Study Results
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Basic Information
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COMPLETED
PHASE4
80 participants
INTERVENTIONAL
2020-05-26
2021-08-31
Brief Summary
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Detailed Description
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1. Exploring potential risk factors of difficult intubation using ultrasound: A prospective single-blind cohort study
Before surgery, all enrolled patients will be examined for appearance features regarding difficult airway, including interincisor distance (\< 3 cm or not), mentohyoid distance, thyromental distance (\< 6.5 cm or not), neck movement (\< 80 degrees or not), neck circumference measured at the thyroid cartilage (\> 43 cm or not), modified Mallampati score, upper lip bite test, and mandibular prognathism test. Besides, ultrasound will be used to assess upper airway anatomy, including pretracheal soft tissue depth27 and height and width of tongue base. Regarding pretracheal soft tissue depth, the distance from the skin to the anterior aspect of the trachea will be measured at three levels: vocal cords, thyroid isthmus, and suprasternal notch. The amount of soft tissue at each zone is calculated by averaging the amounts of soft tissue in millimeters obtained in the central axis of the neck and 15 millimeters to the left and right of the central axis.
Moreover, the increased tongue volume and deposition of fat at the base of tongue in obese people has been shown to be highly associated with risk of obstructive sleep apnea. To measure the anatomy of tongue base, with the patient in a seated position, the convex transducer in the frequencies 1.5 to 5.0 MHz (GE C1-5-RS, GE Healthcare, Chicago, IL, USA) of a portable ultrasound device (LOGIQTM, GE Healthcare, Chicago, IL, USA) will be introduced to the skin of the neck in the submental region coronally, immediately cephalad to the body of the hyoid bone, and then in the area between the hyoid bone and the symphysis of the mandible. The patients will be instructed to avoid tongue movements, swallowing, or talking. Maximal width of tongue base, tongue base height, and maximal height of mid-tongue will be measured. The same anesthesiologist will perform all ultrasound measurements before surgery. Upon arrival at operating room, patients will be initially placed in a ramped position and then moved into a reverse Trendelenburg position to achieve a 30-degree incline of the thorax before preoxygenation.
After induction of anesthesia, another anesthesiologist, blinded to all preoperative evaluation, will perform all laryngoscopies in this study. The laryngoscopy intubation will be performed using a size-3 or -4 Macintosh (Rüsch Inc., Duluth, GA, USA) blade and a styletted endotracheal tube. The laryngoscopic view will be graded according to Cormack and Lehane's classification with external laryngeal pressure applied.59 Laryngoscopy views graded as III or IV are defined as difficult. In case of failed direct laryngoscopy despite external laryngeal manipulation in the first attempt, video-assisted laryngoscope GlideScope® (Verathon Medical, Bothell, WA, USA) will be used as an intubation rescue technique. The video-assisted laryngoscope will be kept on standby at the operating room before induction. The correct placement of the endotracheal tube will be confirmed by capnography.
2. Radial artery catheterization using ultrasound guidance or blind palpation: An open-label randomized controlled trial
Before surgery, the investigators will use a portable ultrasound device (LOGIQTM, GE Healthcare, Chicago, IL, USA) to measure the skin-to-artery distance of common sites of arterial cannulation of all enrolled patients, including radial artery, brachial artery and dorsalis pedis artery. Patients will be randomized in a ratio of 1:1 into ultrasound group (N=40) or palpation group (N=40). Radial artery cannulation will be performed using a radial artery catheterization kit (Arrow International Inc, Reading, PA, USA). For all patients, the wrist will be extended and taped to a board to maintain wrist extension, and the skin near the puncture site will be cleaned with chlorhexidine according to standard protocol. Allen test will be used to assess the vascular patency of the hand before cannulation of the radial artery. All patients will receive local skin anesthesia at the anticipated puncture site. All radial artery catheterizations will be performed by trained year 1 or 2 anesthesiology residents with similar levels of experience in both blind-palpation and ultrasound-guided radial arterial catheterization. All residents have performed at least 5 blind-palpation and 5 ultrasound-guided radial arterial catheterizations prior to the study.
In the ultrasound group, a linear vascular probe in the frequencies 5 to 13 MHz (GE 12L-RS, GE Healthcare, Chicago, IL, USA) of portable ultrasound device (LOGIQTM, GE Healthcare, Chicago, IL, USA) will be applied to the skin to localize the radial artery and a 20-gauge catheter will be inserted distal to the transducer and directed according to the ultrasound image. Start time is defined as the time when the ultrasound probe is placed on the wrist. In the palpation group, the radial artery will be identified by palpation, and the cannula will be directed by continuous or intermittent palpation of arterial pulsation. The attending anesthesiologist will supervise the resident and act as the second operator if needed. An attempt is defined as a new penetration of the skin with the needle, followed by an unlimited number of subcutaneous needle redirections. Clinical judgment by the supervising anesthesiologist is used to determine the time allowed for an attempt, number of attempts allowed, and changes to a new site. The start time is defined when the operator's finger is initially placed on the patient's wrist. The end point for both methods is when the arterial catheter is successful placed.
3. Comparing the effectiveness of preoxygenation between high-flow nasal cannula (HFNC) and facemask: A single-blind randomized controlled trial
Patients will be randomized in an allocation ratio of 1:1 into HFNC group (N=40) or facemask group (N=40). Preoxygenation will be performed according to the randomization group for a 5-minute duration. In the HFNC group, preoxygenation will be performed using HFNC (Optiflow™, Fisher \& Paykel Healthcare, Auckland, NZ), nasal prongs set at 30 L/min flow of heated and humidified 100% oxygen. In the facemask group, patients will breath spontaneously with an anesthetic facemask and 100% oxygen 15 L/min. Gas flow for HFNC or facemask can be adjusted depending on patients' tolerance. During laryngoscopy intubation, HFNC will be left in place with the nasal flow escalated to 50 L/min of 100% oxygen in order to achieve apneic oxygenation. In the facemask group, the facemask will be removed when apnea occurs. After tracheal intubation, correct placement of the endotracheal tube will be confirmed by capnography and the nasal prongs of the HFNC group will be removed. If desaturation (SpO2 \< 92%) occurs, patients will be then administered 100% O2, and the recruitment maneuver (peak airway pressure 40 cm H2O for 10 seconds) will be applied until SpO2 restores to baseline values.
4. The effect of type of volatile anesthetics and M-Entropy guidance of anesthesia depth on postoperative recovery: A double-blind randomized controlled trial
Patients will be randomized by a computer-generated list into one of the four groups, desflurane with usual care (N=20), desflurane with M-Entropy guidance (N=20), sevoflurane with usual care (N=20), and sevoflurane with M-Entropy guidance (N=20). At the operating room, a M-Entropy™ sensor and S/5™ module (GE Healthcare, Helsinki, Finland) will be applied to all patients' forehead before induction of anesthesia according to the manufacturer's recommendations. This will be connected to a M-Entropy Monitor that will be concealed from the patients and operators.
In the M-Entropy group, dosage of volatile anesthetics will be adjusted to achieve the Response and State Entropy value between 40 and 60 from the start of anesthesia to the end of surgery. In the usual care group, dosage of volatile anesthetics will be titrated according to clinical judgment. This will be to maintain arterial pressure within 20% range of the baseline and the heart rate within the range 50 to 100 beats/min. In case of signs of inadequate anesthesia (e.g. movement, cough and swallowing), anesthetic dose will be increased. M-Entropy monitoring will be continued in the usual care group, but the Entropy number and EEG waveform will be concealed from the anesthetist in charge. Entropy values, hemodynamic, and expiratory gas data will be recorded in 5-min intervals. In all patients, cessation of general anesthesia will be timed to facilitate early awakening after wound closure. All patients will be decurarized from rocuronium-induced neuromuscular blockade with sugammadex dosed at 2 mg/kg ideal body weight + 40%.
Conditions
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Study Design
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RANDOMIZED
FACTORIAL
TREATMENT
SINGLE
Study Groups
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Risk factors of difficult intubation
Appearance anpalpationpalpationpalpationd ultrasound features for predicting difficult laryngoscopy intubation
Exploring potential risk factors of difficult intubation using ultrasound
Before surgery, ultrasound will be used to assess pretracheal soft tissue depth and height and width of tongue base. The distance from the skin to the anterior aspect of the trachea will be measured at three levels: vocal cords, thyroid isthmus, and suprasternal notch. With the patient in a seated position, the convex transducer of a portable ultrasound device (LOGIQTM, GE Healthcare, Chicago, IL, USA) will be introduced to the skin of the neck in the submental region coronally, immediately cephalad to the body of the hyoid bone, and then in the area between the hyoid bone and the symphysis of the mandible. Maximal width of tongue base, tongue base height, and maximal height of mid-tongue will be measured. The laryngoscopy intubation will be performed using a size-3 or -4 Macintosh (Rüsch Inc., Duluth, GA, USA) blade and a styletted endotracheal tube. The laryngoscopic view will be graded according to Cormack and Lehane's classification with external laryngeal pressure applied.
Radial artery cannulation using ultrasound or blind palpation
In the ultrasound group, a linear vascular probe in the frequencies 5 to 13 MHz (GE 12L-RS, GE Healthcare, Chicago, IL, USA) of portable ultrasound device (LOGIQTM, GE Healthcare, Chicago, IL, USA) will be applied to the skin to localize the radial artery and a 20-gauge catheter will be inserted distal to the transducer and directed according to the ultrasound image.
Radial artery catheterization using ultrasound guidance or blind palpation
For all patients, the wrist will be extended and taped to a board to maintain wrist extension. All patients will receive local skin anesthesia at the anticipated puncture site. All radial artery catheterizations will be performed by anesthesiology residents with similar levels of experience in both blind-palpation and ultrasound-guided radial arterial catheterization. In the ultrasound group, a linear vascular probe of portable ultrasound device (LOGIQTM, GE Healthcare, Chicago, IL, USA) will be applied to the skin to localize the radial artery and a 20-gauge catheter will be inserted distal to the transducer and directed according to the ultrasound image. In the palpation group, the radial artery will be identified by palpation, and the cannula will be directed by continuous or intermittent palpation of arterial pulsation. An attempt is defined as a new penetration of the skin with the needle, followed by an unlimited number of subcutaneous needle redirections.
Preoxygenation using high-flow nasal cannula or facemask
In the HFNC group, preoxygenation will be performed using HFNC (Optiflow™, Fisher \& Paykel Healthcare, Auckland, NZ), nasal prongs set at 30 L/min flow of heated and humidified 100% oxygen. In the facemask group, patients will breath spontaneously with an anesthetic facemask and 100% oxygen 15 L/min. Gas flow for HFNC or facemask can be adjusted depending on patients' tolerance. During laryngoscopy intubation, HFNC will be left in place with the nasal flow escalated to 50 L/min of 100% oxygen in order to achieve apneic oxygenation. In the facemask group, the facemask will be removed when apnea occurs.
Comparing the effectiveness of preoxygenation between high-flow nasal cannula and facemask
In the HFNC group, preoxygenation will be performed using HFNC (Optiflow™, Fisher \& Paykel Healthcare, Auckland, NZ), nasal prongs set at 30 L/min flow of heated and humidified 100% oxygen. In the facemask group, patients will breath spontaneously with an anesthetic facemask and 100% oxygen 15 L/min. Gas flow for HFNC or facemask can be adjusted depending on patients' tolerance. During laryngoscopy intubation, HFNC will be left in place with the nasal flow escalated to 50 L/min of 100% oxygen in order to achieve apneic oxygenation. In the facemask group, the facemask will be removed when apnea occurs. After tracheal intubation, correct placement of the endotracheal tube will be confirmed by capnography and the nasal prongs of the HFNC group will be removed.
Type of volatile anesthetics and M-Entropy guidance
Patients will be randomized by a computer-generated list into one of the four groups, desflurane with usual care (N=20), desflurane with M-Entropy guidance (N=20), sevoflurane with usual care (N=20), and sevoflurane with M-Entropy guidance (N=20).
Type of volatile anesthetics and M-Entropy guidance of anesthesia depth
At the operating room, a M-Entropy™ sensor and S/5™ module (GE Healthcare, Helsinki, Finland) will be applied to all patients' forehead before induction of anesthesia according to the manufacturer's recommendations. Patients will be randomized to Sevoflurane or Desflurane as the single volatile anesthetics for general anesthesia.
Besides, patients will be randomized to M-Entropy group or controls. In the M-Entropy group, dosage of volatile anesthetics will be adjusted to achieve the Response and State Entropy value between 40 and 60 from the start of anesthesia to the end of surgery. In the usual care group, dosage of volatile anesthetics will be titrated according to clinical judgment. M-Entropy monitoring will be continued in the usual care group, but the Entropy number and EEG waveform will be concealed from the anesthetist in charge.
Interventions
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Exploring potential risk factors of difficult intubation using ultrasound
Before surgery, ultrasound will be used to assess pretracheal soft tissue depth and height and width of tongue base. The distance from the skin to the anterior aspect of the trachea will be measured at three levels: vocal cords, thyroid isthmus, and suprasternal notch. With the patient in a seated position, the convex transducer of a portable ultrasound device (LOGIQTM, GE Healthcare, Chicago, IL, USA) will be introduced to the skin of the neck in the submental region coronally, immediately cephalad to the body of the hyoid bone, and then in the area between the hyoid bone and the symphysis of the mandible. Maximal width of tongue base, tongue base height, and maximal height of mid-tongue will be measured. The laryngoscopy intubation will be performed using a size-3 or -4 Macintosh (Rüsch Inc., Duluth, GA, USA) blade and a styletted endotracheal tube. The laryngoscopic view will be graded according to Cormack and Lehane's classification with external laryngeal pressure applied.
Radial artery catheterization using ultrasound guidance or blind palpation
For all patients, the wrist will be extended and taped to a board to maintain wrist extension. All patients will receive local skin anesthesia at the anticipated puncture site. All radial artery catheterizations will be performed by anesthesiology residents with similar levels of experience in both blind-palpation and ultrasound-guided radial arterial catheterization. In the ultrasound group, a linear vascular probe of portable ultrasound device (LOGIQTM, GE Healthcare, Chicago, IL, USA) will be applied to the skin to localize the radial artery and a 20-gauge catheter will be inserted distal to the transducer and directed according to the ultrasound image. In the palpation group, the radial artery will be identified by palpation, and the cannula will be directed by continuous or intermittent palpation of arterial pulsation. An attempt is defined as a new penetration of the skin with the needle, followed by an unlimited number of subcutaneous needle redirections.
Comparing the effectiveness of preoxygenation between high-flow nasal cannula and facemask
In the HFNC group, preoxygenation will be performed using HFNC (Optiflow™, Fisher \& Paykel Healthcare, Auckland, NZ), nasal prongs set at 30 L/min flow of heated and humidified 100% oxygen. In the facemask group, patients will breath spontaneously with an anesthetic facemask and 100% oxygen 15 L/min. Gas flow for HFNC or facemask can be adjusted depending on patients' tolerance. During laryngoscopy intubation, HFNC will be left in place with the nasal flow escalated to 50 L/min of 100% oxygen in order to achieve apneic oxygenation. In the facemask group, the facemask will be removed when apnea occurs. After tracheal intubation, correct placement of the endotracheal tube will be confirmed by capnography and the nasal prongs of the HFNC group will be removed.
Type of volatile anesthetics and M-Entropy guidance of anesthesia depth
At the operating room, a M-Entropy™ sensor and S/5™ module (GE Healthcare, Helsinki, Finland) will be applied to all patients' forehead before induction of anesthesia according to the manufacturer's recommendations. Patients will be randomized to Sevoflurane or Desflurane as the single volatile anesthetics for general anesthesia.
Besides, patients will be randomized to M-Entropy group or controls. In the M-Entropy group, dosage of volatile anesthetics will be adjusted to achieve the Response and State Entropy value between 40 and 60 from the start of anesthesia to the end of surgery. In the usual care group, dosage of volatile anesthetics will be titrated according to clinical judgment. M-Entropy monitoring will be continued in the usual care group, but the Entropy number and EEG waveform will be concealed from the anesthetist in charge.
Eligibility Criteria
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Inclusion Criteria
* BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2
* Undergoing laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy at Shuang-Ho Hospital, Taiwan
Exclusion Criteria
* Psychiatric disorder
* History of head and neck surgery or radiation therapy
* Cervical spine injury
* Renal insufficiency (estimated creatinine clearance \< 60 ml/min)
* SpO2 \< 90% in room air
* Hemodynamic instability
* Preexisting arterial catheterization during the same visit within 7 days
* Patient refusal
20 Years
65 Years
ALL
No
Sponsors
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Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan
OTHER_GOV
Taipei Medical University Shuang Ho Hospital
OTHER
Responsible Party
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YingHsuanTai
Principal Investigator
Principal Investigators
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Ying-Hsuan Tai, M.D., M.Sc.
Role: PRINCIPAL_INVESTIGATOR
Department of Anesthesiolgy, Shuang-Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taiwan
Locations
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Department of Anesthesiology, Shuang-Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University
New Taipei City, , Taiwan
Countries
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References
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Wu YM, Su YH, Huang SY, Wang CW, Shen SC, Chen JT, Lo PH, Cherng YG, Wu HL, Tai YH. Morphometric and ultrasonographic determinants of difficult laryngoscopy in obese patients: A prospective observational study. J Chin Med Assoc. 2022 May 1;85(5):571-577. doi: 10.1097/JCMA.0000000000000721. Epub 2022 May 2.
Provided Documents
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Document Type: Study Protocol and Statistical Analysis Plan
Other Identifiers
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N202002076
Identifier Type: -
Identifier Source: org_study_id
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