Testing Insect Repellents Against Musca Sorbens, the Vector of Trachoma
NCT ID: NCT03813069
Last Updated: 2020-04-08
Study Results
Results pending
The study team has not published outcome measurements, participant flow, or safety data for this trial yet. Check back later for updates.
Basic Information
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Recruitment Status
COMPLETED
Clinical Phase
PHASE2
Total Enrollment
64 participants
Study Classification
INTERVENTIONAL
Study Start Date
2019-01-10
Study Completion Date
2019-12-23
Brief Summary
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Musca sorbens, a fly that feeds from ocular and nasal discharge on humans, is thought to be the vector of trachoma. We are developing methods of fly control that specifically target this species, in the hope of interrupting Ct transmission. To our knowledge, the use of commercially available insect repellents has never been tested for prevention of Musca sorbens fly-eye contact (i.e. nuisance and landing in the peri-ocular area). Given the likely necessity for prolonged and/or high frequency fly-eye contact for Ct transmission, the reduction of these contacts through the use of fly repellents presents an exciting opportunity for disease control. Here we propose a within-subject, non-masked, trial of the use of commercially available insect repellents against Musca sorbens, with two consecutive participant groups in the laboratory and in the field, and a primary endpoint of measuring the protective efficacy of each repellent product. Repellent products will be chosen from: DEET (N,N-diethyl-3-methylbenzamide), IR3535 (3-\[N-butyl-N-acetyl\]-aminopropionic acid ethyl ester), Picaridin (2-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperidinecarboxylic acid 1-methylpropyl ester); PMD (para-Menthane-3,8-diol) or permethrin (m-Phenoxybenzyl)-cis,trans-3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylate). Products tested will be either (1) topical repellents, or (2) in long-lasting, plastic formulations of repellents that can be worn on the body (wearable repellent technologies). The insect repellent synergist Vanillin (4-Hydroxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde) may be added to the long-lasting plastic formulations, to improve the duration of protection.
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Detailed Description
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Introduction
Trachoma
Trachoma, a Neglected Tropical Disease (NTD), is the commonest infectious cause of blindness globally, affecting some of the world's poorest communities. Trachoma is caused by repeated ocular infection with the bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis (Ct). Active trachoma begins in childhood with recurrent episodes of follicular conjunctivitis (TF). Chronic inflammation results in immunologically mediated conjunctival scarring and in-turned eyelashes scratching the eye: trichiasis. Eventually sight is lost from irreversible corneal opacification.
Trachoma is currently endemic in 42 countries. The latest estimates from the Global Trachoma Mapping Programme (GTMP) suggest that 180 million people live in trachoma endemic areas and 3.2 million people have trachomatous trichiasis. Around 2.2 million people are visually impaired, of whom 1.2 million are blind. More than 80% of the burden of active trachoma is concentrated in 14 countries, mainly in the Sahel of West Africa and savannahs of East and Central Africa, where water supplies are often scarce.
Trachoma in Ethiopia
Ethiopia is working towards eliminating trachoma by 2020 and began implementing the SAFE strategy as part of national policy in 2003. This has focused on the provision of improved trichiasis surgery, mass drug administration (MDA) and the distribution of public health messages by radio, video, and printed material. From 2001-2015 more than one million trichiasis surgeries were performed, over 170 million doses of azithromycin were given through MDA and more than 24 million latrines were built. Despite these encouraging efforts, trachoma remains a public health problem in many regions of the country, and the burden of disease is far above the elimination targets set by the World Health Organisation (WHO). In many of these communities, despite seven years of annual or biannual high-coverage MDA, the prevalence of TF remains well above threshold for continuing MDA. Data on Ct prevalence after repeated rounds of MDA in hyperendemic settings such as Ethiopia, indicate that reliable long-term control is not consistently achieved, with gradual re-emergence of infection being typical.
Flies and Trachoma
Flies are likely to contribute to Ct transmission in some locations. The three members of the species complex Musca sorbens live in close association with humans across the Old World tropics and sub-tropics, Asia, the Pacific Islands and Australasian regions. The African species, M. sorbens and Musca biseta, are collectively known as The Bazaar fly, but all are also known as 'face flies', because of their habit of aggressively visiting the face to obtain the protein and liquid found in ocular and nasal secretions. When M. sorbens flies visit the face to feed, they can pick up Ct and transfer it on their bodies to another person. This is called mechanical transmission. Sometimes the house fly, Musca domestica, will also display eye-seeking behaviour, but across most trachoma-endemic regions, the vast majority of fly-eye contacts are made by M. sorbens. As well as transmitting trachoma, M. sorbens has been found to harbour enteric pathogens. In communities without adequate sanitation such as pit latrines, filth flies including M. sorbens have direct access to faecal breeding sites in the form of open defection. Here, they contact diarrhoea-causing pathogens, and subsequent contact to children's faces, or contamination of eating surfaces, can lead to pathogen transmission.
Ct can be cultured from guts and limbs of M. domestica fed on Ct-infected egg yolk. Using a tightly controlled guinea pig trachoma model, Chlamydia psittaci was transmitted by flies from infected to uninfected eyes. Infection was established consistently if the time between flies feeding on infected guinea pig ocular secretions and being exposed to uninfected guinea pigs was under one hour. Other, circumstantial, evidence suggests that flies contribute to the transmission of trachoma. In randomised controlled trials, significantly decreasing the M. sorbens population through long-term insecticide spraying led to decreases in the prevalence of clinical signs of active trachoma (infection not tested). However, azithromycin MDA combined with intensive insecticide spraying in other regions had no effect. Multiple transmission routes complicate trachoma epidemiology, and the extent to which flies contribute to transmission must also be dependent on local factors such as fly seasonality, abundance and local environmental factors that influence fly population dynamics. Two studies tested M. sorbens caught leaving faces of Ethiopian children for Ct by polymerase chain reaction (PCR); 15-23% of flies were positive. In The Gambia, Ct positive flies were also caught from children's faces. These data strongly suggest M. sorbens is a vector of trachoma, however, its relative importance probably varies by setting. Although it is probable that flies are involved in transmission, this pathway is poorly understood.
Olfactory cues have been exploited for monitoring and control of vector populations for many years, through the deployment of odour-baited traps. However, in recent years the use of such traps for population suppression of disease vectors has received increased attention, and recently the potential of these methods for malaria control was empirically demonstrated for the first time. One of the most long-standing and established examples of the use of odour-baited traps is the control of tsetse flies and Human African Trypanosomiasis in East Africa.
The investigators have recently conducted field studies in Oromia, Ethiopia, during Phase 1 and Phase 2 of the Stronger SAFE programme, designing a trap from locally sourced and cheaply available materials. The performance of this trap was tested, baited with a commercial lure, relative to several other commercially available fly traps and found to be superior. A major advantage of odour-baited trapping for fly control is that it is not associated with environmental impact concerns. This is in contrast to widespread insecticide spraying, which although has been shown to suppress fly populations very successfully, can be damaging to the environment.
Insect repellents are used world-wide to prevent nuisance biting by non-vector species, and to prevent disease transmission by vectors in disease-endemic regions. Although the use of plants with repellent qualities, either by burning leaves or presenting fresh foliage, is prevalent in many regions, commercially available topical repellents are rarely used by people in low-income and disease-endemic countries. This is because of cost, availability, and the impracticality of a product that requires repeat application. However, when use of insect repellents has been successfully adopted by communities, they have been found to be protective against malaria. Repellents have also been successfully used to control other arthropods of public health significance, including lice and the chigoe flea. A recent review of the evidence that topical insect repellents can be used to protect against clinical malaria or malaria infection found insufficient evidence, and called for better designed trials to generate higher-certainty evidence.
There is growing interest in the use of repellents as personal protection from disease transmission, particularly around the use of insecticide-treated clothing, which can repel biting insects. In these instances, the insecticide used has spatially repellent properties or is a contact irritant, which protects the individual user and the insecticides are not sprayed into the environment. Insecticide-treated clothing has been shown to provide protection from both malaria and leishmaniasis. Another study looked at the use of permethrin-treated headscarves for Afghan women in a Pakistani refugee camp, and found a reduction in the incidence of malaria in people under 20 years old. There is better evidence for the use of insecticide-treated clothing against malaria transmission, particularly advocated in areas where more evidence-based vector control strategies such as long-lasting insecticide-treated bed nets are not appropriate. Again, however, further high-quality studies are required to improve the efficacy evidence base.
Using the M. sorbens colony that the investigators have established at LSHTM, preliminary studies have been conducted that demonstrate M. sorbens are susceptible to most commercially available repellents. The investigators have found evidence that the insecticide permethrin has some spatial repellency to M. sorbens, if impregnated at safe doses into fabric scarves. In areas of high fly density, it is expected that the nuisance caused by these flies may allow such an intervention to be successful, as the immediate benefit of reduced face contact would encourage continued uptake of this intervention. Attractant (odour-baited trap) and repellent (commercially available repellents) technologies will be combined to create a "push-pull" strategy to reduce vector-host contact and attract flies to lethal odour-baited traps that will supress populations.
Research hypothesis
Commercially available insect repellent products can be used to decrease contact to the face, particularly the eyes, nose and mouth, by the eye-seeking fly Musca sorbens. The protection afforded by insect repellents will prevent transmission of Chlamydia trachomatis by infected flies, as well as reducing the nuisance caused by this species.
Trachoma
Trachoma, a Neglected Tropical Disease (NTD), is the commonest infectious cause of blindness globally, affecting some of the world's poorest communities. Trachoma is caused by repeated ocular infection with the bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis (Ct). Active trachoma begins in childhood with recurrent episodes of follicular conjunctivitis (TF). Chronic inflammation results in immunologically mediated conjunctival scarring and in-turned eyelashes scratching the eye: trichiasis. Eventually sight is lost from irreversible corneal opacification.
Trachoma is currently endemic in 42 countries. The latest estimates from the Global Trachoma Mapping Programme (GTMP) suggest that 180 million people live in trachoma endemic areas and 3.2 million people have trachomatous trichiasis. Around 2.2 million people are visually impaired, of whom 1.2 million are blind. More than 80% of the burden of active trachoma is concentrated in 14 countries, mainly in the Sahel of West Africa and savannahs of East and Central Africa, where water supplies are often scarce.
Trachoma in Ethiopia
Ethiopia is working towards eliminating trachoma by 2020 and began implementing the SAFE strategy as part of national policy in 2003. This has focused on the provision of improved trichiasis surgery, mass drug administration (MDA) and the distribution of public health messages by radio, video, and printed material. From 2001-2015 more than one million trichiasis surgeries were performed, over 170 million doses of azithromycin were given through MDA and more than 24 million latrines were built. Despite these encouraging efforts, trachoma remains a public health problem in many regions of the country, and the burden of disease is far above the elimination targets set by the World Health Organisation (WHO). In many of these communities, despite seven years of annual or biannual high-coverage MDA, the prevalence of TF remains well above threshold for continuing MDA. Data on Ct prevalence after repeated rounds of MDA in hyperendemic settings such as Ethiopia, indicate that reliable long-term control is not consistently achieved, with gradual re-emergence of infection being typical.
Flies and Trachoma
Flies are likely to contribute to Ct transmission in some locations. The three members of the species complex Musca sorbens live in close association with humans across the Old World tropics and sub-tropics, Asia, the Pacific Islands and Australasian regions. The African species, M. sorbens and Musca biseta, are collectively known as The Bazaar fly, but all are also known as 'face flies', because of their habit of aggressively visiting the face to obtain the protein and liquid found in ocular and nasal secretions. When M. sorbens flies visit the face to feed, they can pick up Ct and transfer it on their bodies to another person. This is called mechanical transmission. Sometimes the house fly, Musca domestica, will also display eye-seeking behaviour, but across most trachoma-endemic regions, the vast majority of fly-eye contacts are made by M. sorbens. As well as transmitting trachoma, M. sorbens has been found to harbour enteric pathogens. In communities without adequate sanitation such as pit latrines, filth flies including M. sorbens have direct access to faecal breeding sites in the form of open defection. Here, they contact diarrhoea-causing pathogens, and subsequent contact to children's faces, or contamination of eating surfaces, can lead to pathogen transmission.
Ct can be cultured from guts and limbs of M. domestica fed on Ct-infected egg yolk. Using a tightly controlled guinea pig trachoma model, Chlamydia psittaci was transmitted by flies from infected to uninfected eyes. Infection was established consistently if the time between flies feeding on infected guinea pig ocular secretions and being exposed to uninfected guinea pigs was under one hour. Other, circumstantial, evidence suggests that flies contribute to the transmission of trachoma. In randomised controlled trials, significantly decreasing the M. sorbens population through long-term insecticide spraying led to decreases in the prevalence of clinical signs of active trachoma (infection not tested). However, azithromycin MDA combined with intensive insecticide spraying in other regions had no effect. Multiple transmission routes complicate trachoma epidemiology, and the extent to which flies contribute to transmission must also be dependent on local factors such as fly seasonality, abundance and local environmental factors that influence fly population dynamics. Two studies tested M. sorbens caught leaving faces of Ethiopian children for Ct by polymerase chain reaction (PCR); 15-23% of flies were positive. In The Gambia, Ct positive flies were also caught from children's faces. These data strongly suggest M. sorbens is a vector of trachoma, however, its relative importance probably varies by setting. Although it is probable that flies are involved in transmission, this pathway is poorly understood.
Olfactory cues have been exploited for monitoring and control of vector populations for many years, through the deployment of odour-baited traps. However, in recent years the use of such traps for population suppression of disease vectors has received increased attention, and recently the potential of these methods for malaria control was empirically demonstrated for the first time. One of the most long-standing and established examples of the use of odour-baited traps is the control of tsetse flies and Human African Trypanosomiasis in East Africa.
The investigators have recently conducted field studies in Oromia, Ethiopia, during Phase 1 and Phase 2 of the Stronger SAFE programme, designing a trap from locally sourced and cheaply available materials. The performance of this trap was tested, baited with a commercial lure, relative to several other commercially available fly traps and found to be superior. A major advantage of odour-baited trapping for fly control is that it is not associated with environmental impact concerns. This is in contrast to widespread insecticide spraying, which although has been shown to suppress fly populations very successfully, can be damaging to the environment.
Insect repellents are used world-wide to prevent nuisance biting by non-vector species, and to prevent disease transmission by vectors in disease-endemic regions. Although the use of plants with repellent qualities, either by burning leaves or presenting fresh foliage, is prevalent in many regions, commercially available topical repellents are rarely used by people in low-income and disease-endemic countries. This is because of cost, availability, and the impracticality of a product that requires repeat application. However, when use of insect repellents has been successfully adopted by communities, they have been found to be protective against malaria. Repellents have also been successfully used to control other arthropods of public health significance, including lice and the chigoe flea. A recent review of the evidence that topical insect repellents can be used to protect against clinical malaria or malaria infection found insufficient evidence, and called for better designed trials to generate higher-certainty evidence.
There is growing interest in the use of repellents as personal protection from disease transmission, particularly around the use of insecticide-treated clothing, which can repel biting insects. In these instances, the insecticide used has spatially repellent properties or is a contact irritant, which protects the individual user and the insecticides are not sprayed into the environment. Insecticide-treated clothing has been shown to provide protection from both malaria and leishmaniasis. Another study looked at the use of permethrin-treated headscarves for Afghan women in a Pakistani refugee camp, and found a reduction in the incidence of malaria in people under 20 years old. There is better evidence for the use of insecticide-treated clothing against malaria transmission, particularly advocated in areas where more evidence-based vector control strategies such as long-lasting insecticide-treated bed nets are not appropriate. Again, however, further high-quality studies are required to improve the efficacy evidence base.
Using the M. sorbens colony that the investigators have established at LSHTM, preliminary studies have been conducted that demonstrate M. sorbens are susceptible to most commercially available repellents. The investigators have found evidence that the insecticide permethrin has some spatial repellency to M. sorbens, if impregnated at safe doses into fabric scarves. In areas of high fly density, it is expected that the nuisance caused by these flies may allow such an intervention to be successful, as the immediate benefit of reduced face contact would encourage continued uptake of this intervention. Attractant (odour-baited trap) and repellent (commercially available repellents) technologies will be combined to create a "push-pull" strategy to reduce vector-host contact and attract flies to lethal odour-baited traps that will supress populations.
Research hypothesis
Commercially available insect repellent products can be used to decrease contact to the face, particularly the eyes, nose and mouth, by the eye-seeking fly Musca sorbens. The protection afforded by insect repellents will prevent transmission of Chlamydia trachomatis by infected flies, as well as reducing the nuisance caused by this species.
Conditions
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Trachoma
Study Design
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Allocation Method
RANDOMIZED
Intervention Model
SINGLE_GROUP
This is a within-subject, non-masked, trial of the use of commercially available insect repellents against Musca sorbens, with two consecutive participant groups in the laboratory and in the field, and a primary endpoint of measuring the protective efficacy of each repellent product.
The first (laboratory-based) study has one arm, in which all participants test all repellent products. Those that are found to generate at least 30 % protective efficacy will be tested in the second (field-based) study, which will have four arms. Up to three arms will test a repellent product and there will be a control arm.
The first (laboratory-based) study has one arm, in which all participants test all repellent products. Those that are found to generate at least 30 % protective efficacy will be tested in the second (field-based) study, which will have four arms. Up to three arms will test a repellent product and there will be a control arm.
Primary Study Purpose
PREVENTION
Blinding Strategy
SINGLE
Outcome Assessors
Study Groups
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Laboratory study
Group Type
OTHER
IR3535
Intervention Type
OTHER
The topical repellent IR3535 (3-\[N-butyl-N-acetyl\]-aminopropionic acid ethyl ester) only
Permethrin lower dose
Intervention Type
OTHER
A fabric scarf, impregnated with the insecticide permethrin (m-Phenoxybenzyl)-cis,trans-3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylate) that has contact irritancy/spatial repellency. Dose appropriate to children of 10-20 kg.
Permethrin higher dose
Intervention Type
OTHER
A fabric scarf, impregnated with the insecticide permethrin (m-Phenoxybenzyl)-cis,trans-3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylate) that has contact irritancy/spatial repellency. Dose appropriate to children more than 20 kg.
Field study: IR3535
Group Type
OTHER
IR3535
Intervention Type
OTHER
The topical repellent IR3535 (3-\[N-butyl-N-acetyl\]-aminopropionic acid ethyl ester) only
Field study: Permethrin lower dose
Group Type
OTHER
Permethrin lower dose
Intervention Type
OTHER
A fabric scarf, impregnated with the insecticide permethrin (m-Phenoxybenzyl)-cis,trans-3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylate) that has contact irritancy/spatial repellency. Dose appropriate to children of 10-20 kg.
Field study: Permethrin higher dose
Group Type
OTHER
Permethrin higher dose
Intervention Type
OTHER
A fabric scarf, impregnated with the insecticide permethrin (m-Phenoxybenzyl)-cis,trans-3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylate) that has contact irritancy/spatial repellency. Dose appropriate to children more than 20 kg.
Field study: control arm
Group Type
NO_INTERVENTION
No interventions assigned to this group
Interventions
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IR3535
The topical repellent IR3535 (3-\[N-butyl-N-acetyl\]-aminopropionic acid ethyl ester) only
Intervention Type
OTHER
Permethrin lower dose
A fabric scarf, impregnated with the insecticide permethrin (m-Phenoxybenzyl)-cis,trans-3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylate) that has contact irritancy/spatial repellency. Dose appropriate to children of 10-20 kg.
Intervention Type
OTHER
Permethrin higher dose
A fabric scarf, impregnated with the insecticide permethrin (m-Phenoxybenzyl)-cis,trans-3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylate) that has contact irritancy/spatial repellency. Dose appropriate to children more than 20 kg.
Intervention Type
OTHER
Eligibility Criteria
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Inclusion Criteria
Laboratory trial eligibility criteria
1. Participant is aged \> 18 years and \< 65 years and in good health
2. Participant has a good understanding of the procedures of the study and agrees to abide to these procedures
3. Participant is able to communicate well with the investigator, and attend the laboratory for all aspects of the laboratory studies
4. Participant has no known adverse reactions, or evidence at screening of adverse reactions, to the commercially available repellents DEET, PMD, IR3535, Picaridin or Permethrin, or to Vanilla
5. Participant has no known history of skin allergies or hypersensitivity to topical creams
6. Participant agrees to a pre-trial skin reactivity test for all the repellents that will be used in the trial
7. If in the event of the participant experiencing an adverse reaction to a repellent during the trial, the participant agrees to inform his/her general practitioner and seek appropriate treatment if necessary
8. Participant is willing to allow laboratory-reared Musca sorbens flies to land and crawl on their arm, during the modified arm-in-cage assay, for periods of up to ten minutes at a time
9. Participant agrees not to use any perfumed or scented product, including bathing products, for a 24-hour period before each laboratory session
10. Participant has signed informed consent
11. Participant is not a smoker, and will agree to refraining from smoking for the 12 hours before each laboratory trial
Field trial eligibility criteria
1. Participant lives in the designated study site
2. Participating households must be within a one-hour drive of Feya General Hospital
3. Participant considers themselves to be in good health, as does the parent or guardian
4. Participant is aged \> 3 years and \< 12 years
5. Participant has a good understanding of the procedures of the study and agrees to abide to these procedures
6. The parent or guardian of the participant has a good understanding of the procedures of the study and agrees to abide to these procedures
7. Participant is able to communicate well with the investigator or fieldworker who is conducting the study
8. Participant has no known adverse reactions to the commercially available repellents DEET, PMD, IR3535, Picaridin or Permethrin, or to Vanilla
9. Participant has no known history of skin allergies or hypersensitivity to topical creams
10. Participant agrees to a pre-trial skin reactivity test for all the repellents that will be used in the trial
11. If in the event of the participant experiencing an adverse reaction to a repellent during the trial, the participant can request medical advice from the Stronger-SAFE field team nurses if they wish
12. Participant is willing to sit still on a chair outside their house, for sequential periods of up to ten minutes, allowing wild fly contact and landing on the body and face, as much as possible without disturbing fly behaviour
13. Participant agrees not to use any perfumed or scented product, including bathing products, for a 24-hour period before each laboratory session
14. Able and willing to give fully informed assent
15. The parent or guardian has signed informed consent
1. Participant is aged \> 18 years and \< 65 years and in good health
2. Participant has a good understanding of the procedures of the study and agrees to abide to these procedures
3. Participant is able to communicate well with the investigator, and attend the laboratory for all aspects of the laboratory studies
4. Participant has no known adverse reactions, or evidence at screening of adverse reactions, to the commercially available repellents DEET, PMD, IR3535, Picaridin or Permethrin, or to Vanilla
5. Participant has no known history of skin allergies or hypersensitivity to topical creams
6. Participant agrees to a pre-trial skin reactivity test for all the repellents that will be used in the trial
7. If in the event of the participant experiencing an adverse reaction to a repellent during the trial, the participant agrees to inform his/her general practitioner and seek appropriate treatment if necessary
8. Participant is willing to allow laboratory-reared Musca sorbens flies to land and crawl on their arm, during the modified arm-in-cage assay, for periods of up to ten minutes at a time
9. Participant agrees not to use any perfumed or scented product, including bathing products, for a 24-hour period before each laboratory session
10. Participant has signed informed consent
11. Participant is not a smoker, and will agree to refraining from smoking for the 12 hours before each laboratory trial
Field trial eligibility criteria
1. Participant lives in the designated study site
2. Participating households must be within a one-hour drive of Feya General Hospital
3. Participant considers themselves to be in good health, as does the parent or guardian
4. Participant is aged \> 3 years and \< 12 years
5. Participant has a good understanding of the procedures of the study and agrees to abide to these procedures
6. The parent or guardian of the participant has a good understanding of the procedures of the study and agrees to abide to these procedures
7. Participant is able to communicate well with the investigator or fieldworker who is conducting the study
8. Participant has no known adverse reactions to the commercially available repellents DEET, PMD, IR3535, Picaridin or Permethrin, or to Vanilla
9. Participant has no known history of skin allergies or hypersensitivity to topical creams
10. Participant agrees to a pre-trial skin reactivity test for all the repellents that will be used in the trial
11. If in the event of the participant experiencing an adverse reaction to a repellent during the trial, the participant can request medical advice from the Stronger-SAFE field team nurses if they wish
12. Participant is willing to sit still on a chair outside their house, for sequential periods of up to ten minutes, allowing wild fly contact and landing on the body and face, as much as possible without disturbing fly behaviour
13. Participant agrees not to use any perfumed or scented product, including bathing products, for a 24-hour period before each laboratory session
14. Able and willing to give fully informed assent
15. The parent or guardian has signed informed consent
Minimum Eligible Age
3 Years
Maximum Eligible Age
65 Years
Eligible Sex
ALL
Accepts Healthy Volunteers
Yes
Sponsors
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Federal Minstry of Health of Ethiopia
OTHER_GOV
Sponsor Role
collaborator
Oromia Regional Health Bureau, Ethiopia
UNKNOWN
Sponsor Role
collaborator
The Fred Hollows Foundation, Ethiopia
UNKNOWN
Sponsor Role
collaborator
The Fred Hollows Foundation, UK
UNKNOWN
Sponsor Role
collaborator
The Fred Hollows Foundation, Australia
UNKNOWN
Sponsor Role
collaborator
London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine
OTHER
Sponsor Role
lead
Responsible Party
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Responsibility Role
SPONSOR
Locations
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Fred Hollows Foundation
Addis Ababa, , Ethiopia
Site Status
London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine
London, , United Kingdom
Site Status
Countries
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Ethiopia
United Kingdom
References
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Banks SD, Murray N, Wilder-Smith A, Logan JG. Insecticide-treated clothes for the control of vector-borne diseases: a review on effectiveness and safety. Med Vet Entomol. 2014 Aug;28 Suppl 1:14-25. doi: 10.1111/mve.12068. Epub 2014 Jun 10.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Bell, M.J. (2018) The impact of latrine construction on densities and pathogen infection rates of synanthropic flies and Culex quinquefasciatus mosquitoes in Odisha, India. PhD thesis.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Burgess, I. (1993) The function of a repellent in head louse control. The Pharmaceutical Journal. 15, 674-675.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Emerson PM, Bailey RL, Mahdi OS, Walraven GE, Lindsay SW. Transmission ecology of the fly Musca sorbens, a putative vector of trachoma. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2000 Jan-Feb;94(1):28-32. doi: 10.1016/s0035-9203(00)90427-9.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Emerson PM, Bailey RL, Walraven GE, Lindsay SW. Human and other faeces as breeding media of the trachoma vector Musca sorbens. Med Vet Entomol. 2001 Sep;15(3):314-20. doi: 10.1046/j.0269-283x.2001.00318.x.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Emerson PM, Lindsay SW, Alexander N, Bah M, Dibba SM, Faal HB, Lowe KO, McAdam KP, Ratcliffe AA, Walraven GE, Bailey RL. Role of flies and provision of latrines in trachoma control: cluster-randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2004 Apr 3;363(9415):1093-8. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(04)15891-1.
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BACKGROUND
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Reference Type
DERIVED
Provided Documents
Download supplemental materials such as informed consent forms, study protocols, or participant manuals.
Document Type: Study Protocol and Statistical Analysis Plan
Other Identifiers
Review additional registry numbers or institutional identifiers associated with this trial.
2018-kep-132
Identifier Type: -
Identifier Source: org_study_id
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