Study Results
The study team has not published outcome measurements, participant flow, or safety data for this trial yet. Check back later for updates.
Basic Information
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COMPLETED
NA
561 participants
INTERVENTIONAL
2020-09-28
2022-08-31
Brief Summary
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Detailed Description
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The goal of this project is to help the state of Minnesota understand why individuals are not getting tested and potentially identify trusted individuals or organizations that could be used in follow-up work to send messages. To do so, investigators are deploying flyers through 10 Twin City area food shelves and potentially through public housing units with information on how to answer an online questionnaire.
This provides us with an opportunity to study who answers surveys and why - and what questions are particularly sensitive. This is of general interest to academicians and policymakers alike.
The quality of household surveys is in decline, for three main reasons. First, households have become increasingly less likely to answer surveys at all (unit nonresponse). Second, those that respond are less likely to answer certain questions (item nonresponse). Third, when households do provide answers, they are less likely to be accurate (measurement error). This is important since household surveys help to estimate the employment rate, healthcare needs and of course the census determines resources/representation.
Investigators focus on the first two issues of unit and item nonresponse, which is not random across the population and thus could lead to nonresponse bias. Census tracts with predominantly Hispanic or Black residents had significantly lower response rates to the American Community Survey as compared to the response rates in predominantly white tracts. Similarly, response rates to the Health Information National Trends Survey (HINTS) were lower in areas with higher levels of Hispanic and minority residents.
Investigators hypothesize that financial incentives may encourage unit response; conversely, a close association with the government may discourage response. To test these hypotheses, investigators plan to cross-randomize the incentive amount offered and the emphasis placed on government involvement in the study on flyers advertising the baseline survey. Individuals will see either a) a 10 dollar incentive, or b) a 20 dollar incentive; and either a) messaging that emphasizes government involvement in the study, or b) messaging that emphasizes the involvement of academic researchers. Flyers will be randomized at the foodshelf-day level.
To test what affects item non-response on potentially sensitive questions, such as questions which ask for health information, investigators hypothesize that ethical framing may encourage individuals to answer questions. This takes two forms --- the deontological (or duty based) frame, and the consequential (or cost-benefit) frame. Moreover, knowing others feel the same way (regarding the obligation or benefits of providing health information) may amplify motivation. Finally, there is the possibility that emphasizing the importance of ethnic and racial disadvantage associated with COVID-19 outcomes may be important for improving item non-response on sensitive questions.
Upon completion of the demographic module of the survey but prior to starting several potentially sensitive survey modules, individuals will see a message that either a) emphasizes the public health benefits of answering the survey questions (cost-benefit frame); b) emphasizes an individual's responsibility to their community (duty frame); c) emphasizes the disproportionate impact of COVID-19 on certain ethnic and racial groups; or d) provides no messaging. Messaging content will be randomized at the individual level.
Conditions
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Study Design
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RANDOMIZED
PARALLEL
HEALTH_SERVICES_RESEARCH
DOUBLE
Study Groups
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Government/High Incentive/Cost-Benefit Frame
The participant is assigned to receive a flyer that includes a message emphasizing government involvement and a $20 incentive. Then the participant is assigned to be a message that emphasizes the public health benefits of answering the survey questions (i.e. cost-benefit frame).
A $20 Survey Incentive
Individuals see a 10 dollar incentive on the flyers advertising the baseline survey.
Emphasis of Government Involvement
Individuals see a message emphasizing the involvement of the government in the study,
Cost-Benefit Frame
Individuals will see messaging that emphasizes the public health benefits of answering the survey questions in the baseline survey (cost-benefit frame).
Government/High Incentive/Duty Frame
The participant is assigned to receive a flyer that includes a message emphasizing government involvement and a $20 incentive. Then the participant is assigned to be a message that emphasizes an individual's responsibility to their community (i.e. duty frame).
A $20 Survey Incentive
Individuals see a 10 dollar incentive on the flyers advertising the baseline survey.
Emphasis of Government Involvement
Individuals see a message emphasizing the involvement of the government in the study,
Duty Frame
Individuals will see messaging that emphasizes an individual's responsibility to their community in the baseline survey (duty frame),
Government/High Incentive/Racial/Ethnic Frame
The participant is assigned to receive a flyer that includes a message emphasizing government involvement and a $20 incentive. Then the participant is assigned to be a message that emphasizes the disproportionate impact of COVID-19 on certain ethnic and racial groups.
A $20 Survey Incentive
Individuals see a 10 dollar incentive on the flyers advertising the baseline survey.
Emphasis of Government Involvement
Individuals see a message emphasizing the involvement of the government in the study,
Racial/Ethnic Frame
Individuals will see messaging that emphasizes the disproportionate impact of COVID-19 on certain ethnic and racial groups in the baseline survey.
Government/High Incentive/No Message Frame
The participant is assigned to receive a flyer that includes a message emphasizing government involvement and a $20 incentive. Then the participant is assigned to the arm that provides no messaging.
A $20 Survey Incentive
Individuals see a 10 dollar incentive on the flyers advertising the baseline survey.
Emphasis of Government Involvement
Individuals see a message emphasizing the involvement of the government in the study,
No Messaging
Individuals will see no messaging in the baseline survey.
Researchers/High Incentive/Cost-Benefit Frame
The participant is assigned to receive a flyer that includes a message emphasizing the involvement of academic researchers and a $20 incentive. Then the participant is assigned to be a message that emphasizes the public health benefits of answering the survey questions (i.e. cost-benefit frame).
A $20 Survey Incentive
Individuals see a 10 dollar incentive on the flyers advertising the baseline survey.
Emphasis of Academic Researchers Involvement
Individuals see a message emphasizing the involvement of academic researchers in the study,
Cost-Benefit Frame
Individuals will see messaging that emphasizes the public health benefits of answering the survey questions in the baseline survey (cost-benefit frame).
Researchers/High Incentive/Duty Frame
The participant is assigned to receive a flyer that includes a message emphasizing the involvement of academic researchers and a $20 incentive. Then the participant is assigned to be a message that emphasizes an individual's responsibility to their community (i.e. duty frame).
A $20 Survey Incentive
Individuals see a 10 dollar incentive on the flyers advertising the baseline survey.
Emphasis of Academic Researchers Involvement
Individuals see a message emphasizing the involvement of academic researchers in the study,
Duty Frame
Individuals will see messaging that emphasizes an individual's responsibility to their community in the baseline survey (duty frame),
Researchers/High Incentive/Racial/Ethnic Frame
The participant is assigned to receive a flyer that includes a message emphasizing the involvement of academic researchers and a $20 incentive. Then the participant is assigned to be a message that emphasizes the disproportionate impact of COVID-19 on certain ethnic and racial groups.
A $20 Survey Incentive
Individuals see a 10 dollar incentive on the flyers advertising the baseline survey.
Emphasis of Academic Researchers Involvement
Individuals see a message emphasizing the involvement of academic researchers in the study,
Racial/Ethnic Frame
Individuals will see messaging that emphasizes the disproportionate impact of COVID-19 on certain ethnic and racial groups in the baseline survey.
Researchers/High Incentive/No Message Frame
The participant is assigned to receive a flyer that includes a message emphasizing the involvement of academic researchers and a $20 incentive. Then the participant is assigned to the arm that provides no messaging.
A $20 Survey Incentive
Individuals see a 10 dollar incentive on the flyers advertising the baseline survey.
Emphasis of Academic Researchers Involvement
Individuals see a message emphasizing the involvement of academic researchers in the study,
No Messaging
Individuals will see no messaging in the baseline survey.
Government/Low Incentive/Cost-Benefit Frame
The participant is assigned to receive a flyer that includes a message emphasizing government involvement and a $10 incentive. Then the participant is assigned to be a message that emphasizes the public health benefits of answering the survey questions (i.e. cost-benefit frame).
A $10 Survey Incentive
Individuals see a 10 dollar incentive on the flyers advertising the baseline survey.
Emphasis of Government Involvement
Individuals see a message emphasizing the involvement of the government in the study,
Cost-Benefit Frame
Individuals will see messaging that emphasizes the public health benefits of answering the survey questions in the baseline survey (cost-benefit frame).
Government/Low Incentive/Duty Frame
The participant is assigned to receive a flyer that includes a message emphasizing government involvement and a $10 incentive. Then the participant is assigned to be a message that emphasizes an individual's responsibility to their community (i.e. duty frame).
A $10 Survey Incentive
Individuals see a 10 dollar incentive on the flyers advertising the baseline survey.
Emphasis of Government Involvement
Individuals see a message emphasizing the involvement of the government in the study,
Duty Frame
Individuals will see messaging that emphasizes an individual's responsibility to their community in the baseline survey (duty frame),
Government/Low Incentive/Racial/Ethnic Frame
The participant is assigned to receive a flyer that includes a message emphasizing government involvement and a $10 incentive. Then the participant is assigned to be a message that emphasizes the disproportionate impact of COVID-19 on certain ethnic and racial groups.
A $10 Survey Incentive
Individuals see a 10 dollar incentive on the flyers advertising the baseline survey.
Emphasis of Government Involvement
Individuals see a message emphasizing the involvement of the government in the study,
Racial/Ethnic Frame
Individuals will see messaging that emphasizes the disproportionate impact of COVID-19 on certain ethnic and racial groups in the baseline survey.
Government/Low Incentive/No Message Frame
The participant is assigned to receive a flyer that includes a message emphasizing government involvement and a $10 incentive. Then the participant is assigned to the arm that provides no messaging.
A $10 Survey Incentive
Individuals see a 10 dollar incentive on the flyers advertising the baseline survey.
Emphasis of Government Involvement
Individuals see a message emphasizing the involvement of the government in the study,
No Messaging
Individuals will see no messaging in the baseline survey.
Researchers/Low Incentive/Cost-Benefit Frame
The participant is assigned to receive a flyer that includes a message emphasizing the involvement of academic researchers and a $10 incentive. Then the participant is assigned to be a message that emphasizes the public health benefits of answering the survey questions (i.e. cost-benefit frame).
A $10 Survey Incentive
Individuals see a 10 dollar incentive on the flyers advertising the baseline survey.
Emphasis of Academic Researchers Involvement
Individuals see a message emphasizing the involvement of academic researchers in the study,
Cost-Benefit Frame
Individuals will see messaging that emphasizes the public health benefits of answering the survey questions in the baseline survey (cost-benefit frame).
Researchers/Low Incentive/Duty Frame
The participant is assigned to receive a flyer that includes a message emphasizing the involvement of academic researchers and a $10 incentive. Then the participant is assigned to be a message that emphasizes an individual's responsibility to their community (i.e. duty frame).
A $10 Survey Incentive
Individuals see a 10 dollar incentive on the flyers advertising the baseline survey.
Emphasis of Academic Researchers Involvement
Individuals see a message emphasizing the involvement of academic researchers in the study,
Duty Frame
Individuals will see messaging that emphasizes an individual's responsibility to their community in the baseline survey (duty frame),
Researchers/Low Incentive/Racial/Ethnic Frame
The participant is assigned to receive a flyer that includes a message emphasizing the involvement of academic researchers and a $10 incentive. Then the participant is assigned to be a message that emphasizes the disproportionate impact of COVID-19 on certain ethnic and racial groups.
A $10 Survey Incentive
Individuals see a 10 dollar incentive on the flyers advertising the baseline survey.
Emphasis of Academic Researchers Involvement
Individuals see a message emphasizing the involvement of academic researchers in the study,
Racial/Ethnic Frame
Individuals will see messaging that emphasizes the disproportionate impact of COVID-19 on certain ethnic and racial groups in the baseline survey.
Researchers/Low Incentive/No Message Frame
The participant is assigned to receive a flyer that includes a message emphasizing the involvement of academic researchers and a $10 incentive. Then the participant is assigned to the arm that provides no messaging.
A $10 Survey Incentive
Individuals see a 10 dollar incentive on the flyers advertising the baseline survey.
Emphasis of Academic Researchers Involvement
Individuals see a message emphasizing the involvement of academic researchers in the study,
No Messaging
Individuals will see no messaging in the baseline survey.
Interventions
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A $10 Survey Incentive
Individuals see a 10 dollar incentive on the flyers advertising the baseline survey.
A $20 Survey Incentive
Individuals see a 10 dollar incentive on the flyers advertising the baseline survey.
Emphasis of Government Involvement
Individuals see a message emphasizing the involvement of the government in the study,
Emphasis of Academic Researchers Involvement
Individuals see a message emphasizing the involvement of academic researchers in the study,
Cost-Benefit Frame
Individuals will see messaging that emphasizes the public health benefits of answering the survey questions in the baseline survey (cost-benefit frame).
Duty Frame
Individuals will see messaging that emphasizes an individual's responsibility to their community in the baseline survey (duty frame),
Racial/Ethnic Frame
Individuals will see messaging that emphasizes the disproportionate impact of COVID-19 on certain ethnic and racial groups in the baseline survey.
No Messaging
Individuals will see no messaging in the baseline survey.
Eligibility Criteria
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Inclusion Criteria
Exclusion Criteria
18 Years
ALL
Yes
Sponsors
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Abdul Latif Jameel Poverty Action Lab
OTHER
Government of Minnesota Office of Management and Budget
UNKNOWN
Harvard University
OTHER
Responsible Party
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Marcella Alsan
Professor
Principal Investigators
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Marcella Alsan, MD, MPH, PhD
Role: PRINCIPAL_INVESTIGATOR
Harvard Kennedy School
Locations
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Volunteers Enlisted to Assist People
Bloomington, Minnesota, United States
Southern Anoka Community Assistance
Columbia Heights, Minnesota, United States
People Reaching Out to People Food Shelf
Eden Prairie, Minnesota, United States
Fridley Covenant Church
Fridley, Minnesota, United States
Calvary Lutheran Church Food Shelf
Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States
NorthPoint Health and Wellness
Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States
Community Emergency Assistance Programs
Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States
Intercongregation Communities Association
Minnetonka, Minnesota, United States
Valley Outreach
Stillwater, Minnesota, United States
White Bear Area Foodshelf
White Bear Lake, Minnesota, United States
Countries
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References
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Griffin, DH. Measuring survey nonresponse by race and ethnicity. In Proceedings of the Annual Meetings of the American Statistical Association. 2002; 11-15.
Maitland A, Lin A, Cantor D, Jones M, Moser RP, Hesse BW, Davis T, Blake KD. A Nonresponse Bias Analysis of the Health Information National Trends Survey (HINTS). J Health Commun. 2017 Jul;22(7):545-553. doi: 10.1080/10810730.2017.1324539. Epub 2017 May 30.
Meyer, Bruce D., Wallace KC Mok, and James X. Sullivan. Household surveys in crisis. Journal of Economic Perspectives. 2015; 29(4): 199-226.
Provided Documents
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Document Type: Statistical Analysis Plan
Other Identifiers
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IRB20-1444
Identifier Type: -
Identifier Source: org_study_id
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