Trial Outcomes & Findings for Local Anesthetic as Single Shot Versus Catheter in Patients Undergoing Video Assisted Thoracoscopic Surgery (NCT NCT04559347)

NCT ID: NCT04559347

Last Updated: 2025-06-12

Results Overview

Patient reported pain scale (0-10) with zero (0) meaning "no pain" and ten (10) meaning "the worst pain imaginable

• Recruitment status: TERMINATED
• Study phase: PHASE2
• Target enrollment: 45 participants
• Primary outcome timeframe: 0-4 hours post operative
• Results posted on: 2025-06-12

Participant Flow

Participant milestones

Measure	Single Shot Liposomal Bupivacaine (EXPAREL®)/Bupivacaine Single Shot Liposomal Bupivacaine (EXPAREL®)/Bupivacaine for erector spinae block as local anesthetic Liposomal Bupivacaine (EXPAREL®)/Bupivacaine: Single shot for erector spinae block	Continuous Catheter Infusion Ropivacaine Ropivacaine (0.5% bolus followed by 0.2% infusion) using a continuous catheter for erector spinae plane block as local anesthetic Ropivacaine (0.5% bolus followed by 0.2% infusion): Continuous catheter infusion for erector spinae plane block
Overall Study STARTED	23	22
Overall Study COMPLETED	17	19
Overall Study NOT COMPLETED	6	3

Reasons for withdrawal

Measure	Single Shot Liposomal Bupivacaine (EXPAREL®)/Bupivacaine Single Shot Liposomal Bupivacaine (EXPAREL®)/Bupivacaine for erector spinae block as local anesthetic Liposomal Bupivacaine (EXPAREL®)/Bupivacaine: Single shot for erector spinae block	Continuous Catheter Infusion Ropivacaine Ropivacaine (0.5% bolus followed by 0.2% infusion) using a continuous catheter for erector spinae plane block as local anesthetic Ropivacaine (0.5% bolus followed by 0.2% infusion): Continuous catheter infusion for erector spinae plane block
Overall Study Death	1	0
Overall Study Thoracotomy conversion	1	1
Overall Study Provider unavailable	2	1
Overall Study Other	2	1

Baseline Characteristics

Due to per protocol analysis for the noninferiority study, the number analyzed differs from the number randomized. For the Exparel group: 23 subjects were randomized but only 17 subjects complied with protocol to include in final analysis.For the continuous catheter bupivacaine group: 22 subjects were randomized but only 19 complied with the protocol to include in final analysis. For the safety analysis of adverse events, all 45 subjectswere included in the analysis.

Baseline characteristics by cohort

Measure	Single Shot Liposomal Bupivacaine (EXPAREL®)/Bupivacaine n=17 Participants Single Shot Liposomal Bupivacaine (EXPAREL®)/Bupivacaine for erector spinae block as local anesthetic Liposomal Bupivacaine (EXPAREL®)/Bupivacaine: Single shot for erector spinae block	Continuous Catheter Infusion Ropivacaine n=19 Participants Ropivacaine (0.5% bolus followed by 0.2% infusion) using a continuous catheter for erector spinae plane block as local anesthetic Ropivacaine (0.5% bolus followed by 0.2% infusion): Continuous catheter infusion for erector spinae plane block	Total n=36 Participants Total of all reporting groups
Age, Continuous	65.53 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 9.45 • n=17 Participants • Due to per protocol analysis for the noninferiority study, the number analyzed differs from the number randomized. For the Exparel group: 23 subjects were randomized but only 17 subjects complied with protocol to include in final analysis.For the continuous catheter bupivacaine group: 22 subjects were randomized but only 19 complied with the protocol to include in final analysis. For the safety analysis of adverse events, all 45 subjectswere included in the analysis.	65.21 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 12.91 • n=19 Participants • Due to per protocol analysis for the noninferiority study, the number analyzed differs from the number randomized. For the Exparel group: 23 subjects were randomized but only 17 subjects complied with protocol to include in final analysis.For the continuous catheter bupivacaine group: 22 subjects were randomized but only 19 complied with the protocol to include in final analysis. For the safety analysis of adverse events, all 45 subjectswere included in the analysis.	65.36 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 11.25 • n=36 Participants • Due to per protocol analysis for the noninferiority study, the number analyzed differs from the number randomized. For the Exparel group: 23 subjects were randomized but only 17 subjects complied with protocol to include in final analysis.For the continuous catheter bupivacaine group: 22 subjects were randomized but only 19 complied with the protocol to include in final analysis. For the safety analysis of adverse events, all 45 subjectswere included in the analysis.
Sex: Female, Male Female	10 Participants n=17 Participants	8 Participants n=19 Participants	18 Participants n=36 Participants
Sex: Female, Male Male	7 Participants n=17 Participants	11 Participants n=19 Participants	18 Participants n=36 Participants
Race and Ethnicity Not Collected	—	—	0 Participants Race and Ethnicity were not collected from any participant.
Region of Enrollment United States	17 participants n=17 Participants	19 participants n=19 Participants	36 participants n=36 Participants
Tobacco History Quit more than 12 months ago	7 Participants n=17 Participants	12 Participants n=19 Participants	19 Participants n=36 Participants
Tobacco History Never	7 Participants n=17 Participants	5 Participants n=19 Participants	12 Participants n=36 Participants
Tobacco History Current	3 Participants n=17 Participants	2 Participants n=19 Participants	5 Participants n=36 Participants
Chronic liver disease (CLD) history	0 Participants n=17 Participants	0 Participants n=19 Participants	0 Participants n=36 Participants
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) History	0 Participants n=17 Participants	0 Participants n=19 Participants	0 Participants n=36 Participants
Diabetes History	2 Participants n=17 Participants	1 Participants n=19 Participants	3 Participants n=36 Participants
American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) Physical Status 2	3 Participants n=17 Participants	3 Participants n=19 Participants	6 Participants n=36 Participants
American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) Physical Status 3	13 Participants n=17 Participants	16 Participants n=19 Participants	29 Participants n=36 Participants
American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) Physical Status 4	1 Participants n=17 Participants	0 Participants n=19 Participants	1 Participants n=36 Participants
Primary Procedure Video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) with Lobectomy	12 Participants n=17 Participants	10 Participants n=19 Participants	22 Participants n=36 Participants
Primary Procedure Video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) with Wedge Biopsy	3 Participants n=17 Participants	7 Participants n=19 Participants	10 Participants n=36 Participants
Primary Procedure Video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS)	2 Participants n=17 Participants	2 Participants n=19 Participants	4 Participants n=36 Participants

PRIMARY outcome

Timeframe: 0-4 hours post operative

Population: The number of participants analyzed differs across outcome measures due to incomplete data collection for some outcomes.

Patient reported pain scale (0-10) with zero (0) meaning "no pain" and ten (10) meaning "the worst pain imaginable

Outcome measures

Measure	Single Shot Liposomal Bupivacaine (EXPAREL®)/Bupivacaine n=17 Participants Single Shot Liposomal Bupivacaine (EXPAREL®)/Bupivacaine for erector spinae block as local anesthetic Liposomal Bupivacaine (EXPAREL®)/Bupivacaine: Single shot for erector spinae block	Continuous Catheter Infusion Ropivacaine n=17 Participants Ropivacaine (0.5% bolus followed by 0.2% infusion) using a continuous catheter for erector spinae plane block as local anesthetic Ropivacaine (0.5% bolus followed by 0.2% infusion): Continuous catheter infusion for erector spinae plane block
Numeric Rated Pain Scale at Rest 0-4 Hours Post-operative	4.824 score on a scale Standard Deviation 2.531	5.176 score on a scale Standard Deviation 2.744

PRIMARY outcome

Timeframe: 4-8 hours post operative

Population: The number of participants analyzed differs across outcome measures due to incomplete data collection for some outcomes.

Patient reported pain scale (0-10) with zero (0) meaning "no pain" and ten (10) meaning "the worst pain imaginable

Outcome measures

Measure	Single Shot Liposomal Bupivacaine (EXPAREL®)/Bupivacaine n=15 Participants Single Shot Liposomal Bupivacaine (EXPAREL®)/Bupivacaine for erector spinae block as local anesthetic Liposomal Bupivacaine (EXPAREL®)/Bupivacaine: Single shot for erector spinae block	Continuous Catheter Infusion Ropivacaine n=15 Participants Ropivacaine (0.5% bolus followed by 0.2% infusion) using a continuous catheter for erector spinae plane block as local anesthetic Ropivacaine (0.5% bolus followed by 0.2% infusion): Continuous catheter infusion for erector spinae plane block
Numeric Rated Pain Scale at Rest 4-8 Hours Post-operative	3.867 score on a scale Standard Deviation 2.774	3.133 score on a scale Standard Deviation 2.386

PRIMARY outcome

Timeframe: 8-12 hours post operative

Population: The number of participants analyzed differs across outcome measures due to incomplete data collection for some outcomes.

Patient reported pain scale (0-10) with zero (0) meaning "no pain" and ten (10) meaning "the worst pain imaginable

Outcome measures

Measure	Single Shot Liposomal Bupivacaine (EXPAREL®)/Bupivacaine n=13 Participants Single Shot Liposomal Bupivacaine (EXPAREL®)/Bupivacaine for erector spinae block as local anesthetic Liposomal Bupivacaine (EXPAREL®)/Bupivacaine: Single shot for erector spinae block	Continuous Catheter Infusion Ropivacaine n=15 Participants Ropivacaine (0.5% bolus followed by 0.2% infusion) using a continuous catheter for erector spinae plane block as local anesthetic Ropivacaine (0.5% bolus followed by 0.2% infusion): Continuous catheter infusion for erector spinae plane block
Numeric Rated Pain Scale at Rest 8-12 Hours Post-operative	2.923 score on a scale Standard Deviation 2.253	3.4 score on a scale Standard Deviation 2.384

PRIMARY outcome

Timeframe: 12-24 hours post operative

Population: The number of participants analyzed differs across outcome measures due to incomplete data collection for some outcomes.

Patient reported pain scale (0-10) with zero (0) meaning "no pain" and ten (10) meaning "the worst pain imaginable

Outcome measures

Measure	Single Shot Liposomal Bupivacaine (EXPAREL®)/Bupivacaine n=14 Participants Single Shot Liposomal Bupivacaine (EXPAREL®)/Bupivacaine for erector spinae block as local anesthetic Liposomal Bupivacaine (EXPAREL®)/Bupivacaine: Single shot for erector spinae block	Continuous Catheter Infusion Ropivacaine n=16 Participants Ropivacaine (0.5% bolus followed by 0.2% infusion) using a continuous catheter for erector spinae plane block as local anesthetic Ropivacaine (0.5% bolus followed by 0.2% infusion): Continuous catheter infusion for erector spinae plane block
Numeric Rated Pain Scale at Rest 12-24 Hours Post-operative	3.714 score on a scale Standard Deviation 2.367	5.312 score on a scale Standard Deviation 3.114

PRIMARY outcome

Timeframe: 2 days post operative

Population: The number of participants analyzed differs across outcome measures due to incomplete data collection for some outcomes.

Patient reported pain scale (0-10) with zero (0) meaning "no pain" and ten (10) meaning "the worst pain imaginable

Outcome measures

Measure	Single Shot Liposomal Bupivacaine (EXPAREL®)/Bupivacaine n=16 Participants Single Shot Liposomal Bupivacaine (EXPAREL®)/Bupivacaine for erector spinae block as local anesthetic Liposomal Bupivacaine (EXPAREL®)/Bupivacaine: Single shot for erector spinae block	Continuous Catheter Infusion Ropivacaine n=16 Participants Ropivacaine (0.5% bolus followed by 0.2% infusion) using a continuous catheter for erector spinae plane block as local anesthetic Ropivacaine (0.5% bolus followed by 0.2% infusion): Continuous catheter infusion for erector spinae plane block
Numeric Rated Pain Scale at Rest 24-48 Hours Post-operative	4.188 score on a scale Standard Deviation 2.482	4.125 score on a scale Standard Deviation 2.187

PRIMARY outcome

Timeframe: 3 days post-operative

Population: The number of participants analyzed differs across outcome measures due to incomplete data collection for some outcomes.

Patient reported pain scale (0-10) with zero (0) meaning "no pain" and ten (10) meaning "the worst pain imaginable

Outcome measures

Measure	Single Shot Liposomal Bupivacaine (EXPAREL®)/Bupivacaine n=9 Participants Single Shot Liposomal Bupivacaine (EXPAREL®)/Bupivacaine for erector spinae block as local anesthetic Liposomal Bupivacaine (EXPAREL®)/Bupivacaine: Single shot for erector spinae block	Continuous Catheter Infusion Ropivacaine n=6 Participants Ropivacaine (0.5% bolus followed by 0.2% infusion) using a continuous catheter for erector spinae plane block as local anesthetic Ropivacaine (0.5% bolus followed by 0.2% infusion): Continuous catheter infusion for erector spinae plane block
Numeric Rated Pain Scale 48-72 Hours Post-operative	3.333 score on a scale Standard Deviation 2.179	4.833 score on a scale Standard Deviation 2.639

PRIMARY outcome

Timeframe: 0-4 hours post-operative

Population: The number of participants analyzed differs across outcome measures due to incomplete data collection for some outcomes.

Patient reported pain with cough on a scale (0-10) with zero (0) meaning "no pain" and ten (10) meaning "the worst pain imaginable

Outcome measures

Measure	Single Shot Liposomal Bupivacaine (EXPAREL®)/Bupivacaine n=17 Participants Single Shot Liposomal Bupivacaine (EXPAREL®)/Bupivacaine for erector spinae block as local anesthetic Liposomal Bupivacaine (EXPAREL®)/Bupivacaine: Single shot for erector spinae block	Continuous Catheter Infusion Ropivacaine n=17 Participants Ropivacaine (0.5% bolus followed by 0.2% infusion) using a continuous catheter for erector spinae plane block as local anesthetic Ropivacaine (0.5% bolus followed by 0.2% infusion): Continuous catheter infusion for erector spinae plane block
Numeric Rated Pain Scale With Cough 0-4 Hours Post-operative	6.765 score on a scale Standard Deviation 2.306	7 score on a scale Standard Deviation 2.784

PRIMARY outcome

Timeframe: 4-8 hours post-operative

Population: The number of participants analyzed differs across outcome measures due to incomplete data collection for some outcomes.

Patient reported pain with cough on a scale (0-10) with zero (0) meaning "no pain" and ten (10) meaning "the worst pain imaginable

Outcome measures

Measure	Single Shot Liposomal Bupivacaine (EXPAREL®)/Bupivacaine n=15 Participants Single Shot Liposomal Bupivacaine (EXPAREL®)/Bupivacaine for erector spinae block as local anesthetic Liposomal Bupivacaine (EXPAREL®)/Bupivacaine: Single shot for erector spinae block	Continuous Catheter Infusion Ropivacaine n=14 Participants Ropivacaine (0.5% bolus followed by 0.2% infusion) using a continuous catheter for erector spinae plane block as local anesthetic Ropivacaine (0.5% bolus followed by 0.2% infusion): Continuous catheter infusion for erector spinae plane block
Numeric Rated Pain Scale With Cough 4-8 Hours Post-operative	7 score on a scale Standard Deviation 2.171	5.357 score on a scale Standard Deviation 2.872

PRIMARY outcome

Timeframe: 8-12 hours post-operative

Population: The number of participants analyzed differs across outcome measures due to incomplete data collection for some outcomes.

Patient reported pain with cough on a scale (0-10) with zero (0) meaning "no pain" and ten (10) meaning "the worst pain imaginable

Outcome measures

Measure	Single Shot Liposomal Bupivacaine (EXPAREL®)/Bupivacaine n=13 Participants Single Shot Liposomal Bupivacaine (EXPAREL®)/Bupivacaine for erector spinae block as local anesthetic Liposomal Bupivacaine (EXPAREL®)/Bupivacaine: Single shot for erector spinae block	Continuous Catheter Infusion Ropivacaine n=15 Participants Ropivacaine (0.5% bolus followed by 0.2% infusion) using a continuous catheter for erector spinae plane block as local anesthetic Ropivacaine (0.5% bolus followed by 0.2% infusion): Continuous catheter infusion for erector spinae plane block
Numeric Rated Pain Scale With Cough 8-12 Hours Post-operative	6.615 score on a scale Standard Deviation 2.534	5.867 score on a scale Standard Deviation 2.85

PRIMARY outcome

Timeframe: 12-24 hours post-operative

Population: The number of participants analyzed differs across outcome measures due to incomplete data collection for some outcomes.

Patient reported pain with cough on a scale (0-10) with zero (0) meaning "no pain" and ten (10) meaning "the worst pain imaginable

Outcome measures

Measure	Single Shot Liposomal Bupivacaine (EXPAREL®)/Bupivacaine n=15 Participants Single Shot Liposomal Bupivacaine (EXPAREL®)/Bupivacaine for erector spinae block as local anesthetic Liposomal Bupivacaine (EXPAREL®)/Bupivacaine: Single shot for erector spinae block	Continuous Catheter Infusion Ropivacaine n=16 Participants Ropivacaine (0.5% bolus followed by 0.2% infusion) using a continuous catheter for erector spinae plane block as local anesthetic Ropivacaine (0.5% bolus followed by 0.2% infusion): Continuous catheter infusion for erector spinae plane block
Numeric Rated Pain Scale With Cough 12-24 Hours Post-operative	7.467 score on a scale Standard Deviation 2.2	7.062 score on a scale Standard Deviation 2.435

PRIMARY outcome

Timeframe: 24-48 hours post-operative

Population: The number of participants analyzed differs across outcome measures due to incomplete data collection for some outcomes.

Patient reported pain with cough on a scale (0-10) with zero (0) meaning "no pain" and ten (10) meaning "the worst pain imaginable

Outcome measures

Measure	Single Shot Liposomal Bupivacaine (EXPAREL®)/Bupivacaine n=16 Participants Single Shot Liposomal Bupivacaine (EXPAREL®)/Bupivacaine for erector spinae block as local anesthetic Liposomal Bupivacaine (EXPAREL®)/Bupivacaine: Single shot for erector spinae block	Continuous Catheter Infusion Ropivacaine n=16 Participants Ropivacaine (0.5% bolus followed by 0.2% infusion) using a continuous catheter for erector spinae plane block as local anesthetic Ropivacaine (0.5% bolus followed by 0.2% infusion): Continuous catheter infusion for erector spinae plane block
Numeric Rated Pain Scale With Cough 24-48 Hours Post-operative	6.875 score on a scale Standard Deviation 2.391	7.5 score on a scale Standard Deviation 2.309

PRIMARY outcome

Timeframe: 48-72 hours post-operative

Population: The number of participants analyzed differs across outcome measures due to incomplete data collection for some outcomes.

Patient reported pain with cough on a scale (0-10) with zero (0) meaning "no pain" and ten (10) meaning "the worst pain imaginable

Outcome measures

Measure	Single Shot Liposomal Bupivacaine (EXPAREL®)/Bupivacaine n=9 Participants Single Shot Liposomal Bupivacaine (EXPAREL®)/Bupivacaine for erector spinae block as local anesthetic Liposomal Bupivacaine (EXPAREL®)/Bupivacaine: Single shot for erector spinae block	Continuous Catheter Infusion Ropivacaine n=6 Participants Ropivacaine (0.5% bolus followed by 0.2% infusion) using a continuous catheter for erector spinae plane block as local anesthetic Ropivacaine (0.5% bolus followed by 0.2% infusion): Continuous catheter infusion for erector spinae plane block
Numeric Rated Pain Scale With Cough 48-72 Hours Post-operative	6.889 score on a scale Standard Deviation 2.667	6.833 score on a scale Standard Deviation 2.563

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: 0-4 hours post-operative

Population: The number of participants analyzed differs across outcome measures due to incomplete data collection for some outcomes.

Post-operative opioid consumption in morphine equivalent dose (MED) to determine total opioid medications given in the time period. MED is a standard conversion factor developed by the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). The MED equates the many different opioids into a standard value that is based on morphine and its potency.

Outcome measures

Measure	Single Shot Liposomal Bupivacaine (EXPAREL®)/Bupivacaine n=17 Participants Single Shot Liposomal Bupivacaine (EXPAREL®)/Bupivacaine for erector spinae block as local anesthetic Liposomal Bupivacaine (EXPAREL®)/Bupivacaine: Single shot for erector spinae block	Continuous Catheter Infusion Ropivacaine n=18 Participants Ropivacaine (0.5% bolus followed by 0.2% infusion) using a continuous catheter for erector spinae plane block as local anesthetic Ropivacaine (0.5% bolus followed by 0.2% infusion): Continuous catheter infusion for erector spinae plane block
Opioid Consumption in Morphine Equivalent Dose 0-4 Hours Post-operative	23.47 milligram morphine equivalents (MME) Standard Deviation 20.74	37.89 milligram morphine equivalents (MME) Standard Deviation 22.73

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: 4-8 hours post-operative

Population: The number of participants analyzed differs across outcome measures due to incomplete data collection for some outcomes.

Post-operative opioid consumption in morphine equivalent dose (MED) to determine total opioid medications given in the time period. MED is a standard conversion factor developed by the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). The MED equates the many different opioids into a standard value that is based on morphine and its potency.

Outcome measures

Measure	Single Shot Liposomal Bupivacaine (EXPAREL®)/Bupivacaine n=17 Participants Single Shot Liposomal Bupivacaine (EXPAREL®)/Bupivacaine for erector spinae block as local anesthetic Liposomal Bupivacaine (EXPAREL®)/Bupivacaine: Single shot for erector spinae block	Continuous Catheter Infusion Ropivacaine n=18 Participants Ropivacaine (0.5% bolus followed by 0.2% infusion) using a continuous catheter for erector spinae plane block as local anesthetic Ropivacaine (0.5% bolus followed by 0.2% infusion): Continuous catheter infusion for erector spinae plane block
Opioid Consumption in Morphine Equivalent Dose 4-8 Hours Post-operative	29.00 milligram morphine equivalents (MME) Standard Deviation 26.91	39.94 milligram morphine equivalents (MME) Standard Deviation 23.83

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: 8-16 hours post-operative

Population: The number of participants analyzed differs across outcome measures due to incomplete data collection for some outcomes.

Post-operative opioid consumption in morphine equivalent dose (MED) to determine total opioid medications given in the time period. MED is a standard conversion factor developed by the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). The MED equates the many different opioids into a standard value that is based on morphine and its potency.

Outcome measures

Measure	Single Shot Liposomal Bupivacaine (EXPAREL®)/Bupivacaine n=17 Participants Single Shot Liposomal Bupivacaine (EXPAREL®)/Bupivacaine for erector spinae block as local anesthetic Liposomal Bupivacaine (EXPAREL®)/Bupivacaine: Single shot for erector spinae block	Continuous Catheter Infusion Ropivacaine n=18 Participants Ropivacaine (0.5% bolus followed by 0.2% infusion) using a continuous catheter for erector spinae plane block as local anesthetic Ropivacaine (0.5% bolus followed by 0.2% infusion): Continuous catheter infusion for erector spinae plane block
Opioid Consumption in Morphine Equivalent Dose 8-16 Hours Post-operative	38.44 milligram morphine equivalents (MME) Standard Deviation 34.04	52.53 milligram morphine equivalents (MME) Standard Deviation 29.37

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: 16-24 hours post-operative

Population: The number of participants analyzed differs across outcome measures due to incomplete data collection for some outcomes.

Post-operative opioid consumption in morphine equivalent dose (MED to determine total opioid medications given in the time period. MED is a standard conversion factor developed by the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). The MED equates the many different opioids into a standard value that is based on morphine and its potency.

Outcome measures

Measure	Single Shot Liposomal Bupivacaine (EXPAREL®)/Bupivacaine n=17 Participants Single Shot Liposomal Bupivacaine (EXPAREL®)/Bupivacaine for erector spinae block as local anesthetic Liposomal Bupivacaine (EXPAREL®)/Bupivacaine: Single shot for erector spinae block	Continuous Catheter Infusion Ropivacaine n=18 Participants Ropivacaine (0.5% bolus followed by 0.2% infusion) using a continuous catheter for erector spinae plane block as local anesthetic Ropivacaine (0.5% bolus followed by 0.2% infusion): Continuous catheter infusion for erector spinae plane block
Opioid Consumption in Morphine Equivalent Dose 16-24 Hours Post-operative	48.06 milligram morphine equivalents (MME) Standard Deviation 44.36	64.64 milligram morphine equivalents (MME) Standard Deviation 36.77

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: 24-48 hours post-operative

Population: The number of participants analyzed differs across outcome measures due to incomplete data collection for some outcomes.

Post-operative opioid consumption in morphine equivalent dose (MED) to determine total opioid medications given in the time period. MED is a standard conversion factor developed by the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). The MED equates the many different opioids into a standard value that is based on morphine and its potency.

Outcome measures

Measure	Single Shot Liposomal Bupivacaine (EXPAREL®)/Bupivacaine n=17 Participants Single Shot Liposomal Bupivacaine (EXPAREL®)/Bupivacaine for erector spinae block as local anesthetic Liposomal Bupivacaine (EXPAREL®)/Bupivacaine: Single shot for erector spinae block	Continuous Catheter Infusion Ropivacaine n=18 Participants Ropivacaine (0.5% bolus followed by 0.2% infusion) using a continuous catheter for erector spinae plane block as local anesthetic Ropivacaine (0.5% bolus followed by 0.2% infusion): Continuous catheter infusion for erector spinae plane block
Opioid Consumption in Morphine Equivalent Dose 24-48 Hours Post-operative	67.71 milligram morphine equivalents (MME) Standard Deviation 65.83	92.64 milligram morphine equivalents (MME) Standard Deviation 57.43

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: 48-72 hours post-operative

Population: The number of participants analyzed differs across outcome measures due to incomplete data collection for some outcomes.

Post-operative opioid consumption in morphine equivalent dose (MED) to determine total opioid medications given in the time period. MED is a standard conversion factor developed by the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). The MED equates the many different opioids into a standard value that is based on morphine and its potency.

Outcome measures

Measure	Single Shot Liposomal Bupivacaine (EXPAREL®)/Bupivacaine n=17 Participants Single Shot Liposomal Bupivacaine (EXPAREL®)/Bupivacaine for erector spinae block as local anesthetic Liposomal Bupivacaine (EXPAREL®)/Bupivacaine: Single shot for erector spinae block	Continuous Catheter Infusion Ropivacaine n=18 Participants Ropivacaine (0.5% bolus followed by 0.2% infusion) using a continuous catheter for erector spinae plane block as local anesthetic Ropivacaine (0.5% bolus followed by 0.2% infusion): Continuous catheter infusion for erector spinae plane block
Opioid Consumption in Morphine Equivalent Dose 48-72 Hours Post-operative	76.38 milligram morphine equivalents (MME) Standard Deviation 80.33	105.61 milligram morphine equivalents (MME) Standard Deviation 69.30

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: From start of surgery to end of surgery, an average of 2-3 hours

Total opioids administered in morphine equivalent dose (MED) in the operating room during the surgery. MED is a standard conversion factor developed by the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). The MED equates the many different opioids into a standard value that is based on morphine and its potency.

Outcome measures

Measure	Single Shot Liposomal Bupivacaine (EXPAREL®)/Bupivacaine n=17 Participants Single Shot Liposomal Bupivacaine (EXPAREL®)/Bupivacaine for erector spinae block as local anesthetic Liposomal Bupivacaine (EXPAREL®)/Bupivacaine: Single shot for erector spinae block	Continuous Catheter Infusion Ropivacaine n=19 Participants Ropivacaine (0.5% bolus followed by 0.2% infusion) using a continuous catheter for erector spinae plane block as local anesthetic Ropivacaine (0.5% bolus followed by 0.2% infusion): Continuous catheter infusion for erector spinae plane block
Total Intraoperative Opioid Consumption in Morphine Equivalent Dose	63.1 milligram morphine equivalents (MME) Standard Deviation 31.7	64.1 milligram morphine equivalents (MME) Standard Deviation 35.4

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: 0-4 hours post-operative

Acetaminophen is a pain medication that is not an opioid. The acetaminophen use in milligrams will be compared in each group at different time points.

Outcome measures

Measure	Single Shot Liposomal Bupivacaine (EXPAREL®)/Bupivacaine n=17 Participants Single Shot Liposomal Bupivacaine (EXPAREL®)/Bupivacaine for erector spinae block as local anesthetic Liposomal Bupivacaine (EXPAREL®)/Bupivacaine: Single shot for erector spinae block	Continuous Catheter Infusion Ropivacaine n=19 Participants Ropivacaine (0.5% bolus followed by 0.2% infusion) using a continuous catheter for erector spinae plane block as local anesthetic Ropivacaine (0.5% bolus followed by 0.2% infusion): Continuous catheter infusion for erector spinae plane block
Acetaminophen Consumption in Milligrams 0-4 Hours Post-operative	679 milligrams Standard Deviation 363	453 milligrams Standard Deviation 459

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: 4-8 hours post-operative

Acetaminophen is a pain medication that is not an opioid. The acetaminophen use in milligrams will be compared in each group at different time points.

Outcome measures

Measure	Single Shot Liposomal Bupivacaine (EXPAREL®)/Bupivacaine n=17 Participants Single Shot Liposomal Bupivacaine (EXPAREL®)/Bupivacaine for erector spinae block as local anesthetic Liposomal Bupivacaine (EXPAREL®)/Bupivacaine: Single shot for erector spinae block	Continuous Catheter Infusion Ropivacaine n=19 Participants Ropivacaine (0.5% bolus followed by 0.2% infusion) using a continuous catheter for erector spinae plane block as local anesthetic Ropivacaine (0.5% bolus followed by 0.2% infusion): Continuous catheter infusion for erector spinae plane block
Acetaminophen Consumption in Milligrams 4-8 Hours Post-operative	250 milligrams Standard Deviation 358	329 milligrams Standard Deviation 412

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: 8-16 hours post-operative

Acetaminophen is a pain medication that is not an opioid. The acetaminophen use in milligrams will be compared in each group at different time points.

Outcome measures

Measure	Single Shot Liposomal Bupivacaine (EXPAREL®)/Bupivacaine n=17 Participants Single Shot Liposomal Bupivacaine (EXPAREL®)/Bupivacaine for erector spinae block as local anesthetic Liposomal Bupivacaine (EXPAREL®)/Bupivacaine: Single shot for erector spinae block	Continuous Catheter Infusion Ropivacaine n=19 Participants Ropivacaine (0.5% bolus followed by 0.2% infusion) using a continuous catheter for erector spinae plane block as local anesthetic Ropivacaine (0.5% bolus followed by 0.2% infusion): Continuous catheter infusion for erector spinae plane block
Acetaminophen Consumption in Milligrams 8-16 Hours Post-operative	988 milligrams Standard Deviation 398	842 milligrams Standard Deviation 462

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: 16-24 hours post-operative

Acetaminophen is a pain medication that is not an opioid. The acetaminophen use in milligrams will be compared in each group at different time points.

Outcome measures

Measure	Single Shot Liposomal Bupivacaine (EXPAREL®)/Bupivacaine n=17 Participants Single Shot Liposomal Bupivacaine (EXPAREL®)/Bupivacaine for erector spinae block as local anesthetic Liposomal Bupivacaine (EXPAREL®)/Bupivacaine: Single shot for erector spinae block	Continuous Catheter Infusion Ropivacaine n=19 Participants Ropivacaine (0.5% bolus followed by 0.2% infusion) using a continuous catheter for erector spinae plane block as local anesthetic Ropivacaine (0.5% bolus followed by 0.2% infusion): Continuous catheter infusion for erector spinae plane block
Acetaminophen Consumption in Milligrams 16-24 Hours Post-operative	835 milligrams Standard Deviation 513	900 milligrams Standard Deviation 596

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: 24-48 hours post-operative

Acetaminophen is a pain medication that is not an opioid. The acetaminophen use in milligrams will be compared in each group at different time points.

Outcome measures

Measure	Single Shot Liposomal Bupivacaine (EXPAREL®)/Bupivacaine n=17 Participants Single Shot Liposomal Bupivacaine (EXPAREL®)/Bupivacaine for erector spinae block as local anesthetic Liposomal Bupivacaine (EXPAREL®)/Bupivacaine: Single shot for erector spinae block	Continuous Catheter Infusion Ropivacaine n=19 Participants Ropivacaine (0.5% bolus followed by 0.2% infusion) using a continuous catheter for erector spinae plane block as local anesthetic Ropivacaine (0.5% bolus followed by 0.2% infusion): Continuous catheter infusion for erector spinae plane block
Acetaminophen Consumption in Milligrams 24-48 Hours Post-operative	2159 milligrams Standard Deviation 1393	2676 milligrams Standard Deviation 1699

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: 48-72 hours post-operative

Acetaminophen is a pain medication that is not an opioid. The acetaminophen use in milligrams will be compared in each group at different time points.

Outcome measures

Measure	Single Shot Liposomal Bupivacaine (EXPAREL®)/Bupivacaine n=17 Participants Single Shot Liposomal Bupivacaine (EXPAREL®)/Bupivacaine for erector spinae block as local anesthetic Liposomal Bupivacaine (EXPAREL®)/Bupivacaine: Single shot for erector spinae block	Continuous Catheter Infusion Ropivacaine n=19 Participants Ropivacaine (0.5% bolus followed by 0.2% infusion) using a continuous catheter for erector spinae plane block as local anesthetic Ropivacaine (0.5% bolus followed by 0.2% infusion): Continuous catheter infusion for erector spinae plane block
Acetaminophen Consumption in Milligrams 48-72 Hours Post-operative	1385 milligrams Standard Deviation 1391	1453 milligrams Standard Deviation 1843

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: 0-4 hours post-operative

Gabapentin is a pain medication that is not an opioid. The gabapentin use in milligrams will be compared in each group at different time points.

Outcome measures

Measure	Single Shot Liposomal Bupivacaine (EXPAREL®)/Bupivacaine n=17 Participants Single Shot Liposomal Bupivacaine (EXPAREL®)/Bupivacaine for erector spinae block as local anesthetic Liposomal Bupivacaine (EXPAREL®)/Bupivacaine: Single shot for erector spinae block	Continuous Catheter Infusion Ropivacaine n=19 Participants Ropivacaine (0.5% bolus followed by 0.2% infusion) using a continuous catheter for erector spinae plane block as local anesthetic Ropivacaine (0.5% bolus followed by 0.2% infusion): Continuous catheter infusion for erector spinae plane block
Gabapentin Consumption in Milligrams 0-4 Hours Post-operative	58.82 milligrams Standard Deviation 100.37	68.42 milligrams Standard Deviation 149.27

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: 4-8 hours post-operative

Gabapentin is a pain medication that is not an opioid. The gabapentin use in milligrams will be compared in each group at different time points.

Outcome measures

Measure	Single Shot Liposomal Bupivacaine (EXPAREL®)/Bupivacaine n=17 Participants Single Shot Liposomal Bupivacaine (EXPAREL®)/Bupivacaine for erector spinae block as local anesthetic Liposomal Bupivacaine (EXPAREL®)/Bupivacaine: Single shot for erector spinae block	Continuous Catheter Infusion Ropivacaine n=19 Participants Ropivacaine (0.5% bolus followed by 0.2% infusion) using a continuous catheter for erector spinae plane block as local anesthetic Ropivacaine (0.5% bolus followed by 0.2% infusion): Continuous catheter infusion for erector spinae plane block
Gabapentin Consumption in Milligrams 4-8 Hours Post-operative	52.94 milligrams Standard Deviation 117.89	36.84 milligrams Standard Deviation 76.09

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: 8-16 hours post-operative

Gabapentin is a pain medication that is not an opioid. The gabapentin use in milligrams will be compared in each group at different time points.

Outcome measures

Measure	Single Shot Liposomal Bupivacaine (EXPAREL®)/Bupivacaine n=17 Participants Single Shot Liposomal Bupivacaine (EXPAREL®)/Bupivacaine for erector spinae block as local anesthetic Liposomal Bupivacaine (EXPAREL®)/Bupivacaine: Single shot for erector spinae block	Continuous Catheter Infusion Ropivacaine n=19 Participants Ropivacaine (0.5% bolus followed by 0.2% infusion) using a continuous catheter for erector spinae plane block as local anesthetic Ropivacaine (0.5% bolus followed by 0.2% infusion): Continuous catheter infusion for erector spinae plane block
Gabapentin Consumption in Milligrams 8-16 Hours Post-operative	82.35 milligrams Standard Deviation 113.11	115.79 milligrams Standard Deviation 167.54

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: 16-24 hours post-operative

Gabapentin is a pain medication that is not an opioid. The gabapentin use in milligrams will be compared in each group at different time points.

Outcome measures

Measure	Single Shot Liposomal Bupivacaine (EXPAREL®)/Bupivacaine n=17 Participants Single Shot Liposomal Bupivacaine (EXPAREL®)/Bupivacaine for erector spinae block as local anesthetic Liposomal Bupivacaine (EXPAREL®)/Bupivacaine: Single shot for erector spinae block	Continuous Catheter Infusion Ropivacaine n=19 Participants Ropivacaine (0.5% bolus followed by 0.2% infusion) using a continuous catheter for erector spinae plane block as local anesthetic Ropivacaine (0.5% bolus followed by 0.2% infusion): Continuous catheter infusion for erector spinae plane block
Gabapentin Consumption in Milligrams 16-24 Hours Post-operative	100.00 milligrams Standard Deviation 122.47	189.47 milligrams Standard Deviation 196.91

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: 24-48 hours post-operative

Gabapentin is a pain medication that is not an opioid. The gabapentin use in milligrams will be compared in each group at different time points.

Outcome measures

Measure	Single Shot Liposomal Bupivacaine (EXPAREL®)/Bupivacaine n=17 Participants Single Shot Liposomal Bupivacaine (EXPAREL®)/Bupivacaine for erector spinae block as local anesthetic Liposomal Bupivacaine (EXPAREL®)/Bupivacaine: Single shot for erector spinae block	Continuous Catheter Infusion Ropivacaine n=19 Participants Ropivacaine (0.5% bolus followed by 0.2% infusion) using a continuous catheter for erector spinae plane block as local anesthetic Ropivacaine (0.5% bolus followed by 0.2% infusion): Continuous catheter infusion for erector spinae plane block
Gabapentin Consumption in Milligrams 24-48 Hours Post-operative	223.53 milligrams Standard Deviation 343.75	452.63 milligrams Standard Deviation 505.93

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: 48-72 hours post-operative

Gabapentin is a pain medication that is not an opioid. The gabapentin use in milligrams will be compared in each group at different time points.

Outcome measures

Measure	Single Shot Liposomal Bupivacaine (EXPAREL®)/Bupivacaine n=17 Participants Single Shot Liposomal Bupivacaine (EXPAREL®)/Bupivacaine for erector spinae block as local anesthetic Liposomal Bupivacaine (EXPAREL®)/Bupivacaine: Single shot for erector spinae block	Continuous Catheter Infusion Ropivacaine n=19 Participants Ropivacaine (0.5% bolus followed by 0.2% infusion) using a continuous catheter for erector spinae plane block as local anesthetic Ropivacaine (0.5% bolus followed by 0.2% infusion): Continuous catheter infusion for erector spinae plane block
Gabapentin Consumption in Milligrams 48-72 Hours Post-operative	152.94 milligrams Standard Deviation 260.09	300.00 milligrams Standard Deviation 458.26

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: 0-4 hours post-operative

The ketorolac use in milligrams will be compared in each group at different time points.

Outcome measures

Measure	Single Shot Liposomal Bupivacaine (EXPAREL®)/Bupivacaine n=17 Participants Single Shot Liposomal Bupivacaine (EXPAREL®)/Bupivacaine for erector spinae block as local anesthetic Liposomal Bupivacaine (EXPAREL®)/Bupivacaine: Single shot for erector spinae block	Continuous Catheter Infusion Ropivacaine n=19 Participants Ropivacaine (0.5% bolus followed by 0.2% infusion) using a continuous catheter for erector spinae plane block as local anesthetic Ropivacaine (0.5% bolus followed by 0.2% infusion): Continuous catheter infusion for erector spinae plane block
Ketorolac Consumption in Milligrams 0-4 Hours Post-operative	1.765 milligrams Standard Deviation 7.276	2.895 milligrams Standard Deviation 7.695

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: 4-8 hours post-operative

The ketorolac use in milligrams will be compared in each group at different time points.

Outcome measures

Measure	Single Shot Liposomal Bupivacaine (EXPAREL®)/Bupivacaine n=17 Participants Single Shot Liposomal Bupivacaine (EXPAREL®)/Bupivacaine for erector spinae block as local anesthetic Liposomal Bupivacaine (EXPAREL®)/Bupivacaine: Single shot for erector spinae block	Continuous Catheter Infusion Ropivacaine n=19 Participants Ropivacaine (0.5% bolus followed by 0.2% infusion) using a continuous catheter for erector spinae plane block as local anesthetic Ropivacaine (0.5% bolus followed by 0.2% infusion): Continuous catheter infusion for erector spinae plane block
Ketorolac Consumption in Milligrams 4-8 Hours Post-operative	3.529 milligrams Standard Deviation 8.434	0.789 milligrams Standard Deviation 3.441

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: 8-16 hours post-operative

The ketorolac use in milligrams will be compared in each group at different time points.

Outcome measures

Measure	Single Shot Liposomal Bupivacaine (EXPAREL®)/Bupivacaine n=17 Participants Single Shot Liposomal Bupivacaine (EXPAREL®)/Bupivacaine for erector spinae block as local anesthetic Liposomal Bupivacaine (EXPAREL®)/Bupivacaine: Single shot for erector spinae block	Continuous Catheter Infusion Ropivacaine n=19 Participants Ropivacaine (0.5% bolus followed by 0.2% infusion) using a continuous catheter for erector spinae plane block as local anesthetic Ropivacaine (0.5% bolus followed by 0.2% infusion): Continuous catheter infusion for erector spinae plane block
Ketorolac Consumption in Milligrams 8-16 Hours Post-operative	6.176 milligrams Standard Deviation 10.684	5.789 milligrams Standard Deviation 10.576

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: 16-24 hours post-operative

The ketorolac use in milligrams will be compared in each group at different time points.

Outcome measures

Measure	Single Shot Liposomal Bupivacaine (EXPAREL®)/Bupivacaine n=17 Participants Single Shot Liposomal Bupivacaine (EXPAREL®)/Bupivacaine for erector spinae block as local anesthetic Liposomal Bupivacaine (EXPAREL®)/Bupivacaine: Single shot for erector spinae block	Continuous Catheter Infusion Ropivacaine n=19 Participants Ropivacaine (0.5% bolus followed by 0.2% infusion) using a continuous catheter for erector spinae plane block as local anesthetic Ropivacaine (0.5% bolus followed by 0.2% infusion): Continuous catheter infusion for erector spinae plane block
Ketorolac Consumption in Milligrams 16-24 Hours Post-operative	0 milligrams Standard Deviation 0	8.421 milligrams Standard Deviation 11.432

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: 24-48 hours post-operative.

The ketorolac use in milligrams will be compared in each group at different time points.

Outcome measures

Measure	Single Shot Liposomal Bupivacaine (EXPAREL®)/Bupivacaine n=17 Participants Single Shot Liposomal Bupivacaine (EXPAREL®)/Bupivacaine for erector spinae block as local anesthetic Liposomal Bupivacaine (EXPAREL®)/Bupivacaine: Single shot for erector spinae block	Continuous Catheter Infusion Ropivacaine n=19 Participants Ropivacaine (0.5% bolus followed by 0.2% infusion) using a continuous catheter for erector spinae plane block as local anesthetic Ropivacaine (0.5% bolus followed by 0.2% infusion): Continuous catheter infusion for erector spinae plane block
Ketorolac Consumption in Milligrams 24-48 Hours Post-operative	17.647 milligrams Standard Deviation 35.669	21.842 milligrams Standard Deviation 26.416

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: 48-72 hours post-operative

Ketorolac is a pain medication that is not an opioid. The ketorolac use in milligrams will be compared in each group at different time points.

Outcome measures

Measure	Single Shot Liposomal Bupivacaine (EXPAREL®)/Bupivacaine n=17 Participants Single Shot Liposomal Bupivacaine (EXPAREL®)/Bupivacaine for erector spinae block as local anesthetic Liposomal Bupivacaine (EXPAREL®)/Bupivacaine: Single shot for erector spinae block	Continuous Catheter Infusion Ropivacaine n=19 Participants Ropivacaine (0.5% bolus followed by 0.2% infusion) using a continuous catheter for erector spinae plane block as local anesthetic Ropivacaine (0.5% bolus followed by 0.2% infusion): Continuous catheter infusion for erector spinae plane block
Ketorolac Consumption in Milligrams 48-72 Hours Post-operative	11.471 milligrams Standard Deviation 24.607	5.526 milligrams Standard Deviation 14.327

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: 12-24 hours post-operative

Population: The number of participants analyzed differs across outcome measures due to incomplete data collection for some outcomes.

A survey on patient reported outcomes which consists of 15 questions related to five domains of patient reported health status (pain, physical comfort, physical independence, psychological support and emotional state). The score is reported on a scale from 0 to 150 with higher scores meaning a better outcome.

Outcome measures

Measure	Single Shot Liposomal Bupivacaine (EXPAREL®)/Bupivacaine n=12 Participants Single Shot Liposomal Bupivacaine (EXPAREL®)/Bupivacaine for erector spinae block as local anesthetic Liposomal Bupivacaine (EXPAREL®)/Bupivacaine: Single shot for erector spinae block	Continuous Catheter Infusion Ropivacaine n=9 Participants Ropivacaine (0.5% bolus followed by 0.2% infusion) using a continuous catheter for erector spinae plane block as local anesthetic Ropivacaine (0.5% bolus followed by 0.2% infusion): Continuous catheter infusion for erector spinae plane block
Postoperative Quality of Recovery Score (QOR-15) 12-24 Hours Post-operative	8.24 score on a scale Standard Deviation 0.96	7.29 score on a scale Standard Deviation 1.36

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: 24-48 hours post-operative

Population: The number of participants analyzed differs across outcome measures due to incomplete data collection for some outcomes.

A survey on patient reported outcomes which consists of 15 questions related to five domains of patient reported health status (pain, physical comfort, physical independence, psychological support and emotional state). The score is reported on a scale from 0 to 150 with higher scores meaning a better outcome.

Outcome measures

Measure	Single Shot Liposomal Bupivacaine (EXPAREL®)/Bupivacaine n=13 Participants Single Shot Liposomal Bupivacaine (EXPAREL®)/Bupivacaine for erector spinae block as local anesthetic Liposomal Bupivacaine (EXPAREL®)/Bupivacaine: Single shot for erector spinae block	Continuous Catheter Infusion Ropivacaine n=8 Participants Ropivacaine (0.5% bolus followed by 0.2% infusion) using a continuous catheter for erector spinae plane block as local anesthetic Ropivacaine (0.5% bolus followed by 0.2% infusion): Continuous catheter infusion for erector spinae plane block
Postoperative Quality of Recovery Score (QOR-15) 24 to 48 Hours Post-operative	8.26 score on a scale Standard Deviation 0.77	8.40 score on a scale Standard Deviation 0.86

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: 48-72 hours post-operative

Population: The number of participants analyzed differs across outcome measures due to incomplete data collection for some outcomes.

A survey on patient reported outcomes which consists of 15 questions related to five domains of patient reported health status (pain, physical comfort, physical independence, psychological support and emotional state). The score is reported on a scale from 0 to 150 with higher scores meaning a better outcome.

Outcome measures

Measure	Single Shot Liposomal Bupivacaine (EXPAREL®)/Bupivacaine n=6 Participants Single Shot Liposomal Bupivacaine (EXPAREL®)/Bupivacaine for erector spinae block as local anesthetic Liposomal Bupivacaine (EXPAREL®)/Bupivacaine: Single shot for erector spinae block	Continuous Catheter Infusion Ropivacaine n=4 Participants Ropivacaine (0.5% bolus followed by 0.2% infusion) using a continuous catheter for erector spinae plane block as local anesthetic Ropivacaine (0.5% bolus followed by 0.2% infusion): Continuous catheter infusion for erector spinae plane block
Postoperative Quality of Recovery Score (QOR-15) 48 to 72 Hours Post-operative	8.56 score on a scale Standard Deviation 0.90	8.52 score on a scale Standard Deviation 0.95

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: 0-4 hours post-operative

Population: The number of participants analyzed differs across outcome measures due to incomplete data collection for some outcomes.

Incentive spirometry measures how much air you can inhale, which can help indicate how well your lungs are working after surgery. Incentive spirometry measures the volume (or amount) of air you inhale measured in cubic centimeters (cc). Higher numbers indicate that you're inhaling more air. This measure will be the change in incentive spirometry from baseline (baseline incentive spirometry - incentive spirometry 0 to 4 hours post-operative). A negative number reflects reduced volume of air.

Outcome measures

Measure	Single Shot Liposomal Bupivacaine (EXPAREL®)/Bupivacaine n=16 Participants Single Shot Liposomal Bupivacaine (EXPAREL®)/Bupivacaine for erector spinae block as local anesthetic Liposomal Bupivacaine (EXPAREL®)/Bupivacaine: Single shot for erector spinae block	Continuous Catheter Infusion Ropivacaine n=18 Participants Ropivacaine (0.5% bolus followed by 0.2% infusion) using a continuous catheter for erector spinae plane block as local anesthetic Ropivacaine (0.5% bolus followed by 0.2% infusion): Continuous catheter infusion for erector spinae plane block
Post-operative Incentive Spirometry Changes From Preoperative Baseline at 0-4 Hours Post-operative	-956.25 volume of air in cubic centimeters Standard Deviation 528.796	-652.778 volume of air in cubic centimeters Standard Deviation 596.429

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: 4-8 hours post-operative

Population: The number of participants analyzed differs across outcome measures due to incomplete data collection for some outcomes.

Incentive spirometry measures how much air you can inhale, which can help indicate how well your lungs are working after surgery. Incentive spirometry measures the volume (or amount) of air you inhale measured in cubic centimeters (cc). Higher numbers indicate that you're inhaling more air. This measure will be the change in incentive spirometry from baseline (baseline incentive spirometry - incentive spirometry 4 to 8 hours post-operative). A negative number reflects reduced volume of air.

Outcome measures

Measure	Single Shot Liposomal Bupivacaine (EXPAREL®)/Bupivacaine n=13 Participants Single Shot Liposomal Bupivacaine (EXPAREL®)/Bupivacaine for erector spinae block as local anesthetic Liposomal Bupivacaine (EXPAREL®)/Bupivacaine: Single shot for erector spinae block	Continuous Catheter Infusion Ropivacaine n=14 Participants Ropivacaine (0.5% bolus followed by 0.2% infusion) using a continuous catheter for erector spinae plane block as local anesthetic Ropivacaine (0.5% bolus followed by 0.2% infusion): Continuous catheter infusion for erector spinae plane block
Post-operative Incentive Spirometry Changes From Preoperative Baseline at 4-8 Hours Post-operative	-815.385 volume of air in cubic centimeters Standard Deviation 632.582	-775 volume of air in cubic centimeters Standard Deviation 765.544

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: 8-12 hours post-operative

Population: The number of participants analyzed differs across outcome measures due to incomplete data collection for some outcomes.

Incentive spirometry measures how much air you can inhale, which can help indicate how well your lungs are working after surgery. Incentive spirometry measures the volume (or amount) of air you inhale measured in cubic centimeters (cc). Higher numbers indicate that you're inhaling more air. This measure will be the change in incentive spirometry from baseline (baseline incentive spirometry - incentive spirometry 8 to 12 hours post-operative). A negative number reflects reduced volume of air.

Outcome measures

Measure	Single Shot Liposomal Bupivacaine (EXPAREL®)/Bupivacaine n=9 Participants Single Shot Liposomal Bupivacaine (EXPAREL®)/Bupivacaine for erector spinae block as local anesthetic Liposomal Bupivacaine (EXPAREL®)/Bupivacaine: Single shot for erector spinae block	Continuous Catheter Infusion Ropivacaine n=11 Participants Ropivacaine (0.5% bolus followed by 0.2% infusion) using a continuous catheter for erector spinae plane block as local anesthetic Ropivacaine (0.5% bolus followed by 0.2% infusion): Continuous catheter infusion for erector spinae plane block
Post-operative Incentive Spirometry Changes From Preoperative Baseline at 8-12 Hours Post-operative	-1005.556 volume of air in cubic centimeters Standard Deviation 682.113	-959.091 volume of air in cubic centimeters Standard Deviation 654.912

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: 12-24 hours post-operative

Population: The number of participants analyzed differs across outcome measures due to incomplete data collection for some outcomes.

Incentive spirometry measures how much air you can inhale, which can help indicate how well your lungs are working after surgery. Incentive spirometry measures the volume (or amount) of air you inhale measured in cubic centimeters (cc). Higher numbers indicate that you're inhaling more air. This measure will be the change in incentive spirometry from baseline (baseline incentive spirometry - incentive spirometry 12 to 24 hours post-operative). A negative number reflects reduced volume of air.

Outcome measures

Measure	Single Shot Liposomal Bupivacaine (EXPAREL®)/Bupivacaine n=15 Participants Single Shot Liposomal Bupivacaine (EXPAREL®)/Bupivacaine for erector spinae block as local anesthetic Liposomal Bupivacaine (EXPAREL®)/Bupivacaine: Single shot for erector spinae block	Continuous Catheter Infusion Ropivacaine n=15 Participants Ropivacaine (0.5% bolus followed by 0.2% infusion) using a continuous catheter for erector spinae plane block as local anesthetic Ropivacaine (0.5% bolus followed by 0.2% infusion): Continuous catheter infusion for erector spinae plane block
Post-operative Incentive Spirometry Changes From Preoperative Baseline at 12-24 Hours Post-operative	-718.333 volume of air in cubic centimeters Standard Deviation 575.114	-853.333 volume of air in cubic centimeters Standard Deviation 747.01

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: 24-48 hours post-operative

Population: The number of participants analyzed differs across outcome measures due to incomplete data collection for some outcomes.

Incentive spirometry measures how much air you can inhale, which can help indicate how well your lungs are working after surgery. Incentive spirometry measures the volume (or amount) of air you inhale measured in cubic centimeters (cc). Higher numbers indicate that you're inhaling more air. This measure will be the change in incentive spirometry from baseline (baseline incentive spirometry - incentive spirometry 24 to 48 hours post-operative). A negative number reflects reduced volume of air.

Outcome measures

Measure	Single Shot Liposomal Bupivacaine (EXPAREL®)/Bupivacaine n=14 Participants Single Shot Liposomal Bupivacaine (EXPAREL®)/Bupivacaine for erector spinae block as local anesthetic Liposomal Bupivacaine (EXPAREL®)/Bupivacaine: Single shot for erector spinae block	Continuous Catheter Infusion Ropivacaine n=17 Participants Ropivacaine (0.5% bolus followed by 0.2% infusion) using a continuous catheter for erector spinae plane block as local anesthetic Ropivacaine (0.5% bolus followed by 0.2% infusion): Continuous catheter infusion for erector spinae plane block
Post-operative Incentive Spirometry Changes From Preoperative Baseline at 24-48 Hours Post-operative	-975 volume of air in cubic centimeters Standard Deviation 640.538	-700 volume of air in cubic centimeters Standard Deviation 537.936

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: 48-72 hours post-operative

Population: The number of participants analyzed differs across outcome measures due to incomplete data collection for some outcomes.

Incentive spirometry measures how much air you can inhale, which can help indicate how well your lungs are working after surgery. Incentive spirometry measures the volume (or amount) of air you inhale measured in cubic centimeters (cc). Higher numbers indicate that you're inhaling more air. This measure will be the change in incentive spirometry from baseline (baseline incentive spirometry - incentive spirometry 48 to 72 hours post-operative). A negative number reflects reduced volume of air.

Outcome measures

Measure	Single Shot Liposomal Bupivacaine (EXPAREL®)/Bupivacaine n=8 Participants Single Shot Liposomal Bupivacaine (EXPAREL®)/Bupivacaine for erector spinae block as local anesthetic Liposomal Bupivacaine (EXPAREL®)/Bupivacaine: Single shot for erector spinae block	Continuous Catheter Infusion Ropivacaine n=7 Participants Ropivacaine (0.5% bolus followed by 0.2% infusion) using a continuous catheter for erector spinae plane block as local anesthetic Ropivacaine (0.5% bolus followed by 0.2% infusion): Continuous catheter infusion for erector spinae plane block
Post-operative Incentive Spirometry Changes From Preoperative Baseline at 48-72 Hours Post-operative	-906.25 volume of air in cubic centimeters Standard Deviation 651.612	-642.857 volume of air in cubic centimeters Standard Deviation 403.556

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: From date of admission until date of discharge, an average of 72 hours

Number of hours from admission to discharge

Outcome measures

Measure	Single Shot Liposomal Bupivacaine (EXPAREL®)/Bupivacaine n=17 Participants Single Shot Liposomal Bupivacaine (EXPAREL®)/Bupivacaine for erector spinae block as local anesthetic Liposomal Bupivacaine (EXPAREL®)/Bupivacaine: Single shot for erector spinae block	Continuous Catheter Infusion Ropivacaine n=19 Participants Ropivacaine (0.5% bolus followed by 0.2% infusion) using a continuous catheter for erector spinae plane block as local anesthetic Ropivacaine (0.5% bolus followed by 0.2% infusion): Continuous catheter infusion for erector spinae plane block
Length of Hospital Stay	72.00 Hours Interval 53.0 to 79.0	58.00 Hours Interval 55.0 to 77.5

Adverse Events

Single Shot Liposomal Bupivacaine (EXPAREL®)/Bupivacaine

Serious events: 2 serious events

Other events: 3 other events

Deaths: 2 deaths

Continuous Catheter Infusion Ropivacaine

Serious events: 1 serious events

Other events: 2 other events

Deaths: 0 deaths

Serious adverse events

Measure	Single Shot Liposomal Bupivacaine (EXPAREL®)/Bupivacaine n=23 participants at risk Single Shot Liposomal Bupivacaine (EXPAREL®)/Bupivacaine for erector spinae block as local anesthetic Liposomal Bupivacaine (EXPAREL®)/Bupivacaine: Single shot for erector spinae block	Continuous Catheter Infusion Ropivacaine n=22 participants at risk Ropivacaine (0.5% bolus followed by 0.2% infusion) using a continuous catheter for erector spinae plane block as local anesthetic Ropivacaine (0.5% bolus followed by 0.2% infusion): Continuous catheter infusion for erector spinae plane block
Respiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disorders Subcutaneous emphysema	4.3% 1/23 • Number of events 1 • From start of surgery to up to 72 hours post-operative Adverse events are reported for all randomized participants	0.00% 0/22 • From start of surgery to up to 72 hours post-operative Adverse events are reported for all randomized participants
Respiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disorders Pneumothorax	4.3% 1/23 • Number of events 1 • From start of surgery to up to 72 hours post-operative Adverse events are reported for all randomized participants	4.5% 1/22 • Number of events 1 • From start of surgery to up to 72 hours post-operative Adverse events are reported for all randomized participants
Respiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disorders Hypoxia	4.3% 1/23 • Number of events 1 • From start of surgery to up to 72 hours post-operative Adverse events are reported for all randomized participants	4.5% 1/22 • Number of events 1 • From start of surgery to up to 72 hours post-operative Adverse events are reported for all randomized participants
Cardiac disorders Cardiac arrest	0.00% 0/23 • From start of surgery to up to 72 hours post-operative Adverse events are reported for all randomized participants	4.5% 1/22 • Number of events 1 • From start of surgery to up to 72 hours post-operative Adverse events are reported for all randomized participants
Surgical and medical procedures Intraoperative hemorrhage	4.3% 1/23 • Number of events 1 • From start of surgery to up to 72 hours post-operative Adverse events are reported for all randomized participants	0.00% 0/22 • From start of surgery to up to 72 hours post-operative Adverse events are reported for all randomized participants

Other adverse events

Measure	Single Shot Liposomal Bupivacaine (EXPAREL®)/Bupivacaine n=23 participants at risk Single Shot Liposomal Bupivacaine (EXPAREL®)/Bupivacaine for erector spinae block as local anesthetic Liposomal Bupivacaine (EXPAREL®)/Bupivacaine: Single shot for erector spinae block	Continuous Catheter Infusion Ropivacaine n=22 participants at risk Ropivacaine (0.5% bolus followed by 0.2% infusion) using a continuous catheter for erector spinae plane block as local anesthetic Ropivacaine (0.5% bolus followed by 0.2% infusion): Continuous catheter infusion for erector spinae plane block
Nervous system disorders Dizziness	4.3% 1/23 • Number of events 1 • From start of surgery to up to 72 hours post-operative Adverse events are reported for all randomized participants	0.00% 0/22 • From start of surgery to up to 72 hours post-operative Adverse events are reported for all randomized participants
Surgical and medical procedures Pain of skin	4.3% 1/23 • From start of surgery to up to 72 hours post-operative Adverse events are reported for all randomized participants	4.5% 1/22 • Number of events 1 • From start of surgery to up to 72 hours post-operative Adverse events are reported for all randomized participants
Musculoskeletal and connective tissue disorders Back pain	4.3% 1/23 • Number of events 1 • From start of surgery to up to 72 hours post-operative Adverse events are reported for all randomized participants	0.00% 0/22 • From start of surgery to up to 72 hours post-operative Adverse events are reported for all randomized participants
Surgical and medical procedures Postoperative thoracic procedure complication	0.00% 0/23 • From start of surgery to up to 72 hours post-operative Adverse events are reported for all randomized participants	4.5% 1/22 • Number of events 1 • From start of surgery to up to 72 hours post-operative Adverse events are reported for all randomized participants

Additional Information

Poovendran Saththasivam MD

The Guthrie Clinic

Phone: 5708874882

Email: Poovendran.Saththasivam@guthrie.org

Results disclosure agreements

• Principal investigator is a sponsor employee
• Publication restrictions are in place