CPT-SMART for Treatment of PTSD and Cigarette Smoking

NCT ID: NCT03978442

Last Updated: 2025-11-13

Basic Information

• Recruitment Status: COMPLETED
• Clinical Phase: PHASE4
• Total Enrollment: 120 participants
• Study Classification: INTERVENTIONAL
• Study Start Date: 2019-11-07
• Study Completion Date: 2025-10-08

Brief Summary

Smoking is the leading cause of preventable illness, disability, and death in the United States. The rate of smoking is disproportionately higher among Veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Unfortunately, smoking cessation efforts that are effective in the general population have shown limited effectiveness in smokers with PTSD. The high smoking rate and difficulty with achieving abstinence indicate a critical need to develop effective interventions for Veterans who smoke and have PTSD. The investigators' data indicate that negative emotions and trauma reminders are associated with relapse for smokers with PTSD. In this context, an ideal strategy may be to combine evidence-based PTSD treatment with intensive smoking cessation treatment to maximize quit rates.

Cognitive processing therapy (CPT) is a well-established evidence-based treatment for PTSD. The investigators have successfully developed a treatment manual that combines CPT with cognitive-behavioral counseling for smoking cessation. Contingency management (CM) is another intensive behavioral treatment that has been shown to help with reducing smoking. CM provides positive reinforcers such as money to individuals misusing substances contingent upon abstinence from use. The primary goal of this study is to evaluate the efficacy of a treatment that combines CM with cognitive-behavioral smoking cessation counseling, smoking cessation medication, and CPT. Proposed is a randomized, two-arm clinical trial in which 120 Veteran smokers with PTSD will be randomized to either: 1) COGNITIVE PROCESSING THERAPY with SMOKING ABSTINENCE REINFORCEMENT THERAPY (CPT-SMART) or 2) COMBINED CONTACT CONTROL, an intervention identical to CPT-SMART in PTSD and smoking treatment, except for using payment that is not contingent on abstinence.

Specific aims include: AIM 1) To evaluate the efficacy of CPT-SMART on rates of short- and long-term abstinence from cigarettes; AIM 2) To evaluate the impact of CPT-SMART on treatment engagement and utilization; and an EXPLORATORY AIM) To explore mechanisms of CPT-SMART on long-term smoking abstinence. The positive public health impact of reducing smoking among Veterans with PTSD could be enormous as it would prevent significant smoking-related morbidity and mortality.

Detailed Description

Smoking is the leading cause of preventable illness, disability, and death in the United States. The rate of smoking is disproportionately higher among Veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Unfortunately, smoking cessation efforts that are effective in the general population have shown limited effectiveness in smokers with PTSD. The high smoking rate and difficulty with achieving abstinence indicate a critical need to develop effective interventions for PTSD smokers. The investigators' data indicate that negative affect and trauma reminders are a significant antecedent of relapse for PTSD smokers. Further, despite evidence that nicotine may exacerbate PTSD symptoms, many smokers with PTSD expect that smoking helps manage their symptoms. In this context, an ideal strategy may be to combine evidence-based PTSD treatment with intensive smoking cessation treatment to maximize quit rates in this at-risk population.

Cognitive processing therapy (CPT) is a well-established evidence-based treatment for PTSD. The investigators have successfully developed a treatment manual that integrates CPT with guideline-concordant cognitive-behavioral counseling for smoking cessation. Contingency management (CM) is an intensive behavioral treatment that has demonstrated efficacy for reducing smoking in a range of difficult-to-treat populations, including individuals with psychiatric disorders. CM provides positive reinforcers (e.g., vouchers, money) to individuals misusing substances contingent upon bioverified abstinence from drug use. The primary goal of the current study is to evaluate the efficacy of an intervention that combines clinic-based CM using twice weekly monitoring with salivary cotinine test strips, cognitive-behavioral smoking cessation counseling, smoking cessation medication, and evidence-based PTSD treatment. Proposed is a randomized, two-arm clinical trial in which 120 Veteran smokers with PTSD will be randomized to either: 1) COGNITIVE PROCESSING THERAPY with SMOKING ABSTINENCE REINFORCEMENT THERAPY (CPT-SMART) - an intervention that combines evidenced-based PTSD treatment with guideline-concordant cognitive-behavioral smoking cessation counseling, bupropion, and intensive behavioral therapy through CM; or 2) COMBINED CONTACT CONTROL: an intervention identical to CPT-SMART in PTSD and smoking treatment, except for using non-contingent payment (i.e., yoked CM) to control for compensation and monitoring.

Specific aims include: AIM 1) To evaluate the efficacy of CPT-SMART on rates of short- and long-term abstinence from cigarettes (assessed with multiple measures including bioverified abstinence) measured at 1-week post-treatment, 4-months, and 6 months; AIM 2) To evaluate the impact of CPT-SMART on treatment engagement and utilization; and an EXPLORATORY AIM) To explore mechanisms of CPT-SMART on long-term smoking abstinence, including self-efficacy, salience of smoking, and psychiatric symptom reduction. The VA has already implemented CM for treatment of substance abuse. If shown efficacious, a combined PTSD treatment plus incentive-based approaches for smoking could be implemented into specialty PTSD programs. The positive public health impact of reducing smoking among Veterans with PTSD could be enormous as it would prevent significant smoking-related morbidity and mortality.

Conditions

Smoking; Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic

Keywords

Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic; Smoking

Study Design

• Allocation Method: RANDOMIZED
• Intervention Model: PARALLEL
• Primary Study Purpose: TREATMENT
• Blinding Strategy: NONE

Study Groups

CPT-SMART

COGNITIVE PROCESSING THERAPY with SMOKING ABSTINENCE REINFORCEMENT THERAPY (CPT-SMART) - an intervention that combines evidence-based PTSD treatment with guideline-concordant cognitive-behavioral smoking cessation counseling, bupropion, and intensive behavioral therapy through CM.

Group Type: EXPERIMENTAL

Smoking Cessation Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)

Intervention Type: BEHAVIORAL

12 sessions of cognitive behavioral therapy for smoking cessation, designed to help participants prepare for quitting smoking, make a quit attempt, and stay quit from smoking.

Bupropion

Intervention Type: DRUG

All medically eligible participants will be prescribed bupropion to begin 7 days before the quit date and continued through 12 weeks post-quit. Participants will be scheduled to begin at 150mg/day of bupropion for at least 3 days before titrating up to 300mg/day dose of bupropion.

Cognitive Processing Therapy

Intervention Type: BEHAVIORAL

12 sessions of CPT, which is a well-established trauma-focused psychotherapy for PTSD that has demonstrated efficacy and effectiveness in Veterans.

Smoking Abstinence Reinforcement Therapy

Intervention Type: BEHAVIORAL

Monetary reinforcement for smoking abstinence that is bioverified by breath carbon monoxide and saliva samples.

Combined Contact Yoked Control

COMBINED CONTACT YOKED CONTROL (CCYC) - an intervention that is identical to CPT-SMART for PTSD and smoking treatment, except for using non-contingent payment (i.e., yoked CM) to control for compensation and monitoring.

Group Type: ACTIVE_COMPARATOR

Smoking Cessation Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)

Intervention Type: BEHAVIORAL

12 sessions of cognitive behavioral therapy for smoking cessation, designed to help participants prepare for quitting smoking, make a quit attempt, and stay quit from smoking.

Bupropion

Intervention Type: DRUG

All medically eligible participants will be prescribed bupropion to begin 7 days before the quit date and continued through 12 weeks post-quit. Participants will be scheduled to begin at 150mg/day of bupropion for at least 3 days before titrating up to 300mg/day dose of bupropion.

Cognitive Processing Therapy

Intervention Type: BEHAVIORAL

12 sessions of CPT, which is a well-established trauma-focused psychotherapy for PTSD that has demonstrated efficacy and effectiveness in Veterans.

Yoked Contingency Management

Intervention Type: BEHAVIORAL

Participants in the yoked control will receive the monetary reinforcement of their yoked participant regardless of smoking abstinence or session attendance.

Interventions

Smoking Cessation Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)

12 sessions of cognitive behavioral therapy for smoking cessation, designed to help participants prepare for quitting smoking, make a quit attempt, and stay quit from smoking.

Intervention Type: BEHAVIORAL

Bupropion

All medically eligible participants will be prescribed bupropion to begin 7 days before the quit date and continued through 12 weeks post-quit. Participants will be scheduled to begin at 150mg/day of bupropion for at least 3 days before titrating up to 300mg/day dose of bupropion.

Intervention Type: DRUG

Cognitive Processing Therapy

12 sessions of CPT, which is a well-established trauma-focused psychotherapy for PTSD that has demonstrated efficacy and effectiveness in Veterans.

Intervention Type: BEHAVIORAL

Smoking Abstinence Reinforcement Therapy

Monetary reinforcement for smoking abstinence that is bioverified by breath carbon monoxide and saliva samples.

Intervention Type: BEHAVIORAL

Yoked Contingency Management

Participants in the yoked control will receive the monetary reinforcement of their yoked participant regardless of smoking abstinence or session attendance.

Intervention Type: BEHAVIORAL

Other Intervention Names

CBT; Zyban; CPT; SMART; Control CM

Eligibility Criteria

Inclusion Criteria

• Is Veteran
• Is between the ages of 18 and 80
• Smokes ten or more cigarettes per day for the past year
• Has been smoking for at least the past year
• Meets criteria for current PTSD
• Speaks and writes English
• Is willing to attempt smoking cessation and trauma-focused psychotherapy

Exclusion Criteria

• Has had myocardial infarction in the past 6 months
• Uses other forms of nicotine that he/she is unwilling to stop
• Is pregnant
• Has a primary psychotic disorder
• Has a current substance use disorder other than tobacco use disorder
• Has a contraindication to bupropion use with no medical clearance to use it
• Is unwilling to use bupropion
• Is receiving other behavioral smoking counseling or trauma-focused therapy or plans to do so during the study period
• Is currently imprisoned or in psychiatric hospitalization

• Minimum Eligible Age: 18 Years
• Maximum Eligible Age: 80 Years
• Eligible Sex: ALL
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: No

Sponsors

VA Office of Research and Development

FED

Sponsor Role: lead

Responsible Party

Responsibility Role: SPONSOR

Principal Investigators

Eric A Dedert, PhD

Role: PRINCIPAL_INVESTIGATOR

Durham VA Medical Center, Durham, NC

Locations

Durham VA Medical Center, Durham, NC

Durham, North Carolina, United States

Countries

United States

Provided Documents

Document Type: Informed Consent Form

View Document

Other Identifiers

MHBB-008-18F

Identifier Type: -

Identifier Source: org_study_id