Anodal tDCS in Chronic Migraine With Medication Overuse
NCT ID: NCT04336267
Last Updated: 2020-04-07
Study Results
Results pending
The study team has not published outcome measurements, participant flow, or safety data for this trial yet. Check back later for updates.
Basic Information
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Recruitment Status
COMPLETED
Clinical Phase
NA
Total Enrollment
20 participants
Study Classification
INTERVENTIONAL
Study Start Date
2015-01-15
Study Completion Date
2018-01-15
Brief Summary
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Non-invasive neuromodulation has been applied in several forms of primary headaches, and its usefulness has been suggested for both episodic and chronic migraine (CM). Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) represents a non-invasive electrical stimulation technique that modulates neural brain activity by means of low amplitude direct current trough surface electrodes.
Very little evidence is available on the potential effect of tDCS in medication overuse and in the management of medication overuse headache (MOH), a condition frequently associated to CM.
CM associated to MOH still represents a challenge for physicians and patients due to the high prevalence in the general population, the associated severe disability, and the high costs imposed by the treatment.
The aim of the study was to investigate the possible application of tDCS in the management of CM associated to MOH. The primary objective of this pilot study was therefore to investigate the efficacy of anodal tDCS delivered on the primary motor cortex (M1) as add-on therapy to an in-hospital detoxification protocol in subjects affected by CM and MOH. The secondary objective was to evaluate the possible changes induced by tDCS on conventional EEG in order to obtain further clues about the effects of tDCS on brain activity.
Very little evidence is available on the potential effect of tDCS in medication overuse and in the management of medication overuse headache (MOH), a condition frequently associated to CM.
CM associated to MOH still represents a challenge for physicians and patients due to the high prevalence in the general population, the associated severe disability, and the high costs imposed by the treatment.
The aim of the study was to investigate the possible application of tDCS in the management of CM associated to MOH. The primary objective of this pilot study was therefore to investigate the efficacy of anodal tDCS delivered on the primary motor cortex (M1) as add-on therapy to an in-hospital detoxification protocol in subjects affected by CM and MOH. The secondary objective was to evaluate the possible changes induced by tDCS on conventional EEG in order to obtain further clues about the effects of tDCS on brain activity.
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Detailed Description
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The study was a randomized, double-blind, controlled trial aimed at assessing the efficacy of five daily sessions of anodal t-DCS in add-on to a standardized in-hospital detoxification protocol in patients suffering from CM+MOH.
Twenty patients were enrolled among those consecutively attending the outpatient clinic of the IRCCS Mondino Foundation. All subjects underwent a screening visit with a physician of the Headache Science Centre of Mondino Institute. During the screening visit, a complete neurological and general examination was performed , and the inclusion/exclusion criteria were revised. Patients fulfilling criteria were enrolled in the baseline observation period for a month after an adequate training to monitor and record migraine and headache days, type and amount of acute medications and days of acute drug intake in an ad hoc diary. At the end of the baseline observation period, if inclusion/exclusion criteria were still satisfied, patients were randomized to the double-blind phase of the study (T0). To this end, patients were hospitalized on Mondays at the IRCCS Mondino Foundation for a 7-day detoxification protocol, that included: acute withdrawal of the overused drug and e.v. treatment with isotonic 0.9% NaCl saline 500 ml + cyanocobalamin 2500 mcg + folic acid 0.70 mg + nicotinamide 12 mg + ascorbic acid 150 mg + sodic glutathione 600 mg + delorazepam 0.5 mg administered b.i.d.
The day of hospital admission (T0), before the first infusion, patients were tested with a complete set of clinical scales and they completed the baseline EEG recording. After these procedures, the patients were randomized (1:1) to two different treatment groups: "tDCS group" or "sham group" and received 1 daily session of tDCS/sham stimulation for 5 consequent days (see below).
On day 5 (T1) patients underwent a follow-up EEG recording, administration of clinic scales for sleepiness, and attentional functions, evaluation of adverse events.
On day 7 patients were discharged from the hospital with or without the prescription of preventive medication (based on the physician judgement) and returned for a follow-up visit after 1 month (T2) and 6 months (T3). An addition EEG recording was obtained at T2.
Patients continued to record headache characteristic on the headache diary for the entire study observation period.
The study protocol was approved by the local Ethic Committee and all participants provided a written informed consent.
Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) was delivered by a technician that was not otherwise involved in the management of patients. The managing physician were instead blind to the type of stimulation.
The technician used a specific battery-driven direct current stimulator (Newronika HDCstim, Newronika s.r.l.). The current was transferred by an approved saline-soaked pair of surface sponge electrodes (anode of 3x3 cm and cathode of 6x4 cm).
All the participants received daily stimulation sessions for 5 consecutive days (Monday to Friday). For the stimulation, the anode was placed over the primary motor cortex (M1), identified using the International 10-20 system for C3 (left M1) or C4 (right M1), and the cathode positioned over the contralateral supraorbital region (immediately below the Fp position of the 10-20 system). According to data from literature, in patients with a strict or prevalent (\>70% of attacks) unilateral headache the contralateral hemisphere was stimulated, instead in patients with bilateral or shifting headache the dominant hemisphere was conventionally stimulated.
Patients randomized to the tDCS group were treated with the following parameters: duration of stimulation of 20 minutes per session with a 2 mA intensity of anodal stimulation.
In the sham group, the stimulation setting was exactly the same but the stimulation intensity was set according to a ramping up/ramping down method and delivered only in the first and last 30 seconds of each session. This stimulation paradigm is insufficient to produce a meaningful therapeutic effect, but it is necessary to guarantee to blind condition as it mimics the possible initial tingling sensation associated with active stimulation. All participants were informed about possible feelings related to tDCS treatment, such as a tingly sensation under the electrodes at the beginning of the stimulation. These procedures adequately blind participants to their group allocation. At the end of the 5 days stimulation period a blind check was performed.
An EEG recording was performed at baseline (T0), at the end of the tDCS/sham treatment (T1), and after 1 month from hospital discharge (T2).
The EEG was recorded with 19 Ag/AgCl electrodes which were placed according to the 10-20 EEG International System.
The EEG registration was performed in the morning (between 9:00 a.m. and 11 a.m.), in a dedicated sound-attenuated room by a technician blinded to the study procedures. The subjects were instructed to remain awake with their eyes closed. The EEG was recorded for 10 min with a sampling rate of 1024 Hz and it was filtered between 0.4 and 70 Hz. A Notch filter was also applied to avoid 50 Hz interferences.
For the EEG signal analysis, the investigators used a spectral analysis through a fast Fourier transformation. The investigators evaluated the power spectral density in these frequency ranges: Delta (1-4 Hz), Theta (4-8 Hz), Alpha (8-12 Hz), Beta (12-30 Hz). The absolute band power values (µV2) for each frequency were computed for each active electrode (Fp1, Fp2, F3, F4, F7, F8, Fz, C3, C4, Cz, P3, P4, Pz, T3, T4, T5, T6, O1, O2), using Cz as ground reference.
For statistical purpose, the band power values were expressed as the percentage variation respect to baseline (normalized as 100%). Moreover, in patients with tDCS/sham stimulation of the right hemisphere the investigators performed an offline virtual right to left inversion all the electrodes of the right hemisphere. In this setting, unless differently specified, all the odd electrodes were ipsilateral to the side of stimulation, while all the even electrodes were contralateral to the side of stimulation.
At T0 and T2 time points all patients completed a set of questionnaires to assess migraine-related disability, quality of life, sleep disturbances, and psychological aspects. The set included:
* the Migraine Disability Assessment (MIDAS) test;
* the Headache Impact Test-6 (HIT-6);
* Visual Analogue Scale (VAS);
* the Migraine-Specific Quality-of-Life Questionnaire (MSQ);
* Short Form Health Survey (SF-36);
* Sleep Condition Indicator (SCI);
* Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI);
* Zung scale for anxiety;
* Zung scale for depression.
Moreover, before every EEG recording (T0, T1, and T2), patients were tested for their level of sleepiness, and attentional functions with:
* Stanford Sleepiness Scale: 1-item questionnaire, with a score that range from 1 (optimal alertness) to 7 (high level of sleepiness);
* Symbol Digit Modalities Test (SDMT): the SDMT was administered to test attentive functions. Patients were trained to match numbers and abstract symbols, according to a coded key. The total score (0-110) is represented by the number of correct substitutions in 90 seconds, with higher values representative of better attention.
Twenty patients were enrolled among those consecutively attending the outpatient clinic of the IRCCS Mondino Foundation. All subjects underwent a screening visit with a physician of the Headache Science Centre of Mondino Institute. During the screening visit, a complete neurological and general examination was performed , and the inclusion/exclusion criteria were revised. Patients fulfilling criteria were enrolled in the baseline observation period for a month after an adequate training to monitor and record migraine and headache days, type and amount of acute medications and days of acute drug intake in an ad hoc diary. At the end of the baseline observation period, if inclusion/exclusion criteria were still satisfied, patients were randomized to the double-blind phase of the study (T0). To this end, patients were hospitalized on Mondays at the IRCCS Mondino Foundation for a 7-day detoxification protocol, that included: acute withdrawal of the overused drug and e.v. treatment with isotonic 0.9% NaCl saline 500 ml + cyanocobalamin 2500 mcg + folic acid 0.70 mg + nicotinamide 12 mg + ascorbic acid 150 mg + sodic glutathione 600 mg + delorazepam 0.5 mg administered b.i.d.
The day of hospital admission (T0), before the first infusion, patients were tested with a complete set of clinical scales and they completed the baseline EEG recording. After these procedures, the patients were randomized (1:1) to two different treatment groups: "tDCS group" or "sham group" and received 1 daily session of tDCS/sham stimulation for 5 consequent days (see below).
On day 5 (T1) patients underwent a follow-up EEG recording, administration of clinic scales for sleepiness, and attentional functions, evaluation of adverse events.
On day 7 patients were discharged from the hospital with or without the prescription of preventive medication (based on the physician judgement) and returned for a follow-up visit after 1 month (T2) and 6 months (T3). An addition EEG recording was obtained at T2.
Patients continued to record headache characteristic on the headache diary for the entire study observation period.
The study protocol was approved by the local Ethic Committee and all participants provided a written informed consent.
Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) was delivered by a technician that was not otherwise involved in the management of patients. The managing physician were instead blind to the type of stimulation.
The technician used a specific battery-driven direct current stimulator (Newronika HDCstim, Newronika s.r.l.). The current was transferred by an approved saline-soaked pair of surface sponge electrodes (anode of 3x3 cm and cathode of 6x4 cm).
All the participants received daily stimulation sessions for 5 consecutive days (Monday to Friday). For the stimulation, the anode was placed over the primary motor cortex (M1), identified using the International 10-20 system for C3 (left M1) or C4 (right M1), and the cathode positioned over the contralateral supraorbital region (immediately below the Fp position of the 10-20 system). According to data from literature, in patients with a strict or prevalent (\>70% of attacks) unilateral headache the contralateral hemisphere was stimulated, instead in patients with bilateral or shifting headache the dominant hemisphere was conventionally stimulated.
Patients randomized to the tDCS group were treated with the following parameters: duration of stimulation of 20 minutes per session with a 2 mA intensity of anodal stimulation.
In the sham group, the stimulation setting was exactly the same but the stimulation intensity was set according to a ramping up/ramping down method and delivered only in the first and last 30 seconds of each session. This stimulation paradigm is insufficient to produce a meaningful therapeutic effect, but it is necessary to guarantee to blind condition as it mimics the possible initial tingling sensation associated with active stimulation. All participants were informed about possible feelings related to tDCS treatment, such as a tingly sensation under the electrodes at the beginning of the stimulation. These procedures adequately blind participants to their group allocation. At the end of the 5 days stimulation period a blind check was performed.
An EEG recording was performed at baseline (T0), at the end of the tDCS/sham treatment (T1), and after 1 month from hospital discharge (T2).
The EEG was recorded with 19 Ag/AgCl electrodes which were placed according to the 10-20 EEG International System.
The EEG registration was performed in the morning (between 9:00 a.m. and 11 a.m.), in a dedicated sound-attenuated room by a technician blinded to the study procedures. The subjects were instructed to remain awake with their eyes closed. The EEG was recorded for 10 min with a sampling rate of 1024 Hz and it was filtered between 0.4 and 70 Hz. A Notch filter was also applied to avoid 50 Hz interferences.
For the EEG signal analysis, the investigators used a spectral analysis through a fast Fourier transformation. The investigators evaluated the power spectral density in these frequency ranges: Delta (1-4 Hz), Theta (4-8 Hz), Alpha (8-12 Hz), Beta (12-30 Hz). The absolute band power values (µV2) for each frequency were computed for each active electrode (Fp1, Fp2, F3, F4, F7, F8, Fz, C3, C4, Cz, P3, P4, Pz, T3, T4, T5, T6, O1, O2), using Cz as ground reference.
For statistical purpose, the band power values were expressed as the percentage variation respect to baseline (normalized as 100%). Moreover, in patients with tDCS/sham stimulation of the right hemisphere the investigators performed an offline virtual right to left inversion all the electrodes of the right hemisphere. In this setting, unless differently specified, all the odd electrodes were ipsilateral to the side of stimulation, while all the even electrodes were contralateral to the side of stimulation.
At T0 and T2 time points all patients completed a set of questionnaires to assess migraine-related disability, quality of life, sleep disturbances, and psychological aspects. The set included:
* the Migraine Disability Assessment (MIDAS) test;
* the Headache Impact Test-6 (HIT-6);
* Visual Analogue Scale (VAS);
* the Migraine-Specific Quality-of-Life Questionnaire (MSQ);
* Short Form Health Survey (SF-36);
* Sleep Condition Indicator (SCI);
* Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI);
* Zung scale for anxiety;
* Zung scale for depression.
Moreover, before every EEG recording (T0, T1, and T2), patients were tested for their level of sleepiness, and attentional functions with:
* Stanford Sleepiness Scale: 1-item questionnaire, with a score that range from 1 (optimal alertness) to 7 (high level of sleepiness);
* Symbol Digit Modalities Test (SDMT): the SDMT was administered to test attentive functions. Patients were trained to match numbers and abstract symbols, according to a coded key. The total score (0-110) is represented by the number of correct substitutions in 90 seconds, with higher values representative of better attention.
Conditions
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Chronic Migraine
Medication Overuse Headache
Study Design
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Allocation Method
RANDOMIZED
Intervention Model
PARALLEL
Pilot randomized sham-controlled trial
Primary Study Purpose
TREATMENT
Blinding Strategy
DOUBLE
Participants
Caregivers
Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) was delivered by a technician that was not otherwise involved in the management of patients. The managing physician and the patient were instead blind to the type of stimulation.
Study Groups
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Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) group
7-day detoxification protocol + 5 consecutive days of anodal tDCS treatment over the primary motor cortex.
Group Type
EXPERIMENTAL
Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) group
Intervention Type
DEVICE
Patients randomized to the tDCS group were treated with the following parameters: duration of stimulation of 20 minutes per session with a 2 mA intensity of anodal stimulation.
Sham group
7-day detoxification protocol + 5 consecutive days of sham treatment over the primary motor cortex.
Group Type
SHAM_COMPARATOR
Sham group
Intervention Type
DEVICE
In the sham group, the stimulation setting was exactly the same but the stimulation intensity was set according to a ramping up/ramping down method and delivered only in the first and last 30 seconds of each session.
Interventions
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Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) group
Patients randomized to the tDCS group were treated with the following parameters: duration of stimulation of 20 minutes per session with a 2 mA intensity of anodal stimulation.
Intervention Type
DEVICE
Sham group
In the sham group, the stimulation setting was exactly the same but the stimulation intensity was set according to a ramping up/ramping down method and delivered only in the first and last 30 seconds of each session.
Intervention Type
DEVICE
Eligibility Criteria
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Inclusion Criteria
* age 18 to 65 years;
* chronic migraine according to the criteria of the InternationaI Classification of Headache Disorders (code 1.3 ICHD-III) and Medication Overuse Headache (code 8.2 ICHD-III) present for at least 6 months at inclusion;
* previous failure of at least three prophylactic treatments.
* chronic migraine according to the criteria of the InternationaI Classification of Headache Disorders (code 1.3 ICHD-III) and Medication Overuse Headache (code 8.2 ICHD-III) present for at least 6 months at inclusion;
* previous failure of at least three prophylactic treatments.
Exclusion Criteria
* other neurologic or neuropsychiatric diseases;
* other chronic painful syndromes;
* other types of primary or secondary headaches;
* use of a preventive medication at baseline;
* use of central nervous system modulating drugs;
* epilepsy;
* metallic head implants or use of a cardiac pacemaker;
* pregnancy or lactation.
* other chronic painful syndromes;
* other types of primary or secondary headaches;
* use of a preventive medication at baseline;
* use of central nervous system modulating drugs;
* epilepsy;
* metallic head implants or use of a cardiac pacemaker;
* pregnancy or lactation.
Minimum Eligible Age
18 Years
Maximum Eligible Age
65 Years
Eligible Sex
ALL
Accepts Healthy Volunteers
No
Sponsors
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University of Pavia
OTHER
Sponsor Role
collaborator
IRCCS National Neurological Institute "C. Mondino" Foundation
OTHER
Sponsor Role
lead
Responsible Party
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Responsibility Role
SPONSOR
Principal Investigators
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Cristina Tassorelli, MD
Role: PRINCIPAL_INVESTIGATOR
IRCCS Mondino Foundation
References
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Dalla Volta G, Marceglia S, Zavarise P, Antonaci F. Cathodal tDCS Guided by Thermography as Adjunctive Therapy in Chronic Migraine Patients: A Sham-Controlled Pilot Study. Front Neurol. 2020 Feb 21;11:121. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2020.00121. eCollection 2020.
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Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Dasilva AF, Mendonca ME, Zaghi S, Lopes M, Dossantos MF, Spierings EL, Bajwa Z, Datta A, Bikson M, Fregni F. tDCS-induced analgesia and electrical fields in pain-related neural networks in chronic migraine. Headache. 2012 Sep;52(8):1283-95. doi: 10.1111/j.1526-4610.2012.02141.x. Epub 2012 Apr 18.
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BACKGROUND
Auvichayapat P, Janyacharoen T, Rotenberg A, Tiamkao S, Krisanaprakornkit T, Sinawat S, Punjaruk W, Thinkhamrop B, Auvichayapat N. Migraine prophylaxis by anodal transcranial direct current stimulation, a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. J Med Assoc Thai. 2012 Aug;95(8):1003-12.
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Przeklasa-Muszynska A, Kocot-Kepska M, Dobrogowski J, Wiatr M, Mika J. Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) and its influence on analgesics effectiveness in patients suffering from migraine headache. Pharmacol Rep. 2017 Aug;69(4):714-721. doi: 10.1016/j.pharep.2017.02.019. Epub 2017 Mar 1.
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BACKGROUND
Lewis GN, Rice DA, Kluger M, McNair PJ. Transcranial direct current stimulation for upper limb neuropathic pain: A double-blind randomized controlled trial. Eur J Pain. 2018 Aug;22(7):1312-1320. doi: 10.1002/ejp.1220. Epub 2018 Apr 17.
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Espie CA, Farias Machado P, Carl JR, Kyle SD, Cape J, Siriwardena AN, Luik AI. The Sleep Condition Indicator: reference values derived from a sample of 200 000 adults. J Sleep Res. 2018 Jun;27(3):e12643. doi: 10.1111/jsr.12643. Epub 2017 Nov 29.
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BACKGROUND
Fellows RP, Schmitter-Edgecombe M. Symbol Digit Modalities Test: Regression-Based Normative Data and Clinical Utility. Arch Clin Neuropsychol. 2019 Jan 24;35(1):105-115. doi: 10.1093/arclin/acz020.
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BACKGROUND
Pijpers JA, Kies DA, Louter MA, van Zwet EW, Ferrari MD, Terwindt GM. Acute withdrawal and botulinum toxin A in chronic migraine with medication overuse: a double-blind randomized controlled trial. Brain. 2019 May 1;142(5):1203-1214. doi: 10.1093/brain/awz052.
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BACKGROUND
Tassorelli C, Jensen R, Allena M, De Icco R, Katsarava Z, Miguel Lainez J, Leston JA, Fadic R, Spadafora S, Pagani M, Nappi G; COMOESTAS Consortium. The added value of an electronic monitoring and alerting system in the management of medication-overuse headache: A controlled multicentre study. Cephalalgia. 2017 Oct;37(12):1115-1125. doi: 10.1177/0333102416660549. Epub 2016 Jul 20.
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Nielsen M, Carlsen LN, Munksgaard SB, Engelstoft IMS, Jensen RH, Bendtsen L. Complete withdrawal is the most effective approach to reduce disability in patients with medication-overuse headache: A randomized controlled open-label trial. Cephalalgia. 2019 Jun;39(7):863-872. doi: 10.1177/0333102419828994. Epub 2019 Feb 7.
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Andrade SM, de Brito Aranha REL, de Oliveira EA, de Mendonca CTPL, Martins WKN, Alves NT, Fernandez-Calvo B. Transcranial direct current stimulation over the primary motor vs prefrontal cortex in refractory chronic migraine: A pilot randomized controlled trial. J Neurol Sci. 2017 Jul 15;378:225-232. doi: 10.1016/j.jns.2017.05.007. Epub 2017 May 3.
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BACKGROUND
Rocha S, Melo L, Boudoux C, Foerster A, Araujo D, Monte-Silva K. Transcranial direct current stimulation in the prophylactic treatment of migraine based on interictal visual cortex excitability abnormalities: A pilot randomized controlled trial. J Neurol Sci. 2015 Feb 15;349(1-2):33-9. doi: 10.1016/j.jns.2014.12.018. Epub 2014 Dec 18.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Tassorelli C, Diener HC, Dodick DW, Silberstein SD, Lipton RB, Ashina M, Becker WJ, Ferrari MD, Goadsby PJ, Pozo-Rosich P, Wang SJ; International Headache Society Clinical Trials Standing Committee. Guidelines of the International Headache Society for controlled trials of preventive treatment of chronic migraine in adults. Cephalalgia. 2018 Apr;38(5):815-832. doi: 10.1177/0333102418758283. Epub 2018 Mar 4.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Granato A, Fantini J, Monti F, Furlanis G, Musho Ilbeh S, Semenic M, Manganotti P. Dramatic placebo effect of high frequency repetitive TMS in treatment of chronic migraine and medication overuse headache. J Clin Neurosci. 2019 Feb;60:96-100. doi: 10.1016/j.jocn.2018.09.021. Epub 2018 Oct 11.
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BACKGROUND
Coppola G, Di Lorenzo C, Parisi V, Lisicki M, Serrao M, Pierelli F. Clinical neurophysiology of migraine with aura. J Headache Pain. 2019 Apr 29;20(1):42. doi: 10.1186/s10194-019-0997-9.
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De Pascalis V, Scacchia P. The influence of reward sensitivity, heart rate dynamics and EEG-delta activity on placebo analgesia. Behav Brain Res. 2019 Feb 1;359:320-332. doi: 10.1016/j.bbr.2018.11.014. Epub 2018 Nov 12.
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Porcaro C, Di Lorenzo G, Seri S, Pierelli F, Tecchio F, Coppola G. Impaired brainstem and thalamic high-frequency oscillatory EEG activity in migraine between attacks. Cephalalgia. 2017 Sep;37(10):915-926. doi: 10.1177/0333102416657146. Epub 2016 Jun 29.
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BACKGROUND
Hodkinson DJ, Wilcox SL, Veggeberg R, Noseda R, Burstein R, Borsook D, Becerra L. Increased Amplitude of Thalamocortical Low-Frequency Oscillations in Patients with Migraine. J Neurosci. 2016 Jul 27;36(30):8026-36. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1038-16.2016.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Other Identifiers
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tDCS-CM
Identifier Type: -
Identifier Source: org_study_id
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Physical Performance and Analgesic Effects of tDCS in Primary Dysmenorrhea
NCT03184740
COMPLETED
NA
Clinical and Neurophysiological Effects of tDCS to Visual and Motor Cortex in Migraine
NCT06468189
ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING
NA
Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation for Chronic Low Back Pain
NCT02768129
COMPLETED
NA
tDCS as Adjunctive Therapy to Cognitive Stimulation in Medical Students With Depression
NCT06562387
ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING
NA
The Effect of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation for Chronic Pain on Ophthalmologic Parameters
NCT01226082
UNKNOWN
NA
Neuromodulatary Efficacy of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation in Severe Refractory Primary Dysmenorrhea
NCT03608215
COMPLETED
NA
Does tDCS is Effective in the Prophylactic Treatment of Migraine
NCT01886274
UNKNOWN
PHASE2
A Study of Home-Delivered Neurostimulation for Migraine
NCT03874351
COMPLETED
NA
Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation in Patients With Disorders of Consciousness
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COMPLETED
PHASE2
Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation for Migraine Attack
NCT01358279
COMPLETED
NA
Chronic Pain and Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation in Clinical Settings
NCT04726423
UNKNOWN
Transcranial Stimulation (tDCS) For the Treatment of Neuropathic Facial Pain
NCT01849796
TERMINATED
PHASE2