Trial Outcomes & Findings for Examining the Effectiveness of Cognitive Training (NCT NCT04344028)
NCT ID: NCT04344028
Last Updated: 2025-05-06
Results Overview
The n-Back Task is a measure of working memory. The participant is sequentially shown a series of letters and is asked to indicate whether the current letter matches the letter presented "n" items before. The n levels range between 1- and 3-back. Each level of n-back has 17-19 letters, with 5 target letters. The dependent measure is the proportion of correctly identified targets minus the proportion of incorrectly identified non-targets. Scores range from 0-1. Higher scores indicate better performance.
Recruitment status
COMPLETED
Study phase
NA
Target enrollment
287 participants
Primary outcome timeframe
post-test 1 at 25 days, post-test 2 at 34 days
Results posted on
2025-05-06
Participant Flow
Participant milestones
| Measure |
True Cognitive Training Placebo (Young Adult)
Participants will receive a positive expectation message (e.g., "Previous research has shown that training with this program improves performance on other tasks.") and will complete approximately 7 hours of a cognitive training program that has previously been shown to improve cognition.
True Cognitive Training Program: The training program is a personal device-based adaptive version of a visual N-back task.
Positive Expectation Induction: The message given to the participants emphasizes that the given training results in a positive change in cognitive abilities.
|
True Cognitive Training Nocebo (Young Adult)
Participants will receive a negative expectation message (e.g., "Previous research has shown that training with this program decreases performance on other tasks.") and will complete approximately 7 hours of a cognitive training program that has previously been shown to improve cognition.
True Cognitive Training Program: The training program is a personal device-based adaptive version of a visual N-back task.
Negative Expectation Induction: The message given to the participants emphasizes that the given training results in a negative change in cognitive abilities.
|
Control Cognitive Training Placebo (Young Adult)
Participants will receive a positive expectation message (e.g., "Previous research has shown that training with this program increases performance on other tasks.") and will complete approximately 7 hours of control training program that has not previously been shown to improve cognition.
Control Cognitive Training Program: The training program is a personal device-based adaptive version of a knowledge task (control).
Positive Expectation Induction: The message given to the participants emphasizes that the given training results in a positive change in cognitive abilities.
|
Control Cognitive Training Nocebo (Young Adult)
Participants will receive a negative expectation message (e.g., "Previous research has shown that training with this program decreases performance on other tasks.") and will complete approximately 7 hours of control training program that has not previously been shown to improve cognition.
Control Cognitive Training Program: The training program is a personal device-based adaptive version of a knowledge task (control).
Negative Expectation Induction: The message given to the participants emphasizes that the given training results in a negative change in cognitive abilities.
|
True Cognitive Training Placebo (Older Adult)
Participants will receive a positive expectation message (e.g., "Previous research has shown that training with this program improves performance on other tasks.") and will complete approximately 7 hours of a cognitive training program that has previously been shown to improve cognition.
True Cognitive Training Program: The training program is a personal device-based adaptive version of a visual N-back task.
Positive Expectation Induction: The message given to the participants emphasizes that the given training results in a positive change in cognitive abilities.
|
True Cognitive Training Nocebo (Older Adult)
Participants will receive a negative expectation message (e.g., "Previous research has shown that training with this program decreases performance on other tasks.") and will complete approximately 7 hours of a cognitive training program that has previously been shown to improve cognition.
True Cognitive Training Program: The training program is a personal device-based adaptive version of a visual N-back task.
Negative Expectation Induction: The message given to the participants emphasizes that the given training results in a negative change in cognitive abilities.
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Overall Study
STARTED
|
66
|
68
|
66
|
63
|
12
|
12
|
|
Overall Study
COMPLETED
|
45
|
49
|
50
|
49
|
9
|
11
|
|
Overall Study
NOT COMPLETED
|
21
|
19
|
16
|
14
|
3
|
1
|
Reasons for withdrawal
Withdrawal data not reported
Baseline Characteristics
Examining the Effectiveness of Cognitive Training
Baseline characteristics by cohort
| Measure |
True Cognitive Training Placebo (Young Adult)
n=30 Participants
Participants will receive a positive expectation message (e.g., "Previous research has shown that training with this program improves performance on other tasks.") and will complete approximately 7 hours of a cognitive training program that has previously been shown to improve cognition.
True Cognitive Training Program: The training program is a personal device-based adaptive version of a visual N-back task.
Positive Expectation Induction: The message given to the participants emphasizes that the given training results in a positive change in cognitive abilities.
|
True Cognitive Training Nocebo (Young Adult)
n=32 Participants
Participants will receive a negative expectation message (e.g., "Previous research has shown that training with this program decreases performance on other tasks.") and will complete approximately 7 hours of a cognitive training program that has previously been shown to improve cognition.
True Cognitive Training Program: The training program is a personal device-based adaptive version of a visual N-back task.
Negative Expectation Induction: The message given to the participants emphasizes that the given training results in a negative change in cognitive abilities.
|
Control Cognitive Training Placebo (Young Adult)
n=36 Participants
Participants will receive a positive expectation message (e.g., "Previous research has shown that training with this program increases performance on other tasks.") and will complete approximately 7 hours of control training program that has not previously been shown to improve cognition.
Control Cognitive Training Program: The training program is a personal device-based adaptive version of a knowledge task (control).
Positive Expectation Induction: The message given to the participants emphasizes that the given training results in a positive change in cognitive abilities.
|
Control Cognitive Training Nocebo (Young Adult)
n=27 Participants
Participants will receive a negative expectation message (e.g., "Previous research has shown that training with this program decreases performance on other tasks.") and will complete approximately 7 hours of control training program that has not previously been shown to improve cognition.
Control Cognitive Training Program: The training program is a personal device-based adaptive version of a knowledge task (control).
Negative Expectation Induction: The message given to the participants emphasizes that the given training results in a negative change in cognitive abilities.
|
True Cognitive Training Placebo (Older Adult)
n=9 Participants
Participants will receive a positive expectation message (e.g., "Previous research has shown that training with this program improves performance on other tasks.") and will complete approximately 7 hours of a cognitive training program that has previously been shown to improve cognition.
True Cognitive Training Program: The training program is a personal device-based adaptive version of a visual N-back task.
Positive Expectation Induction: The message given to the participants emphasizes that the given training results in a positive change in cognitive abilities.
|
True Cognitive Training Nocebo (Older Adult)
n=11 Participants
Participants will receive a negative expectation message (e.g., "Previous research has shown that training with this program decreases performance on other tasks.") and will complete approximately 7 hours of a cognitive training program that has previously been shown to improve cognition.
True Cognitive Training Program: The training program is a personal device-based adaptive version of a visual N-back task.
Negative Expectation Induction: The message given to the participants emphasizes that the given training results in a negative change in cognitive abilities.
|
Total
n=145 Participants
Total of all reporting groups
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Age, Continuous
Overall Age
|
20.13 years
STANDARD_DEVIATION 2.58 • n=5 Participants
|
19.59 years
STANDARD_DEVIATION 1.43 • n=7 Participants
|
20.17 years
STANDARD_DEVIATION 2.05 • n=5 Participants
|
20.93 years
STANDARD_DEVIATION 4.88 • n=4 Participants
|
73.11 years
STANDARD_DEVIATION 6.43 • n=21 Participants
|
70.45 years
STANDARD_DEVIATION 4.55 • n=10 Participants
|
27.33 years
STANDARD_DEVIATION 18.18 • n=115 Participants
|
|
Sex/Gender, Customized
Male
|
10 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
7 Participants
n=7 Participants
|
9 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
5 Participants
n=4 Participants
|
4 Participants
n=21 Participants
|
1 Participants
n=10 Participants
|
36 Participants
n=115 Participants
|
|
Sex/Gender, Customized
Female
|
20 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
25 Participants
n=7 Participants
|
26 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
21 Participants
n=4 Participants
|
5 Participants
n=21 Participants
|
10 Participants
n=10 Participants
|
107 Participants
n=115 Participants
|
|
Sex/Gender, Customized
Non-Binary
|
0 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
0 Participants
n=7 Participants
|
0 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
1 Participants
n=4 Participants
|
0 Participants
n=21 Participants
|
0 Participants
n=10 Participants
|
1 Participants
n=115 Participants
|
|
Sex/Gender, Customized
Did not report
|
0 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
0 Participants
n=7 Participants
|
1 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
0 Participants
n=4 Participants
|
0 Participants
n=21 Participants
|
0 Participants
n=10 Participants
|
1 Participants
n=115 Participants
|
|
Ethnicity (NIH/OMB)
Hispanic or Latino
|
8 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
8 Participants
n=7 Participants
|
7 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
4 Participants
n=4 Participants
|
1 Participants
n=21 Participants
|
1 Participants
n=10 Participants
|
29 Participants
n=115 Participants
|
|
Ethnicity (NIH/OMB)
Not Hispanic or Latino
|
22 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
24 Participants
n=7 Participants
|
28 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
23 Participants
n=4 Participants
|
8 Participants
n=21 Participants
|
9 Participants
n=10 Participants
|
114 Participants
n=115 Participants
|
|
Ethnicity (NIH/OMB)
Unknown or Not Reported
|
0 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
0 Participants
n=7 Participants
|
1 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
0 Participants
n=4 Participants
|
0 Participants
n=21 Participants
|
1 Participants
n=10 Participants
|
2 Participants
n=115 Participants
|
|
Race (NIH/OMB)
American Indian or Alaska Native
|
0 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
0 Participants
n=7 Participants
|
0 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
0 Participants
n=4 Participants
|
0 Participants
n=21 Participants
|
0 Participants
n=10 Participants
|
0 Participants
n=115 Participants
|
|
Race (NIH/OMB)
Asian
|
14 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
16 Participants
n=7 Participants
|
16 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
16 Participants
n=4 Participants
|
0 Participants
n=21 Participants
|
1 Participants
n=10 Participants
|
63 Participants
n=115 Participants
|
|
Race (NIH/OMB)
Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander
|
0 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
0 Participants
n=7 Participants
|
0 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
0 Participants
n=4 Participants
|
0 Participants
n=21 Participants
|
0 Participants
n=10 Participants
|
0 Participants
n=115 Participants
|
|
Race (NIH/OMB)
Black or African American
|
1 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
0 Participants
n=7 Participants
|
0 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
0 Participants
n=4 Participants
|
1 Participants
n=21 Participants
|
0 Participants
n=10 Participants
|
2 Participants
n=115 Participants
|
|
Race (NIH/OMB)
White
|
11 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
9 Participants
n=7 Participants
|
11 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
7 Participants
n=4 Participants
|
8 Participants
n=21 Participants
|
10 Participants
n=10 Participants
|
56 Participants
n=115 Participants
|
|
Race (NIH/OMB)
More than one race
|
2 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
4 Participants
n=7 Participants
|
4 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
2 Participants
n=4 Participants
|
0 Participants
n=21 Participants
|
0 Participants
n=10 Participants
|
12 Participants
n=115 Participants
|
|
Race (NIH/OMB)
Unknown or Not Reported
|
2 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
3 Participants
n=7 Participants
|
5 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
2 Participants
n=4 Participants
|
0 Participants
n=21 Participants
|
0 Participants
n=10 Participants
|
12 Participants
n=115 Participants
|
|
Region of Enrollment
United States
|
30 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
32 Participants
n=7 Participants
|
36 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
27 Participants
n=4 Participants
|
9 Participants
n=21 Participants
|
11 Participants
n=10 Participants
|
145 Participants
n=115 Participants
|
|
n-back baseline performance
|
.58 score on a scale
STANDARD_DEVIATION .19 • n=5 Participants
|
.52 score on a scale
STANDARD_DEVIATION .19 • n=7 Participants
|
.59 score on a scale
STANDARD_DEVIATION .20 • n=5 Participants
|
.58 score on a scale
STANDARD_DEVIATION .17 • n=4 Participants
|
.52 score on a scale
STANDARD_DEVIATION .17 • n=21 Participants
|
.50 score on a scale
STANDARD_DEVIATION .11 • n=10 Participants
|
.57 score on a scale
STANDARD_DEVIATION .19 • n=115 Participants
|
|
O-span baseline performance
|
42.87 Letter sets correctly recalled
STANDARD_DEVIATION 18.51 • n=5 Participants
|
43.97 Letter sets correctly recalled
STANDARD_DEVIATION 17.90 • n=7 Participants
|
38.81 Letter sets correctly recalled
STANDARD_DEVIATION 14.94 • n=5 Participants
|
36.93 Letter sets correctly recalled
STANDARD_DEVIATION 19.53 • n=4 Participants
|
11.13 Letter sets correctly recalled
STANDARD_DEVIATION 8.20 • n=21 Participants
|
16.09 Letter sets correctly recalled
STANDARD_DEVIATION 10.31 • n=10 Participants
|
37.17 Letter sets correctly recalled
STANDARD_DEVIATION 19.06 • n=115 Participants
|
|
Task-Switching Task baseline performance
|
588.27 milliseconds
STANDARD_DEVIATION 321.44 • n=5 Participants
|
535.21 milliseconds
STANDARD_DEVIATION 286.86 • n=7 Participants
|
585.39 milliseconds
STANDARD_DEVIATION 264.37 • n=5 Participants
|
630.44 milliseconds
STANDARD_DEVIATION 292.10 • n=4 Participants
|
406.56 milliseconds
STANDARD_DEVIATION 215.71 • n=21 Participants
|
511.65 milliseconds
STANDARD_DEVIATION 356.46 • n=10 Participants
|
566.61 milliseconds
STANDARD_DEVIATION 292.11 • n=115 Participants
|
|
Countermanding baseline performance
|
56.50 milliseconds
STANDARD_DEVIATION 57.32 • n=5 Participants
|
50.66 milliseconds
STANDARD_DEVIATION 68.93 • n=7 Participants
|
61.72 milliseconds
STANDARD_DEVIATION 66.27 • n=5 Participants
|
56.62 milliseconds
STANDARD_DEVIATION 66.48 • n=4 Participants
|
25.20 milliseconds
STANDARD_DEVIATION 64.48 • n=21 Participants
|
67.35 milliseconds
STANDARD_DEVIATION 90.92 • n=10 Participants
|
55.62 milliseconds
STANDARD_DEVIATION 66.59 • n=115 Participants
|
|
UFOV baseline performance
|
63.18 milliseconds
STANDARD_DEVIATION 19.47 • n=5 Participants
|
55.35 milliseconds
STANDARD_DEVIATION 13.77 • n=7 Participants
|
61.08 milliseconds
STANDARD_DEVIATION 16.02 • n=5 Participants
|
61.87 milliseconds
STANDARD_DEVIATION 24.49 • n=4 Participants
|
122.48 milliseconds
STANDARD_DEVIATION 39.62 • n=21 Participants
|
162.12 milliseconds
STANDARD_DEVIATION 44.34 • n=10 Participants
|
71.52 milliseconds
STANDARD_DEVIATION 37.41 • n=115 Participants
|
|
ANT baseline performance
|
91.93 milliseconds
STANDARD_DEVIATION 54.52 • n=5 Participants
|
96.54 milliseconds
STANDARD_DEVIATION 43.61 • n=7 Participants
|
99.47 milliseconds
STANDARD_DEVIATION 37.52 • n=5 Participants
|
90.03 milliseconds
STANDARD_DEVIATION 59.28 • n=4 Participants
|
132.06 milliseconds
STANDARD_DEVIATION 53.48 • n=21 Participants
|
89.93 milliseconds
STANDARD_DEVIATION 50.59 • n=10 Participants
|
96.81 milliseconds
STANDARD_DEVIATION 49.17 • n=115 Participants
|
|
Mental Rotation baseline performance
|
.68 proportion correct
STANDARD_DEVIATION .19 • n=5 Participants
|
.73 proportion correct
STANDARD_DEVIATION .19 • n=7 Participants
|
.75 proportion correct
STANDARD_DEVIATION .17 • n=5 Participants
|
.76 proportion correct
STANDARD_DEVIATION .16 • n=4 Participants
|
.79 proportion correct
STANDARD_DEVIATION .21 • n=21 Participants
|
.62 proportion correct
STANDARD_DEVIATION .15 • n=10 Participants
|
.72 proportion correct
STANDARD_DEVIATION .18 • n=115 Participants
|
|
Paper Folding baseline performance
|
.67 proportion correct
STANDARD_DEVIATION .17 • n=5 Participants
|
.67 proportion correct
STANDARD_DEVIATION .18 • n=7 Participants
|
.64 proportion correct
STANDARD_DEVIATION .22 • n=5 Participants
|
.70 proportion correct
STANDARD_DEVIATION .20 • n=4 Participants
|
.44 proportion correct
STANDARD_DEVIATION .21 • n=21 Participants
|
.26 proportion correct
STANDARD_DEVIATION .09 • n=10 Participants
|
.63 proportion correct
STANDARD_DEVIATION .22 • n=115 Participants
|
|
RAPM baseline performance
|
.58 proportion correct
STANDARD_DEVIATION .17 • n=5 Participants
|
.55 proportion correct
STANDARD_DEVIATION .19 • n=7 Participants
|
.62 proportion correct
STANDARD_DEVIATION .20 • n=5 Participants
|
.60 proportion correct
STANDARD_DEVIATION .23 • n=4 Participants
|
.48 proportion correct
STANDARD_DEVIATION .17 • n=21 Participants
|
.29 proportion correct
STANDARD_DEVIATION .13 • n=10 Participants
|
.56 proportion correct
STANDARD_DEVIATION .21 • n=115 Participants
|
|
UCMRT baseline performance
|
.68 proportion correct
STANDARD_DEVIATION .15 • n=5 Participants
|
.60 proportion correct
STANDARD_DEVIATION .19 • n=7 Participants
|
.63 proportion correct
STANDARD_DEVIATION .19 • n=5 Participants
|
.62 proportion correct
STANDARD_DEVIATION .21 • n=4 Participants
|
.34 proportion correct
STANDARD_DEVIATION .13 • n=21 Participants
|
.36 proportion correct
STANDARD_DEVIATION .17 • n=10 Participants
|
.59 proportion correct
STANDARD_DEVIATION .21 • n=115 Participants
|
|
Mill Hill vocabulary baseline performance
|
.58 proportion correct
STANDARD_DEVIATION .12 • n=5 Participants
|
.56 proportion correct
STANDARD_DEVIATION .17 • n=7 Participants
|
.57 proportion correct
STANDARD_DEVIATION .11 • n=5 Participants
|
.56 proportion correct
STANDARD_DEVIATION .11 • n=4 Participants
|
.69 proportion correct
STANDARD_DEVIATION .16 • n=21 Participants
|
.69 proportion correct
STANDARD_DEVIATION .07 • n=10 Participants
|
.59 proportion correct
STANDARD_DEVIATION .13 • n=115 Participants
|
|
Shipley vocabulary baseline performance
|
.75 proportion correct
STANDARD_DEVIATION .10 • n=5 Participants
|
.75 proportion correct
STANDARD_DEVIATION .14 • n=7 Participants
|
.84 proportion correct
STANDARD_DEVIATION .12 • n=5 Participants
|
.82 proportion correct
STANDARD_DEVIATION .12 • n=4 Participants
|
.84 proportion correct
STANDARD_DEVIATION .16 • n=21 Participants
|
.85 proportion correct
STANDARD_DEVIATION .11 • n=10 Participants
|
.81 proportion correct
STANDARD_DEVIATION .13 • n=115 Participants
|
PRIMARY outcome
Timeframe: post-test 1 at 25 days, post-test 2 at 34 daysThe n-Back Task is a measure of working memory. The participant is sequentially shown a series of letters and is asked to indicate whether the current letter matches the letter presented "n" items before. The n levels range between 1- and 3-back. Each level of n-back has 17-19 letters, with 5 target letters. The dependent measure is the proportion of correctly identified targets minus the proportion of incorrectly identified non-targets. Scores range from 0-1. Higher scores indicate better performance.
Outcome measures
| Measure |
True Cognitive Training Placebo (Young Adult)
n=30 Participants
Participants will receive a positive expectation message (e.g., "Previous research has shown that training with this program improves performance on other tasks.") and will complete approximately 7 hours of a cognitive training program that has previously been shown to improve cognition.
True Cognitive Training Program: The training program is a personal device-based adaptive version of a visual N-back task.
Positive Expectation Induction: The message given to the participants emphasizes that the given training results in a positive change in cognitive abilities.
|
True Cognitive Training Nocebo (Young Adult)
n=32 Participants
Participants will receive a negative expectation message (e.g., "Previous research has shown that training with this program decreases performance on other tasks.") and will complete approximately 7 hours of a cognitive training program that has previously been shown to improve cognition.
True Cognitive Training Program: The training program is a personal device-based adaptive version of a visual N-back task.
Negative Expectation Induction: The message given to the participants emphasizes that the given training results in a negative change in cognitive abilities.
|
Control Cognitive Training Placebo (Young Adult)
n=36 Participants
Participants will receive a positive expectation message (e.g., "Previous research has shown that training with this program increases performance on other tasks.") and will complete approximately 7 hours of control training program that has not previously been shown to improve cognition.
Control Cognitive Training Program: The training program is a personal device-based adaptive version of a knowledge task (control).
Positive Expectation Induction: The message given to the participants emphasizes that the given training results in a positive change in cognitive abilities.
|
Control Cognitive Training Nocebo (Young Adult)
n=27 Participants
Participants will receive a negative expectation message (e.g., "Previous research has shown that training with this program decreases performance on other tasks.") and will complete approximately 7 hours of control training program that has not previously been shown to improve cognition.
Control Cognitive Training Program: The training program is a personal device-based adaptive version of a knowledge task (control).
Negative Expectation Induction: The message given to the participants emphasizes that the given training results in a negative change in cognitive abilities.
|
True Cognitive Training Placebo (Older Adult)
n=9 Participants
Participants will receive a positive expectation message (e.g., "Previous research has shown that training with this program improves performance on other tasks.") and will complete approximately 7 hours of a cognitive training program that has previously been shown to improve cognition.
True Cognitive Training Program: The training program is a personal device-based adaptive version of a visual N-back task.
Positive Expectation Induction: The message given to the participants emphasizes that the given training results in a positive change in cognitive abilities.
|
True Cognitive Training Nocebo (Older Adult)
n=11 Participants
Participants will receive a negative expectation message (e.g., "Previous research has shown that training with this program decreases performance on other tasks.") and will complete approximately 7 hours of a cognitive training program that has previously been shown to improve cognition.
True Cognitive Training Program: The training program is a personal device-based adaptive version of a visual N-back task.
Negative Expectation Induction: The message given to the participants emphasizes that the given training results in a negative change in cognitive abilities.
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Proportion of Correct Targets Identified Minus False Identifications in the n-Back Task
Post-test 1
|
.80 score on a scale
Standard Deviation .20
|
.70 score on a scale
Standard Deviation .22
|
.68 score on a scale
Standard Deviation .22
|
.21 score on a scale
Standard Deviation .19
|
.70 score on a scale
Standard Deviation .08
|
.69 score on a scale
Standard Deviation .19
|
|
Proportion of Correct Targets Identified Minus False Identifications in the n-Back Task
Post-test 2
|
.80 score on a scale
Standard Deviation .23
|
.73 score on a scale
Standard Deviation .21
|
.68 score on a scale
Standard Deviation .23
|
.60 score on a scale
Standard Deviation .35
|
.71 score on a scale
Standard Deviation .12
|
.71 score on a scale
Standard Deviation .13
|
PRIMARY outcome
Timeframe: post-test 1 at 25 days, post-test 2 at 34 daysThe O-Span Task is a measure of working memory. In each trial, the participant is alternately presented with a simple math equation and a letter and then is asked to recall the sequence of letters in order. The participant will complete 15 trials, which vary between 3-7 math problem/letter pairs. The dependent measure is the total number of letters in correctly recalled trials. Scores range from 0 to 75. Higher scores indicate better performance.
Outcome measures
| Measure |
True Cognitive Training Placebo (Young Adult)
n=30 Participants
Participants will receive a positive expectation message (e.g., "Previous research has shown that training with this program improves performance on other tasks.") and will complete approximately 7 hours of a cognitive training program that has previously been shown to improve cognition.
True Cognitive Training Program: The training program is a personal device-based adaptive version of a visual N-back task.
Positive Expectation Induction: The message given to the participants emphasizes that the given training results in a positive change in cognitive abilities.
|
True Cognitive Training Nocebo (Young Adult)
n=32 Participants
Participants will receive a negative expectation message (e.g., "Previous research has shown that training with this program decreases performance on other tasks.") and will complete approximately 7 hours of a cognitive training program that has previously been shown to improve cognition.
True Cognitive Training Program: The training program is a personal device-based adaptive version of a visual N-back task.
Negative Expectation Induction: The message given to the participants emphasizes that the given training results in a negative change in cognitive abilities.
|
Control Cognitive Training Placebo (Young Adult)
n=36 Participants
Participants will receive a positive expectation message (e.g., "Previous research has shown that training with this program increases performance on other tasks.") and will complete approximately 7 hours of control training program that has not previously been shown to improve cognition.
Control Cognitive Training Program: The training program is a personal device-based adaptive version of a knowledge task (control).
Positive Expectation Induction: The message given to the participants emphasizes that the given training results in a positive change in cognitive abilities.
|
Control Cognitive Training Nocebo (Young Adult)
n=27 Participants
Participants will receive a negative expectation message (e.g., "Previous research has shown that training with this program decreases performance on other tasks.") and will complete approximately 7 hours of control training program that has not previously been shown to improve cognition.
Control Cognitive Training Program: The training program is a personal device-based adaptive version of a knowledge task (control).
Negative Expectation Induction: The message given to the participants emphasizes that the given training results in a negative change in cognitive abilities.
|
True Cognitive Training Placebo (Older Adult)
n=9 Participants
Participants will receive a positive expectation message (e.g., "Previous research has shown that training with this program improves performance on other tasks.") and will complete approximately 7 hours of a cognitive training program that has previously been shown to improve cognition.
True Cognitive Training Program: The training program is a personal device-based adaptive version of a visual N-back task.
Positive Expectation Induction: The message given to the participants emphasizes that the given training results in a positive change in cognitive abilities.
|
True Cognitive Training Nocebo (Older Adult)
n=11 Participants
Participants will receive a negative expectation message (e.g., "Previous research has shown that training with this program decreases performance on other tasks.") and will complete approximately 7 hours of a cognitive training program that has previously been shown to improve cognition.
True Cognitive Training Program: The training program is a personal device-based adaptive version of a visual N-back task.
Negative Expectation Induction: The message given to the participants emphasizes that the given training results in a negative change in cognitive abilities.
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Number of Correctly Recalled Letter Sets in the O-Span Task
Post-test 2
|
42.2 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 19.11
|
43.56 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 20.57
|
42.61 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 19.92
|
38.85 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 23.49
|
20.11 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 9.20
|
21.72 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 11.15
|
|
Number of Correctly Recalled Letter Sets in the O-Span Task
Post-test 1
|
47.07 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 18.79
|
43.07 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 21.11
|
41.78 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 18.21
|
43 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 23.03
|
20.22 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 11.51
|
19.72 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 10.76
|
PRIMARY outcome
Timeframe: post-test 1 at 25 days, post-test 2 at 34 daysThe Task Switching task is a measure of cognitive flexibility. On each trial, participants view a letter and a digit. The location of the pair instructs the participants to either categorize the letter as a consonant or vowel or else categorize the digit as even or odd. Trials can be either "non-switch trials" - in which the participant is asked to perform the same task as on the previous trial - or "switch trials" - in which the participant is asked to perform the opposite task as on the previous trial. The participant will complete 48 trials. A "switch cost" is calculated by subtracting the average response time for non-switch trials from the average response time for switch trials (milliseconds). Lower scores indicate better performance.
Outcome measures
| Measure |
True Cognitive Training Placebo (Young Adult)
n=30 Participants
Participants will receive a positive expectation message (e.g., "Previous research has shown that training with this program improves performance on other tasks.") and will complete approximately 7 hours of a cognitive training program that has previously been shown to improve cognition.
True Cognitive Training Program: The training program is a personal device-based adaptive version of a visual N-back task.
Positive Expectation Induction: The message given to the participants emphasizes that the given training results in a positive change in cognitive abilities.
|
True Cognitive Training Nocebo (Young Adult)
n=32 Participants
Participants will receive a negative expectation message (e.g., "Previous research has shown that training with this program decreases performance on other tasks.") and will complete approximately 7 hours of a cognitive training program that has previously been shown to improve cognition.
True Cognitive Training Program: The training program is a personal device-based adaptive version of a visual N-back task.
Negative Expectation Induction: The message given to the participants emphasizes that the given training results in a negative change in cognitive abilities.
|
Control Cognitive Training Placebo (Young Adult)
n=36 Participants
Participants will receive a positive expectation message (e.g., "Previous research has shown that training with this program increases performance on other tasks.") and will complete approximately 7 hours of control training program that has not previously been shown to improve cognition.
Control Cognitive Training Program: The training program is a personal device-based adaptive version of a knowledge task (control).
Positive Expectation Induction: The message given to the participants emphasizes that the given training results in a positive change in cognitive abilities.
|
Control Cognitive Training Nocebo (Young Adult)
n=27 Participants
Participants will receive a negative expectation message (e.g., "Previous research has shown that training with this program decreases performance on other tasks.") and will complete approximately 7 hours of control training program that has not previously been shown to improve cognition.
Control Cognitive Training Program: The training program is a personal device-based adaptive version of a knowledge task (control).
Negative Expectation Induction: The message given to the participants emphasizes that the given training results in a negative change in cognitive abilities.
|
True Cognitive Training Placebo (Older Adult)
n=9 Participants
Participants will receive a positive expectation message (e.g., "Previous research has shown that training with this program improves performance on other tasks.") and will complete approximately 7 hours of a cognitive training program that has previously been shown to improve cognition.
True Cognitive Training Program: The training program is a personal device-based adaptive version of a visual N-back task.
Positive Expectation Induction: The message given to the participants emphasizes that the given training results in a positive change in cognitive abilities.
|
True Cognitive Training Nocebo (Older Adult)
n=11 Participants
Participants will receive a negative expectation message (e.g., "Previous research has shown that training with this program decreases performance on other tasks.") and will complete approximately 7 hours of a cognitive training program that has previously been shown to improve cognition.
True Cognitive Training Program: The training program is a personal device-based adaptive version of a visual N-back task.
Negative Expectation Induction: The message given to the participants emphasizes that the given training results in a negative change in cognitive abilities.
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Difference in Response Time Between Switch Trials and Non-switch Trials (Switch Cost) in the Task Switching Task
Post-test 1
|
435.79 milliseconds
Standard Deviation 274.42
|
471.14 milliseconds
Standard Deviation 240.36
|
384.51 milliseconds
Standard Deviation 186.88
|
529.88 milliseconds
Standard Deviation 318.02
|
503.74 milliseconds
Standard Deviation 292.83
|
529.42 milliseconds
Standard Deviation 372.15
|
|
Difference in Response Time Between Switch Trials and Non-switch Trials (Switch Cost) in the Task Switching Task
Post-test 2
|
388.21 milliseconds
Standard Deviation 186.16
|
441.86 milliseconds
Standard Deviation 310.86
|
347.63 milliseconds
Standard Deviation 193.71
|
506.94 milliseconds
Standard Deviation 349.17
|
519.73 milliseconds
Standard Deviation 234.29
|
519.05 milliseconds
Standard Deviation 208.95
|
PRIMARY outcome
Timeframe: post-test 1 at 25 days, post-test 2 at 34 daysThe Countermanding task is a measure of cognitive flexibility. Participants are presented with two types of stimuli on either the right or the left side of the screen and are required to tap on one of two buttons on either the same side as the stimulus or on the opposite side of the stimulus. Trials can be either "non-switch trials" - in which the participant is asked to perform the same task as on the previous trial - or "switch trials" - in which the participant is asked to perform the opposite task as on the previous trial. The participant will complete 48 trials. A switch cost is calculated by subtracting the average response time for non-switch trials from the average response time for switch trials (in milliseconds). Lower scores indicate better performance.
Outcome measures
| Measure |
True Cognitive Training Placebo (Young Adult)
n=30 Participants
Participants will receive a positive expectation message (e.g., "Previous research has shown that training with this program improves performance on other tasks.") and will complete approximately 7 hours of a cognitive training program that has previously been shown to improve cognition.
True Cognitive Training Program: The training program is a personal device-based adaptive version of a visual N-back task.
Positive Expectation Induction: The message given to the participants emphasizes that the given training results in a positive change in cognitive abilities.
|
True Cognitive Training Nocebo (Young Adult)
n=32 Participants
Participants will receive a negative expectation message (e.g., "Previous research has shown that training with this program decreases performance on other tasks.") and will complete approximately 7 hours of a cognitive training program that has previously been shown to improve cognition.
True Cognitive Training Program: The training program is a personal device-based adaptive version of a visual N-back task.
Negative Expectation Induction: The message given to the participants emphasizes that the given training results in a negative change in cognitive abilities.
|
Control Cognitive Training Placebo (Young Adult)
n=36 Participants
Participants will receive a positive expectation message (e.g., "Previous research has shown that training with this program increases performance on other tasks.") and will complete approximately 7 hours of control training program that has not previously been shown to improve cognition.
Control Cognitive Training Program: The training program is a personal device-based adaptive version of a knowledge task (control).
Positive Expectation Induction: The message given to the participants emphasizes that the given training results in a positive change in cognitive abilities.
|
Control Cognitive Training Nocebo (Young Adult)
n=27 Participants
Participants will receive a negative expectation message (e.g., "Previous research has shown that training with this program decreases performance on other tasks.") and will complete approximately 7 hours of control training program that has not previously been shown to improve cognition.
Control Cognitive Training Program: The training program is a personal device-based adaptive version of a knowledge task (control).
Negative Expectation Induction: The message given to the participants emphasizes that the given training results in a negative change in cognitive abilities.
|
True Cognitive Training Placebo (Older Adult)
n=9 Participants
Participants will receive a positive expectation message (e.g., "Previous research has shown that training with this program improves performance on other tasks.") and will complete approximately 7 hours of a cognitive training program that has previously been shown to improve cognition.
True Cognitive Training Program: The training program is a personal device-based adaptive version of a visual N-back task.
Positive Expectation Induction: The message given to the participants emphasizes that the given training results in a positive change in cognitive abilities.
|
True Cognitive Training Nocebo (Older Adult)
n=11 Participants
Participants will receive a negative expectation message (e.g., "Previous research has shown that training with this program decreases performance on other tasks.") and will complete approximately 7 hours of a cognitive training program that has previously been shown to improve cognition.
True Cognitive Training Program: The training program is a personal device-based adaptive version of a visual N-back task.
Negative Expectation Induction: The message given to the participants emphasizes that the given training results in a negative change in cognitive abilities.
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Difference in Response Time Between Switch Trials and Non-switch Trials (Switch Cost) in the Countermanding Task
Post-test 2
|
52.92 milliseconds
Standard Deviation 85.02
|
31.27 milliseconds
Standard Deviation 57.47
|
33.90 milliseconds
Standard Deviation 74.61
|
46.56 milliseconds
Standard Deviation 57.17
|
23.19 milliseconds
Standard Deviation 63.25
|
-3.92 milliseconds
Standard Deviation 53.12
|
|
Difference in Response Time Between Switch Trials and Non-switch Trials (Switch Cost) in the Countermanding Task
Post-test 1
|
67.89 milliseconds
Standard Deviation 51.71
|
51.89 milliseconds
Standard Deviation 57.14
|
47.48 milliseconds
Standard Deviation 56.06
|
39.67 milliseconds
Standard Deviation 62.96
|
32.53 milliseconds
Standard Deviation 81.26
|
-11.46 milliseconds
Standard Deviation 138.73
|
PRIMARY outcome
Timeframe: post-test 1 at 25 days, post-test 2 at 34 daysThe UFOV is a measure of visual selective attention. Participants are briefly presented with a display consisting of 24 items (3 on each of the four radial spokes and the four obliques; evenly spaced). One of the items is a target, while the remaining items are distractors. The participants' task is to indicate upon which of the 8 spokes the target appeared. The display times vary between 16-500ms. The task uses an adaptive staircase procedure, in which the display times increase or decrease based on the participant's performance, to calculate the participant's response threshold in milliseconds. Lower threshold scores indicate better performance
Outcome measures
| Measure |
True Cognitive Training Placebo (Young Adult)
n=30 Participants
Participants will receive a positive expectation message (e.g., "Previous research has shown that training with this program improves performance on other tasks.") and will complete approximately 7 hours of a cognitive training program that has previously been shown to improve cognition.
True Cognitive Training Program: The training program is a personal device-based adaptive version of a visual N-back task.
Positive Expectation Induction: The message given to the participants emphasizes that the given training results in a positive change in cognitive abilities.
|
True Cognitive Training Nocebo (Young Adult)
n=32 Participants
Participants will receive a negative expectation message (e.g., "Previous research has shown that training with this program decreases performance on other tasks.") and will complete approximately 7 hours of a cognitive training program that has previously been shown to improve cognition.
True Cognitive Training Program: The training program is a personal device-based adaptive version of a visual N-back task.
Negative Expectation Induction: The message given to the participants emphasizes that the given training results in a negative change in cognitive abilities.
|
Control Cognitive Training Placebo (Young Adult)
n=36 Participants
Participants will receive a positive expectation message (e.g., "Previous research has shown that training with this program increases performance on other tasks.") and will complete approximately 7 hours of control training program that has not previously been shown to improve cognition.
Control Cognitive Training Program: The training program is a personal device-based adaptive version of a knowledge task (control).
Positive Expectation Induction: The message given to the participants emphasizes that the given training results in a positive change in cognitive abilities.
|
Control Cognitive Training Nocebo (Young Adult)
n=27 Participants
Participants will receive a negative expectation message (e.g., "Previous research has shown that training with this program decreases performance on other tasks.") and will complete approximately 7 hours of control training program that has not previously been shown to improve cognition.
Control Cognitive Training Program: The training program is a personal device-based adaptive version of a knowledge task (control).
Negative Expectation Induction: The message given to the participants emphasizes that the given training results in a negative change in cognitive abilities.
|
True Cognitive Training Placebo (Older Adult)
n=9 Participants
Participants will receive a positive expectation message (e.g., "Previous research has shown that training with this program improves performance on other tasks.") and will complete approximately 7 hours of a cognitive training program that has previously been shown to improve cognition.
True Cognitive Training Program: The training program is a personal device-based adaptive version of a visual N-back task.
Positive Expectation Induction: The message given to the participants emphasizes that the given training results in a positive change in cognitive abilities.
|
True Cognitive Training Nocebo (Older Adult)
n=11 Participants
Participants will receive a negative expectation message (e.g., "Previous research has shown that training with this program decreases performance on other tasks.") and will complete approximately 7 hours of a cognitive training program that has previously been shown to improve cognition.
True Cognitive Training Program: The training program is a personal device-based adaptive version of a visual N-back task.
Negative Expectation Induction: The message given to the participants emphasizes that the given training results in a negative change in cognitive abilities.
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Threshold of Response Time in the Useful Field of View (UFOV) Task
Post-test 1
|
52.60 milliseconds
Standard Deviation 14.82
|
50.46 milliseconds
Standard Deviation 16.78
|
52.18 milliseconds
Standard Deviation 16.30
|
56.71 milliseconds
Standard Deviation 23.70
|
123.05 milliseconds
Standard Deviation 21.46
|
137.21 milliseconds
Standard Deviation 46.19
|
|
Threshold of Response Time in the Useful Field of View (UFOV) Task
Post-test 2
|
49.66 milliseconds
Standard Deviation 17.02
|
49.11 milliseconds
Standard Deviation 14.59
|
47.89 milliseconds
Standard Deviation 14.49
|
53.81 milliseconds
Standard Deviation 21.33
|
119.34 milliseconds
Standard Deviation 30.49
|
141.92 milliseconds
Standard Deviation 49.94
|
PRIMARY outcome
Timeframe: post-test 1 at 25 days, post-test 2 at 34 daysThe ANT is a measure of visual selective attention. On each trial, participants view a center arrow that faces either left or right. The arrow can be flanked on either side by either response compatible arrows (i.e., arrows facing in the same direction as the center arrow) or response incompatible arrows (i.e., facing the other direction). The participants' task is to indicate the direction that the center arrow is pointing. Participants will complete 96 trials. The compatibility effect is calculated by subtracting the average response time of compatible trials from the average response time of incompatible trials (in milliseconds). Lower scores indicate better performance.
Outcome measures
| Measure |
True Cognitive Training Placebo (Young Adult)
n=30 Participants
Participants will receive a positive expectation message (e.g., "Previous research has shown that training with this program improves performance on other tasks.") and will complete approximately 7 hours of a cognitive training program that has previously been shown to improve cognition.
True Cognitive Training Program: The training program is a personal device-based adaptive version of a visual N-back task.
Positive Expectation Induction: The message given to the participants emphasizes that the given training results in a positive change in cognitive abilities.
|
True Cognitive Training Nocebo (Young Adult)
n=32 Participants
Participants will receive a negative expectation message (e.g., "Previous research has shown that training with this program decreases performance on other tasks.") and will complete approximately 7 hours of a cognitive training program that has previously been shown to improve cognition.
True Cognitive Training Program: The training program is a personal device-based adaptive version of a visual N-back task.
Negative Expectation Induction: The message given to the participants emphasizes that the given training results in a negative change in cognitive abilities.
|
Control Cognitive Training Placebo (Young Adult)
n=36 Participants
Participants will receive a positive expectation message (e.g., "Previous research has shown that training with this program increases performance on other tasks.") and will complete approximately 7 hours of control training program that has not previously been shown to improve cognition.
Control Cognitive Training Program: The training program is a personal device-based adaptive version of a knowledge task (control).
Positive Expectation Induction: The message given to the participants emphasizes that the given training results in a positive change in cognitive abilities.
|
Control Cognitive Training Nocebo (Young Adult)
n=27 Participants
Participants will receive a negative expectation message (e.g., "Previous research has shown that training with this program decreases performance on other tasks.") and will complete approximately 7 hours of control training program that has not previously been shown to improve cognition.
Control Cognitive Training Program: The training program is a personal device-based adaptive version of a knowledge task (control).
Negative Expectation Induction: The message given to the participants emphasizes that the given training results in a negative change in cognitive abilities.
|
True Cognitive Training Placebo (Older Adult)
n=9 Participants
Participants will receive a positive expectation message (e.g., "Previous research has shown that training with this program improves performance on other tasks.") and will complete approximately 7 hours of a cognitive training program that has previously been shown to improve cognition.
True Cognitive Training Program: The training program is a personal device-based adaptive version of a visual N-back task.
Positive Expectation Induction: The message given to the participants emphasizes that the given training results in a positive change in cognitive abilities.
|
True Cognitive Training Nocebo (Older Adult)
n=11 Participants
Participants will receive a negative expectation message (e.g., "Previous research has shown that training with this program decreases performance on other tasks.") and will complete approximately 7 hours of a cognitive training program that has previously been shown to improve cognition.
True Cognitive Training Program: The training program is a personal device-based adaptive version of a visual N-back task.
Negative Expectation Induction: The message given to the participants emphasizes that the given training results in a negative change in cognitive abilities.
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Difference in Response Time of Compatible Trials and Incompatible Trials in the Attentional Network Task (ANT)
Post-test 1
|
90.67 milliseconds
Standard Deviation 37.65
|
92.12 milliseconds
Standard Deviation 60.67
|
90.52 milliseconds
Standard Deviation 39.05
|
98.44 milliseconds
Standard Deviation 49.15
|
88.66 milliseconds
Standard Deviation 32.16
|
80.33 milliseconds
Standard Deviation 52.28
|
|
Difference in Response Time of Compatible Trials and Incompatible Trials in the Attentional Network Task (ANT)
Post-test 2
|
84.60 milliseconds
Standard Deviation 44.95
|
86.55 milliseconds
Standard Deviation 45.55
|
82.10 milliseconds
Standard Deviation 32.01
|
89.22 milliseconds
Standard Deviation 46.20
|
70.25 milliseconds
Standard Deviation 39.10
|
113.69 milliseconds
Standard Deviation 30.74
|
PRIMARY outcome
Timeframe: post-test 1 at 25 days, post-test 2 at 34 daysThe mental rotation task is a measure of spatial cognition. Each trial displays two 2-D images, and the participant is asked whether the image on the right is a rotated version or a mirror-reserved and rotated version of the image on the left. The participant will complete 36 trials.
Outcome measures
| Measure |
True Cognitive Training Placebo (Young Adult)
n=30 Participants
Participants will receive a positive expectation message (e.g., "Previous research has shown that training with this program improves performance on other tasks.") and will complete approximately 7 hours of a cognitive training program that has previously been shown to improve cognition.
True Cognitive Training Program: The training program is a personal device-based adaptive version of a visual N-back task.
Positive Expectation Induction: The message given to the participants emphasizes that the given training results in a positive change in cognitive abilities.
|
True Cognitive Training Nocebo (Young Adult)
n=32 Participants
Participants will receive a negative expectation message (e.g., "Previous research has shown that training with this program decreases performance on other tasks.") and will complete approximately 7 hours of a cognitive training program that has previously been shown to improve cognition.
True Cognitive Training Program: The training program is a personal device-based adaptive version of a visual N-back task.
Negative Expectation Induction: The message given to the participants emphasizes that the given training results in a negative change in cognitive abilities.
|
Control Cognitive Training Placebo (Young Adult)
n=36 Participants
Participants will receive a positive expectation message (e.g., "Previous research has shown that training with this program increases performance on other tasks.") and will complete approximately 7 hours of control training program that has not previously been shown to improve cognition.
Control Cognitive Training Program: The training program is a personal device-based adaptive version of a knowledge task (control).
Positive Expectation Induction: The message given to the participants emphasizes that the given training results in a positive change in cognitive abilities.
|
Control Cognitive Training Nocebo (Young Adult)
n=27 Participants
Participants will receive a negative expectation message (e.g., "Previous research has shown that training with this program decreases performance on other tasks.") and will complete approximately 7 hours of control training program that has not previously been shown to improve cognition.
Control Cognitive Training Program: The training program is a personal device-based adaptive version of a knowledge task (control).
Negative Expectation Induction: The message given to the participants emphasizes that the given training results in a negative change in cognitive abilities.
|
True Cognitive Training Placebo (Older Adult)
n=9 Participants
Participants will receive a positive expectation message (e.g., "Previous research has shown that training with this program improves performance on other tasks.") and will complete approximately 7 hours of a cognitive training program that has previously been shown to improve cognition.
True Cognitive Training Program: The training program is a personal device-based adaptive version of a visual N-back task.
Positive Expectation Induction: The message given to the participants emphasizes that the given training results in a positive change in cognitive abilities.
|
True Cognitive Training Nocebo (Older Adult)
n=11 Participants
Participants will receive a negative expectation message (e.g., "Previous research has shown that training with this program decreases performance on other tasks.") and will complete approximately 7 hours of a cognitive training program that has previously been shown to improve cognition.
True Cognitive Training Program: The training program is a personal device-based adaptive version of a visual N-back task.
Negative Expectation Induction: The message given to the participants emphasizes that the given training results in a negative change in cognitive abilities.
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Proportion of Correct Responses on the Mental Rotation Task
Post-test 1
|
.77 proportion correct
Standard Deviation .18
|
.81 proportion correct
Standard Deviation .18
|
.81 proportion correct
Standard Deviation .16
|
.81 proportion correct
Standard Deviation .16
|
.82 proportion correct
Standard Deviation .19
|
.74 proportion correct
Standard Deviation .13
|
|
Proportion of Correct Responses on the Mental Rotation Task
Post-test 2
|
.80 proportion correct
Standard Deviation .18
|
.82 proportion correct
Standard Deviation .18
|
.82 proportion correct
Standard Deviation .18
|
.84 proportion correct
Standard Deviation .16
|
.80 proportion correct
Standard Deviation .20
|
.80 proportion correct
Standard Deviation .15
|
PRIMARY outcome
Timeframe: post-test 1 at 25 days, post-test 2 at 34 daysThe Paper Folding task is a measure of mental rotation. Participants are shown 2-4 images depicting a piece of paper being folded with a hole being punched after the last fold. The participant is asked to imagine and indicate what the paper would look like unfolded. The participant will complete 10 trials.
Outcome measures
| Measure |
True Cognitive Training Placebo (Young Adult)
n=30 Participants
Participants will receive a positive expectation message (e.g., "Previous research has shown that training with this program improves performance on other tasks.") and will complete approximately 7 hours of a cognitive training program that has previously been shown to improve cognition.
True Cognitive Training Program: The training program is a personal device-based adaptive version of a visual N-back task.
Positive Expectation Induction: The message given to the participants emphasizes that the given training results in a positive change in cognitive abilities.
|
True Cognitive Training Nocebo (Young Adult)
n=32 Participants
Participants will receive a negative expectation message (e.g., "Previous research has shown that training with this program decreases performance on other tasks.") and will complete approximately 7 hours of a cognitive training program that has previously been shown to improve cognition.
True Cognitive Training Program: The training program is a personal device-based adaptive version of a visual N-back task.
Negative Expectation Induction: The message given to the participants emphasizes that the given training results in a negative change in cognitive abilities.
|
Control Cognitive Training Placebo (Young Adult)
n=36 Participants
Participants will receive a positive expectation message (e.g., "Previous research has shown that training with this program increases performance on other tasks.") and will complete approximately 7 hours of control training program that has not previously been shown to improve cognition.
Control Cognitive Training Program: The training program is a personal device-based adaptive version of a knowledge task (control).
Positive Expectation Induction: The message given to the participants emphasizes that the given training results in a positive change in cognitive abilities.
|
Control Cognitive Training Nocebo (Young Adult)
n=27 Participants
Participants will receive a negative expectation message (e.g., "Previous research has shown that training with this program decreases performance on other tasks.") and will complete approximately 7 hours of control training program that has not previously been shown to improve cognition.
Control Cognitive Training Program: The training program is a personal device-based adaptive version of a knowledge task (control).
Negative Expectation Induction: The message given to the participants emphasizes that the given training results in a negative change in cognitive abilities.
|
True Cognitive Training Placebo (Older Adult)
n=9 Participants
Participants will receive a positive expectation message (e.g., "Previous research has shown that training with this program improves performance on other tasks.") and will complete approximately 7 hours of a cognitive training program that has previously been shown to improve cognition.
True Cognitive Training Program: The training program is a personal device-based adaptive version of a visual N-back task.
Positive Expectation Induction: The message given to the participants emphasizes that the given training results in a positive change in cognitive abilities.
|
True Cognitive Training Nocebo (Older Adult)
n=11 Participants
Participants will receive a negative expectation message (e.g., "Previous research has shown that training with this program decreases performance on other tasks.") and will complete approximately 7 hours of a cognitive training program that has previously been shown to improve cognition.
True Cognitive Training Program: The training program is a personal device-based adaptive version of a visual N-back task.
Negative Expectation Induction: The message given to the participants emphasizes that the given training results in a negative change in cognitive abilities.
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Proportion of Correct Responses in the Paper Folding Task
Post-test 1
|
.74 proportion correct
Standard Deviation .21
|
.73 proportion correct
Standard Deviation .18
|
.72 proportion correct
Standard Deviation .18
|
.66 proportion correct
Standard Deviation .22
|
.46 proportion correct
Standard Deviation .17
|
.36 proportion correct
Standard Deviation .15
|
|
Proportion of Correct Responses in the Paper Folding Task
Post-test 2
|
.76 proportion correct
Standard Deviation .17
|
.76 proportion correct
Standard Deviation .17
|
.74 proportion correct
Standard Deviation .21
|
.73 proportion correct
Standard Deviation .23
|
.45 proportion correct
Standard Deviation .18
|
.42 proportion correct
Standard Deviation .13
|
PRIMARY outcome
Timeframe: post-test 1 at 25 days, post-test 2 at 34 daysRaven's Advanced Progressive Matrices task is a measure of fluid intelligence. The participant is presented with a grid of elements with one of the elements missing and is asked to identify the missing element that completes the grid pattern. The participant will complete 14 trials.
Outcome measures
| Measure |
True Cognitive Training Placebo (Young Adult)
n=30 Participants
Participants will receive a positive expectation message (e.g., "Previous research has shown that training with this program improves performance on other tasks.") and will complete approximately 7 hours of a cognitive training program that has previously been shown to improve cognition.
True Cognitive Training Program: The training program is a personal device-based adaptive version of a visual N-back task.
Positive Expectation Induction: The message given to the participants emphasizes that the given training results in a positive change in cognitive abilities.
|
True Cognitive Training Nocebo (Young Adult)
n=32 Participants
Participants will receive a negative expectation message (e.g., "Previous research has shown that training with this program decreases performance on other tasks.") and will complete approximately 7 hours of a cognitive training program that has previously been shown to improve cognition.
True Cognitive Training Program: The training program is a personal device-based adaptive version of a visual N-back task.
Negative Expectation Induction: The message given to the participants emphasizes that the given training results in a negative change in cognitive abilities.
|
Control Cognitive Training Placebo (Young Adult)
n=36 Participants
Participants will receive a positive expectation message (e.g., "Previous research has shown that training with this program increases performance on other tasks.") and will complete approximately 7 hours of control training program that has not previously been shown to improve cognition.
Control Cognitive Training Program: The training program is a personal device-based adaptive version of a knowledge task (control).
Positive Expectation Induction: The message given to the participants emphasizes that the given training results in a positive change in cognitive abilities.
|
Control Cognitive Training Nocebo (Young Adult)
n=27 Participants
Participants will receive a negative expectation message (e.g., "Previous research has shown that training with this program decreases performance on other tasks.") and will complete approximately 7 hours of control training program that has not previously been shown to improve cognition.
Control Cognitive Training Program: The training program is a personal device-based adaptive version of a knowledge task (control).
Negative Expectation Induction: The message given to the participants emphasizes that the given training results in a negative change in cognitive abilities.
|
True Cognitive Training Placebo (Older Adult)
n=9 Participants
Participants will receive a positive expectation message (e.g., "Previous research has shown that training with this program improves performance on other tasks.") and will complete approximately 7 hours of a cognitive training program that has previously been shown to improve cognition.
True Cognitive Training Program: The training program is a personal device-based adaptive version of a visual N-back task.
Positive Expectation Induction: The message given to the participants emphasizes that the given training results in a positive change in cognitive abilities.
|
True Cognitive Training Nocebo (Older Adult)
n=11 Participants
Participants will receive a negative expectation message (e.g., "Previous research has shown that training with this program decreases performance on other tasks.") and will complete approximately 7 hours of a cognitive training program that has previously been shown to improve cognition.
True Cognitive Training Program: The training program is a personal device-based adaptive version of a visual N-back task.
Negative Expectation Induction: The message given to the participants emphasizes that the given training results in a negative change in cognitive abilities.
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Proportion of Correct Responses in Raven's Advanced Progressive Matrices Task
Post-test 1
|
.67 proportion correct
Standard Deviation .18
|
.58 proportion correct
Standard Deviation .19
|
.65 proportion correct
Standard Deviation .17
|
.54 proportion correct
Standard Deviation .19
|
.42 proportion correct
Standard Deviation .17
|
.36 proportion correct
Standard Deviation .16
|
|
Proportion of Correct Responses in Raven's Advanced Progressive Matrices Task
Post- test 2
|
.66 proportion correct
Standard Deviation .18
|
.61 proportion correct
Standard Deviation .20
|
.68 proportion correct
Standard Deviation .21
|
.65 proportion correct
Standard Deviation .20
|
.33 proportion correct
Standard Deviation .19
|
.33 proportion correct
Standard Deviation .10
|
PRIMARY outcome
Timeframe: post-test 1 at 25 days, post-test 2 at 34 daysThe UC Matrix Reasoning task is a measure of fluid intelligence. The participant is presented with a grid of elements with one of the elements missing and is asked to identify the missing element that completes the grid pattern. The participant will complete 16 trials.
Outcome measures
| Measure |
True Cognitive Training Placebo (Young Adult)
n=30 Participants
Participants will receive a positive expectation message (e.g., "Previous research has shown that training with this program improves performance on other tasks.") and will complete approximately 7 hours of a cognitive training program that has previously been shown to improve cognition.
True Cognitive Training Program: The training program is a personal device-based adaptive version of a visual N-back task.
Positive Expectation Induction: The message given to the participants emphasizes that the given training results in a positive change in cognitive abilities.
|
True Cognitive Training Nocebo (Young Adult)
n=32 Participants
Participants will receive a negative expectation message (e.g., "Previous research has shown that training with this program decreases performance on other tasks.") and will complete approximately 7 hours of a cognitive training program that has previously been shown to improve cognition.
True Cognitive Training Program: The training program is a personal device-based adaptive version of a visual N-back task.
Negative Expectation Induction: The message given to the participants emphasizes that the given training results in a negative change in cognitive abilities.
|
Control Cognitive Training Placebo (Young Adult)
n=36 Participants
Participants will receive a positive expectation message (e.g., "Previous research has shown that training with this program increases performance on other tasks.") and will complete approximately 7 hours of control training program that has not previously been shown to improve cognition.
Control Cognitive Training Program: The training program is a personal device-based adaptive version of a knowledge task (control).
Positive Expectation Induction: The message given to the participants emphasizes that the given training results in a positive change in cognitive abilities.
|
Control Cognitive Training Nocebo (Young Adult)
n=27 Participants
Participants will receive a negative expectation message (e.g., "Previous research has shown that training with this program decreases performance on other tasks.") and will complete approximately 7 hours of control training program that has not previously been shown to improve cognition.
Control Cognitive Training Program: The training program is a personal device-based adaptive version of a knowledge task (control).
Negative Expectation Induction: The message given to the participants emphasizes that the given training results in a negative change in cognitive abilities.
|
True Cognitive Training Placebo (Older Adult)
n=9 Participants
Participants will receive a positive expectation message (e.g., "Previous research has shown that training with this program improves performance on other tasks.") and will complete approximately 7 hours of a cognitive training program that has previously been shown to improve cognition.
True Cognitive Training Program: The training program is a personal device-based adaptive version of a visual N-back task.
Positive Expectation Induction: The message given to the participants emphasizes that the given training results in a positive change in cognitive abilities.
|
True Cognitive Training Nocebo (Older Adult)
n=11 Participants
Participants will receive a negative expectation message (e.g., "Previous research has shown that training with this program decreases performance on other tasks.") and will complete approximately 7 hours of a cognitive training program that has previously been shown to improve cognition.
True Cognitive Training Program: The training program is a personal device-based adaptive version of a visual N-back task.
Negative Expectation Induction: The message given to the participants emphasizes that the given training results in a negative change in cognitive abilities.
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Proportion of Correct Responses in the UC Matrix Reasoning Task
Post-test 1
|
.74 proportion correct
Standard Deviation .14
|
.69 proportion correct
Standard Deviation .20
|
.73 proportion correct
Standard Deviation .17
|
.67 proportion correct
Standard Deviation .22
|
.44 proportion correct
Standard Deviation .18
|
.39 proportion correct
Standard Deviation .22
|
|
Proportion of Correct Responses in the UC Matrix Reasoning Task
Post-test 2
|
.75 proportion correct
Standard Deviation .18
|
.70 proportion correct
Standard Deviation .19
|
.74 proportion correct
Standard Deviation .18
|
.90 proportion correct
Standard Deviation .21
|
.42 proportion correct
Standard Deviation .12
|
.42 proportion correct
Standard Deviation .14
|
PRIMARY outcome
Timeframe: post-test 1 at 25 days, post-test 2 at 34 daysIn this vocabulary task, participants are asked to select the appropriate synonym for a target word among several alternatives for 25 words.
Outcome measures
| Measure |
True Cognitive Training Placebo (Young Adult)
n=30 Participants
Participants will receive a positive expectation message (e.g., "Previous research has shown that training with this program improves performance on other tasks.") and will complete approximately 7 hours of a cognitive training program that has previously been shown to improve cognition.
True Cognitive Training Program: The training program is a personal device-based adaptive version of a visual N-back task.
Positive Expectation Induction: The message given to the participants emphasizes that the given training results in a positive change in cognitive abilities.
|
True Cognitive Training Nocebo (Young Adult)
n=32 Participants
Participants will receive a negative expectation message (e.g., "Previous research has shown that training with this program decreases performance on other tasks.") and will complete approximately 7 hours of a cognitive training program that has previously been shown to improve cognition.
True Cognitive Training Program: The training program is a personal device-based adaptive version of a visual N-back task.
Negative Expectation Induction: The message given to the participants emphasizes that the given training results in a negative change in cognitive abilities.
|
Control Cognitive Training Placebo (Young Adult)
n=36 Participants
Participants will receive a positive expectation message (e.g., "Previous research has shown that training with this program increases performance on other tasks.") and will complete approximately 7 hours of control training program that has not previously been shown to improve cognition.
Control Cognitive Training Program: The training program is a personal device-based adaptive version of a knowledge task (control).
Positive Expectation Induction: The message given to the participants emphasizes that the given training results in a positive change in cognitive abilities.
|
Control Cognitive Training Nocebo (Young Adult)
n=27 Participants
Participants will receive a negative expectation message (e.g., "Previous research has shown that training with this program decreases performance on other tasks.") and will complete approximately 7 hours of control training program that has not previously been shown to improve cognition.
Control Cognitive Training Program: The training program is a personal device-based adaptive version of a knowledge task (control).
Negative Expectation Induction: The message given to the participants emphasizes that the given training results in a negative change in cognitive abilities.
|
True Cognitive Training Placebo (Older Adult)
n=9 Participants
Participants will receive a positive expectation message (e.g., "Previous research has shown that training with this program improves performance on other tasks.") and will complete approximately 7 hours of a cognitive training program that has previously been shown to improve cognition.
True Cognitive Training Program: The training program is a personal device-based adaptive version of a visual N-back task.
Positive Expectation Induction: The message given to the participants emphasizes that the given training results in a positive change in cognitive abilities.
|
True Cognitive Training Nocebo (Older Adult)
n=11 Participants
Participants will receive a negative expectation message (e.g., "Previous research has shown that training with this program decreases performance on other tasks.") and will complete approximately 7 hours of a cognitive training program that has previously been shown to improve cognition.
True Cognitive Training Program: The training program is a personal device-based adaptive version of a visual N-back task.
Negative Expectation Induction: The message given to the participants emphasizes that the given training results in a negative change in cognitive abilities.
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Proportion of Correct Responses in the Mill-Hill Vocabulary Scale
Post-test 1
|
.58 proportion correct
Standard Deviation .15
|
.59 proportion correct
Standard Deviation .18
|
.58 proportion correct
Standard Deviation .14
|
.59 proportion correct
Standard Deviation .11
|
.66 proportion correct
Standard Deviation .16
|
.70 proportion correct
Standard Deviation .10
|
|
Proportion of Correct Responses in the Mill-Hill Vocabulary Scale
Post-test 2
|
.58 proportion correct
Standard Deviation .13
|
.61 proportion correct
Standard Deviation .17
|
.61 proportion correct
Standard Deviation .12
|
.59 proportion correct
Standard Deviation .14
|
.65 proportion correct
Standard Deviation .13
|
.70 proportion correct
Standard Deviation .08
|
PRIMARY outcome
Timeframe: post-test 1 at 25 days, post-test 2 at 34 daysParticipants will complete Part I of the Shipley Institute of Living Scale, which is a measure of vocabulary. Participants are asked to select the appropriate synonym for a target word among several alternatives for 15 words.
Outcome measures
| Measure |
True Cognitive Training Placebo (Young Adult)
n=30 Participants
Participants will receive a positive expectation message (e.g., "Previous research has shown that training with this program improves performance on other tasks.") and will complete approximately 7 hours of a cognitive training program that has previously been shown to improve cognition.
True Cognitive Training Program: The training program is a personal device-based adaptive version of a visual N-back task.
Positive Expectation Induction: The message given to the participants emphasizes that the given training results in a positive change in cognitive abilities.
|
True Cognitive Training Nocebo (Young Adult)
n=32 Participants
Participants will receive a negative expectation message (e.g., "Previous research has shown that training with this program decreases performance on other tasks.") and will complete approximately 7 hours of a cognitive training program that has previously been shown to improve cognition.
True Cognitive Training Program: The training program is a personal device-based adaptive version of a visual N-back task.
Negative Expectation Induction: The message given to the participants emphasizes that the given training results in a negative change in cognitive abilities.
|
Control Cognitive Training Placebo (Young Adult)
n=36 Participants
Participants will receive a positive expectation message (e.g., "Previous research has shown that training with this program increases performance on other tasks.") and will complete approximately 7 hours of control training program that has not previously been shown to improve cognition.
Control Cognitive Training Program: The training program is a personal device-based adaptive version of a knowledge task (control).
Positive Expectation Induction: The message given to the participants emphasizes that the given training results in a positive change in cognitive abilities.
|
Control Cognitive Training Nocebo (Young Adult)
n=27 Participants
Participants will receive a negative expectation message (e.g., "Previous research has shown that training with this program decreases performance on other tasks.") and will complete approximately 7 hours of control training program that has not previously been shown to improve cognition.
Control Cognitive Training Program: The training program is a personal device-based adaptive version of a knowledge task (control).
Negative Expectation Induction: The message given to the participants emphasizes that the given training results in a negative change in cognitive abilities.
|
True Cognitive Training Placebo (Older Adult)
n=9 Participants
Participants will receive a positive expectation message (e.g., "Previous research has shown that training with this program improves performance on other tasks.") and will complete approximately 7 hours of a cognitive training program that has previously been shown to improve cognition.
True Cognitive Training Program: The training program is a personal device-based adaptive version of a visual N-back task.
Positive Expectation Induction: The message given to the participants emphasizes that the given training results in a positive change in cognitive abilities.
|
True Cognitive Training Nocebo (Older Adult)
n=11 Participants
Participants will receive a negative expectation message (e.g., "Previous research has shown that training with this program decreases performance on other tasks.") and will complete approximately 7 hours of a cognitive training program that has previously been shown to improve cognition.
True Cognitive Training Program: The training program is a personal device-based adaptive version of a visual N-back task.
Negative Expectation Induction: The message given to the participants emphasizes that the given training results in a negative change in cognitive abilities.
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Proportion of Correct Responses in the Shipley Institute of Living Scale
Post-test 1
|
.80 proportion correct
Standard Deviation .12
|
.79 proportion correct
Standard Deviation .13
|
.77 proportion correct
Standard Deviation .10
|
.77 proportion correct
Standard Deviation .10
|
.86 proportion correct
Standard Deviation .01
|
.91 proportion correct
Standard Deviation .07
|
|
Proportion of Correct Responses in the Shipley Institute of Living Scale
Post-test 2
|
.77 proportion correct
Standard Deviation .11
|
.77 proportion correct
Standard Deviation .15
|
.84 proportion correct
Standard Deviation .11
|
.81 proportion correct
Standard Deviation .14
|
.89 proportion correct
Standard Deviation .09
|
.90 proportion correct
Standard Deviation .11
|
Adverse Events
True Cognitive Training Placebo (Young Adult)
Serious events: 0 serious events
Other events: 0 other events
Deaths: 0 deaths
True Cognitive Training Nocebo (Young Adult)
Serious events: 0 serious events
Other events: 0 other events
Deaths: 0 deaths
Control Cognitive Training Placebo (Young Adult)
Serious events: 0 serious events
Other events: 0 other events
Deaths: 0 deaths
Control Cognitive Training Nocebo (Young Adult)
Serious events: 0 serious events
Other events: 0 other events
Deaths: 0 deaths
True Cognitive Training Placebo (Older Adult)
Serious events: 0 serious events
Other events: 0 other events
Deaths: 0 deaths
True Cognitive Training Nocebo (Older Adult)
Serious events: 0 serious events
Other events: 0 other events
Deaths: 0 deaths
Serious adverse events
Adverse event data not reported
Other adverse events
Adverse event data not reported
Additional Information
Results disclosure agreements
- Principal investigator is a sponsor employee
- Publication restrictions are in place