Ciprofloxacin Versus an Aminoglycoside Followed by Ciprofloxacin for Bubonic Plague

NCT ID: NCT04110340

Last Updated: 2025-03-06

Basic Information

• Recruitment Status: COMPLETED
• Clinical Phase: PHASE3
• Total Enrollment: 222 participants
• Study Classification: INTERVENTIONAL
• Study Start Date: 2020-02-15
• Study Completion Date: 2025-02-05

Brief Summary

The primary objective of this trial is to test the hypothesis that ciprofloxacin monotherapy given (orally, intravenously, or combination) for 10 days is non-inferior to an aminoglycoside (given on days 1-3) followed by ciprofloxacin (given on days 4-10) in the treatment of bubonic plague.

Secondary objectives are:

• to evaluate the level and kinetics of anti-Y. pestis antibodies of patients (bubonic and pneumonic plague) included in the study (anti-F1 ELISA techniques) at D1, D11, D21, M3 for patients who are positive at D21, and M12 for patients who are positive at M3.

The tertiary objectives are:

• to evaluate the level and kinetics of the levels of anti-Y. pestis antibodies and circulating F1 antigen of the patients (bubonic and pneumonic plague) included in the study (Luminex MagPix techniques with a Multiplex containing anti-F1 and rLcrV antigens and an F1 antigen capture multiplex) at D1, D11, D21, M3 for patients positive at D21, and M12 for patients who are positive at M3.

Observational non-comparative study of pneumonic plague

• The primary objective is to document the efficacy and safety of the currently recommended combination therapy treatment of pneumonic plague - an aminoglycoside (streptomycin or gentamicin) and ciprofloxacin combination therapy.
• The secondary and tertiary objectives of the bubonic plague trial also apply to the pneumonic plague cohort.

Detailed Description

An individually randomised, open label, non-inferiority trial of ciprofloxacin versus an aminoglycoside and ciprofloxacin in patients with bubonic plague. We are using a non-inferiority design since the overall cure rate for bubonic plague without septicaemia with streptomycin is approximately 95%. As a result, demonstrating superiority would be unnecessary and impractical given the sample size that would be required. Our aim is therefore to demonstrate that ciprofloxacin alone is not more than 15% inferior to an aminoglycoside followed by ciprofloxacin. (15% is the non-inferiority margin in our study). We will recruit patients with a clinical suspicion of bubonic plague, but the size of our sample is powered based on an intention to treat infected patients sample size of 190, where infected is defined as a confirmed or probable case of bubonic plague. As a result the total number of patients to be enrolled will be higher than 190. We estimate that we will need to recruit approximately 600 patients with bubonic plague to achieve a sample size of 190 confirmed/probable bubonic plague patients. However, to mitigate risks of being under-powered we will propose to recruit for three full seasons with a minimum target of 190 confirmed/probable cases. Should we achieve the target of 190 confirmed/probable bubonic plague cases before the end of the final transmission season, we will nevertheless continue to recruit until the end of the season to retain power in the event of different treatment success percentages and to allow us to increase precision.

We will also recruit and collect data on patients with pneumonic plague, who will be enrolled in to a parallel observational cohort.

Conditions

Plague, Bubonic; Plague, Pneumonic

Study Design

• Allocation Method: NA
• Intervention Model: PARALLEL
• Primary Study Purpose: TREATMENT
• Blinding Strategy: NONE

Study Groups

Ciprofloxacin Arm

Adults: Ciprofloxacin 500mg orally twice daily (or 400mg IV twice daily for those who cannot take oral medication) for 10 days;

Children:Ciprofloxacin 15mg/kg twice daily (max 500mg per dose) orally (or 10mg/kg IV twice daily for those who cannot take oral - maximum dose 400mg) for 10 days.

Group Type: ACTIVE_COMPARATOR

Ciprofloxacin

Intervention Type: DRUG

Adults: Ciprofloxacin 500mg orally twice daily (or 400mg IV twice daily for those who cannot take oral medication) for 10 days;

Children:Ciprofloxacin 15mg/kg twice daily (max 500mg per dose) orally (or 10mg/kg IV twice daily for those who cannot take oral - maximum dose 400mg) for 10 days.

Patients who begin intravenous therapy may switch to oral administration once they are able to swallow or once deemed clinically appropriate by the treating physician.

Control arm

Adults: streptomycin 1g twice daily for three days, followed by ciprofloxacin 500mg orally twice daily (or ciprofloxacin 400mg twice daily by IV for those who cannot take it orally) for an additional 7 days.

OR

2.5mg/kg IV gentamicin twice daily for 3 days followed by ciprofloxacin 500 mg orally twice daily (or ciprofloxacin 400 mg twice daily IV for those who cannot take oral) for a further 7 days.

Children: streptomycin 15mg/kg twice daily for three days followed by ciprofloxacin 15mg/kg twice daily (max 500mg per dose) orally (or 10mg/kg IV twice daily for those who cannot take oral - maximum dose 400mg) for 7 additional days.

OR

2.5mg/kg IV gentamicin twice daily for 3 days, followed by ciprofloxacin 15mg/kg (max 500mg per dose) orally (or 10mg/kg IV twice daily for those who cannot take the oral route) for a further 7 days.

Group Type: OTHER

Ciprofloxacin

Intervention Type: DRUG

Adults: Ciprofloxacin 500mg orally twice daily (or 400mg IV twice daily for those who cannot take oral medication) for 10 days;

Children:Ciprofloxacin 15mg/kg twice daily (max 500mg per dose) orally (or 10mg/kg IV twice daily for those who cannot take oral - maximum dose 400mg) for 10 days.

Patients who begin intravenous therapy may switch to oral administration once they are able to swallow or once deemed clinically appropriate by the treating physician.

Streptomycin

Intervention Type: DRUG

Adults: streptomycin 1g twice daily for three days, followed by ciprofloxacin 500mg orally twice daily (or ciprofloxacin 400mg twice daily by IV for those unable to take orally) for an additional 7 days.

Children: streptomycin 15mg/kg twice daily for three days followed by ciprofloxacin 15mg/kg twice daily (max 500mg per dose) orally (or 10mg/kg IV twice daily for those who cannot take oral - maximum dose 400mg) for 7 additional days.

Patients who begin intravenous therapy may switch to oral administration once they are able to swallow or once deemed clinically appropriate by the treating physician.

Gentamicin

Intervention Type: DRUG

Adults: 2.5mg/kg IV gentamicin twice daily for 3 days followed by ciprofloxacin 500 mg orally twice daily (or ciprofloxacin 400 mg twice daily IV for those who cannot take oral) for a further 7 days.

Children: 2.5mg/kg IV gentamicin twice daily for 3 days, followed by ciprofloxacin 15mg/kg (max 500mg per dose) orally (or 10mg/kg IV twice daily for those who cannot take the oral route) for a further 7 days.

Interventions

Ciprofloxacin

Adults: Ciprofloxacin 500mg orally twice daily (or 400mg IV twice daily for those who cannot take oral medication) for 10 days;

Children:Ciprofloxacin 15mg/kg twice daily (max 500mg per dose) orally (or 10mg/kg IV twice daily for those who cannot take oral - maximum dose 400mg) for 10 days.

Patients who begin intravenous therapy may switch to oral administration once they are able to swallow or once deemed clinically appropriate by the treating physician.

Intervention Type: DRUG

Streptomycin

Adults: streptomycin 1g twice daily for three days, followed by ciprofloxacin 500mg orally twice daily (or ciprofloxacin 400mg twice daily by IV for those unable to take orally) for an additional 7 days.

Children: streptomycin 15mg/kg twice daily for three days followed by ciprofloxacin 15mg/kg twice daily (max 500mg per dose) orally (or 10mg/kg IV twice daily for those who cannot take oral - maximum dose 400mg) for 7 additional days.

Patients who begin intravenous therapy may switch to oral administration once they are able to swallow or once deemed clinically appropriate by the treating physician.

Intervention Type: DRUG

Gentamicin

Adults: 2.5mg/kg IV gentamicin twice daily for 3 days followed by ciprofloxacin 500 mg orally twice daily (or ciprofloxacin 400 mg twice daily IV for those who cannot take oral) for a further 7 days.

Children: 2.5mg/kg IV gentamicin twice daily for 3 days, followed by ciprofloxacin 15mg/kg (max 500mg per dose) orally (or 10mg/kg IV twice daily for those who cannot take the oral route) for a further 7 days.

Intervention Type: DRUG

Eligibility Criteria

Inclusion Criteria

Bubonic plague

• Patients of any age AND
• Recent onset (< 10 days) of fever (uncorrected axillary temperature ≥ 37.5C) or history of fever AND
• One or more buboes (tender lymph node swelling) AND
• Residence or travel to a plague endemic area in Madagascar within 14 days of the onset of symptoms AND
• Patients identified as clinically suspected of plague by health personnel (doctors or paramedics)

Exclusion Criteria

• Known allergy to aminoglycosides or fluoroquinolones
• Tendinitis
• Myasthenia gravis
• Theophylline or warfarin use
• Already treated for bubonic or pneumonic plague in the preceeding 3 months
• Women who report being pregnant

Inclusion of patients to the pneumonic plague observational cohort:

• Suspected, probable and confirmed cases of pneumonic plague

• Eligible Sex: ALL
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: No

Sponsors

Hôpital Universitaire Joseph Raseta Befelatanana CHU d'Antananarivo

UNKNOWN

Sponsor Role: collaborator

Institut Pasteur de Madagascar

OTHER

Sponsor Role: collaborator

Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office and Wellcome (216273.Z.19.Z)

UNKNOWN

Sponsor Role: collaborator

University of Oxford

OTHER

Sponsor Role: lead

Responsible Party

Responsibility Role: SPONSOR

Principal Investigators

Peter W Horby, MD

Role: PRINCIPAL_INVESTIGATOR

University of Oxford

Locations

Professor Mamy Randria

Antananarivo, , Madagascar

Countries

Madagascar

References

Randremanana RV, Raberahona M, Bourner J, Rajerison M, Edwards T, Randriamparany R, Fehizoro Razafindratsinana T, Razananaivo LH, Zadonirina G, Mayouya-Gamana T, Salam APA, Mangahasimbola RT, Andrianaivoarimanana V, Pesonel E, Rakotoarivelo RA, Randria MJD, Horby P, Olliaro P; IMASOY Study Group. Ciprofloxacin versus Aminoglycoside-Ciprofloxacin for Bubonic Plague. N Engl J Med. 2025 Aug 7;393(6):544-555. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2413772.

Reference Type: DERIVED

PMID: 40768716 (View on PubMed)

Randremanana RV, Raberahona M, de Dieu Randria MJ, Bourner J, Zadonirina G, Razananaivo H, Mayouya-Gamana T, Mangahasimbola R, Pesonel E, Gillesen A, Rajerison M, Andrianaivoarimanana V, Edwards T, Horby P, Olliaro P. An open-label, randomized, non-inferiority trial of the efficacy and safety of ciprofloxacin versus an aminoglycoside + ciprofloxacin in the treatment of bubonic plague (IMASOY): study protocol for a randomized control trial-an update to the published protocol. Trials. 2024 Jul 5;25(1):457. doi: 10.1186/s13063-024-08302-7.

Reference Type: DERIVED

PMID: 38970065 (View on PubMed)

Randremanana RV, Raberahona M, Randria MJD, Rajerison M, Andrianaivoarimanana V, Legrand A, Rasoanaivo TF, Randriamparany R, Mayouya-Gamana T, Mangahasimbola R, Bourner J, Salam A, Gillesen A, Edwards T, Schoenhals M, Baril L, Horby P, Olliaro P. An open-label, randomized, non-inferiority trial of the efficacy and safety of ciprofloxacin versus streptomycin + ciprofloxacin in the treatment of bubonic plague (IMASOY): study protocol for a randomized control trial. Trials. 2020 Aug 17;21(1):722. doi: 10.1186/s13063-020-04642-2.

Reference Type: DERIVED

PMID: 32807214 (View on PubMed)

Other Identifiers

45-18

Identifier Type: -

Identifier Source: org_study_id