report uncontrolled physical or mental health conditions (e.g., uncontrolled diabetes, high blood pressure, major depressive disorder, etc.),
* use of smoking cessation medications (e.g., nicotine replacement, bupropion, varenicline) in the past 30 days,
* report concrete, immediate plans to alter/quit using their usual tobacco products in the next 30 days,
* be pregnant or lactating, or
* have plans to move out of the area during the experiment.

Minimum Eligible Age

21 Years

Eligible Sex

ALL

Accepts Healthy Volunteers

No