Trial Outcomes & Findings for Reactions to Warnings on Hookah Ads (NCT NCT03723616)
NCT ID: NCT03723616
Last Updated: 2025-12-18
Results Overview
Participants rated on 7-point bipolar scales the extent each ad made them feel not at all anxious/very anxious, not at all worried/very worried, not at all fearful/very fearful and good /bad. Reported as a composite score created by averaging the items. Mean scores range from 1 to 7 where higher mean values represent more negative emotional reactions to viewing the ad.
Recruitment status
COMPLETED
Study phase
NA
Target enrollment
2588 participants
Primary outcome timeframe
up to 45 minutes
Results posted on
2025-12-18
Participant Flow
Participants were randomized to one of three health warning label (HWL) arms in a 1:2:2 ratio: 1) ads only, 2) ads with text HWLs only, and 3) ads with text + graphic HWLs within the Social Allure Ads and Product Ads groups.
Participant milestones
| Measure |
Social Allure Ads Only
Behavioral: Ads Only Participants will view 2 ads without replacement.
|
Social Allure Ads With Text-only Health Warning Labels (HWLs)
Behavioral: Ads with text-only health warning labels (HWLs) Participants will view HWLs in one of four domains: long- and short-term health events, toxicants, and addiction; participants viewed two HWLs within each domain - there were two HWLs per domain. The text HWLs were placed randomly on two ads out of the possible four social allure ad themes without replacement. Thus, participants viewed two HWLs within the same domain, with each warning being placed on a different social allure ad.
|
Social Allure Ads With Text + Graphic Health Warning Labels (HWLs)
Behavioral: Ads with text + graphic health warning labels (HWLs) Participants will view HWLs in one of four domains: long- and short-term health events, toxicants, and addiction; participants viewed two HWLs within each domain - there were two HWLs per domain. The text + graphic HWLs were placed randomly on two ads out of the possible four social allure ad themes without replacement. Thus, participants viewed two HWLs within the same domain, with each warning being placed on a different social allure ad.
|
Product Ads Only
Behavioral: Ads Only Participants will view 2 ads without replacement. Behavioral: Ads with text-only health warning labels (HWLs) Participants will view HWLs in one of four domains: long- and short-term health events, toxicants, and addiction; participants viewed two HWLs within each domain - there were two HWLs per domain. The text HWLs were placed randomly on two ads out of the possible four product ad themes without replacement. Thus, participants viewed two HWLs within the same domain, with each warning being placed on a different product ad.
Behavioral: Ads with text + graphic health warning labels (HWLs) Participants will view HWLs in one of four domains: long- and short-term health events, toxicants, and addiction; participants viewed two HWLs within each domain - there were two HWLs per domain. The text + graphic HWLs were placed randomly on two ads out of the possible four product ad themes without replacement. Thus, participants viewed two HWLs within the same domain, with each warning being placed on a different product ad.
|
Product Ads With Text-only Health Warning Labels (HWLs)
Behavioral: Ads with text-only health warning labels (HWLs) Participants will view HWLs in one of four domains: long- and short-term health events, toxicants, and addiction; participants viewed two HWLs within each domain - there were two HWLs per domain. The text HWLs were placed randomly on two ads out of the possible four product ad themes without replacement. Thus, participants viewed two HWLs within the same domain, with each warning being placed on a different product ad.
|
Product Ads With Text + Graphic Health Warning Labels (HWLs)
Behavioral: Ads with text + graphic health warning labels (HWLs) Participants will view HWLs in one of four domains: long- and short-term health events, toxicants, and addiction; participants viewed two HWLs within each domain - there were two HWLs per domain. The text + graphic HWLs were placed randomly on two ads out of the possible four product ad themes without replacement. Thus, participants viewed two HWLs within the same domain, with each warning being placed on a different product ad.
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Overall Study
STARTED
|
317
|
618
|
618
|
207
|
415
|
414
|
|
Overall Study
COMPLETED
|
300
|
602
|
598
|
201
|
402
|
401
|
|
Overall Study
NOT COMPLETED
|
17
|
16
|
20
|
6
|
13
|
13
|
Reasons for withdrawal
| Measure |
Social Allure Ads Only
Behavioral: Ads Only Participants will view 2 ads without replacement.
|
Social Allure Ads With Text-only Health Warning Labels (HWLs)
Behavioral: Ads with text-only health warning labels (HWLs) Participants will view HWLs in one of four domains: long- and short-term health events, toxicants, and addiction; participants viewed two HWLs within each domain - there were two HWLs per domain. The text HWLs were placed randomly on two ads out of the possible four social allure ad themes without replacement. Thus, participants viewed two HWLs within the same domain, with each warning being placed on a different social allure ad.
|
Social Allure Ads With Text + Graphic Health Warning Labels (HWLs)
Behavioral: Ads with text + graphic health warning labels (HWLs) Participants will view HWLs in one of four domains: long- and short-term health events, toxicants, and addiction; participants viewed two HWLs within each domain - there were two HWLs per domain. The text + graphic HWLs were placed randomly on two ads out of the possible four social allure ad themes without replacement. Thus, participants viewed two HWLs within the same domain, with each warning being placed on a different social allure ad.
|
Product Ads Only
Behavioral: Ads Only Participants will view 2 ads without replacement. Behavioral: Ads with text-only health warning labels (HWLs) Participants will view HWLs in one of four domains: long- and short-term health events, toxicants, and addiction; participants viewed two HWLs within each domain - there were two HWLs per domain. The text HWLs were placed randomly on two ads out of the possible four product ad themes without replacement. Thus, participants viewed two HWLs within the same domain, with each warning being placed on a different product ad.
Behavioral: Ads with text + graphic health warning labels (HWLs) Participants will view HWLs in one of four domains: long- and short-term health events, toxicants, and addiction; participants viewed two HWLs within each domain - there were two HWLs per domain. The text + graphic HWLs were placed randomly on two ads out of the possible four product ad themes without replacement. Thus, participants viewed two HWLs within the same domain, with each warning being placed on a different product ad.
|
Product Ads With Text-only Health Warning Labels (HWLs)
Behavioral: Ads with text-only health warning labels (HWLs) Participants will view HWLs in one of four domains: long- and short-term health events, toxicants, and addiction; participants viewed two HWLs within each domain - there were two HWLs per domain. The text HWLs were placed randomly on two ads out of the possible four product ad themes without replacement. Thus, participants viewed two HWLs within the same domain, with each warning being placed on a different product ad.
|
Product Ads With Text + Graphic Health Warning Labels (HWLs)
Behavioral: Ads with text + graphic health warning labels (HWLs) Participants will view HWLs in one of four domains: long- and short-term health events, toxicants, and addiction; participants viewed two HWLs within each domain - there were two HWLs per domain. The text + graphic HWLs were placed randomly on two ads out of the possible four product ad themes without replacement. Thus, participants viewed two HWLs within the same domain, with each warning being placed on a different product ad.
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Overall Study
Attempted to take the survey as both a smoker and a susceptible non-smoker.
|
17
|
16
|
20
|
6
|
13
|
13
|
Baseline Characteristics
Reactions to Warnings on Hookah Ads
Baseline characteristics by cohort
| Measure |
Social Allure Ads
n=1500 Participants
Participants were randomized to one of three health warning label (HWL) arms in a 1:2:2 ratio: 1) ads only, 2) ads with text HWLs only, and 3) ads with text + graphic HWLs within the Social Allure Ads group.
Behavioral: Ads Only Participants will view 2 ads without replacement. Behavioral: Ads with text-only health warning labels (HWLs) Participants will view HWLs in one of four domains: long- and short-term health events, toxicants, and addiction; participants viewed two HWLs within each domain - there were two HWLs per domain. The text HWLs were placed randomly on two ads out of the possible four social allure ad themes without replacement. Thus, participants viewed two HWLs within the same domain, with each warning being placed on a different social allure ad.
Behavioral: Ads with text + graphic health warning labels (HWLs) Participants will view HWLs in one of four domains: long- and short-term health events, toxicants, and addiction; participants viewed two HWLs within each domain - there were two HWLs per domain. The text + graphic HWLs were placed randomly on two ads out of the possible four social allure ad themes without replacement. Thus, participants viewed two HWLs within the same domain, with each warning being placed on a different social allure ad.
|
Product Ads
n=1004 Participants
Participants were randomized to one of three health warning label (HWL) arms in a 1:2:2 ratio: 1) ads only, 2) ads with text HWLs only, and 3) ads with text + graphic HWLs within the Product Ads group.
Behavioral: Ads Only Participants will view 2 ads without replacement. Behavioral: Ads with text-only health warning labels (HWLs) Participants will view HWLs in one of four domains: long- and short-term health events, toxicants, and addiction; participants viewed two HWLs within each domain - there were two HWLs per domain. The text HWLs were placed randomly on two ads out of the possible four product ad themes without replacement. Thus, participants viewed two HWLs within the same domain, with each warning being placed on a different product ad.
Behavioral: Ads with text + graphic health warning labels (HWLs) Participants will view HWLs in one of four domains: long- and short-term health events, toxicants, and addiction; participants viewed two HWLs within each domain - there were two HWLs per domain. The text + graphic HWLs were placed randomly on two ads out of the possible four product ad themes without replacement. Thus, participants viewed two HWLs within the same domain, with each warning being placed on a different product ad.
|
Total
n=2504 Participants
Total of all reporting groups
|
|---|---|---|---|
|
Age, Continuous
|
24.73 years
STANDARD_DEVIATION 3.49 • n=47 Participants
|
24.67 years
STANDARD_DEVIATION 3.46 • n=41 Participants
|
24.71 years
STANDARD_DEVIATION 3.48 • n=88 Participants
|
|
Sex: Female, Male
Female
|
711 Participants
n=47 Participants
|
523 Participants
n=41 Participants
|
1234 Participants
n=88 Participants
|
|
Sex: Female, Male
Male
|
789 Participants
n=47 Participants
|
481 Participants
n=41 Participants
|
1270 Participants
n=88 Participants
|
|
Ethnicity (NIH/OMB)
Hispanic or Latino
|
247 Participants
n=47 Participants
|
167 Participants
n=41 Participants
|
414 Participants
n=88 Participants
|
|
Ethnicity (NIH/OMB)
Not Hispanic or Latino
|
1232 Participants
n=47 Participants
|
810 Participants
n=41 Participants
|
2042 Participants
n=88 Participants
|
|
Ethnicity (NIH/OMB)
Unknown or Not Reported
|
21 Participants
n=47 Participants
|
27 Participants
n=41 Participants
|
48 Participants
n=88 Participants
|
|
Race/Ethnicity, Customized
American Indian or Alaska Native
|
24 Participants
n=47 Participants
|
12 Participants
n=41 Participants
|
36 Participants
n=88 Participants
|
|
Race/Ethnicity, Customized
Asian
|
168 Participants
n=47 Participants
|
104 Participants
n=41 Participants
|
272 Participants
n=88 Participants
|
|
Race/Ethnicity, Customized
Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander
|
5 Participants
n=47 Participants
|
1 Participants
n=41 Participants
|
6 Participants
n=88 Participants
|
|
Race/Ethnicity, Customized
Black or African American
|
165 Participants
n=47 Participants
|
110 Participants
n=41 Participants
|
275 Participants
n=88 Participants
|
|
Race/Ethnicity, Customized
White
|
1010 Participants
n=47 Participants
|
683 Participants
n=41 Participants
|
1693 Participants
n=88 Participants
|
|
Race/Ethnicity, Customized
Middle Eastern
|
17 Participants
n=47 Participants
|
12 Participants
n=41 Participants
|
29 Participants
n=88 Participants
|
|
Race/Ethnicity, Customized
More than one race
|
90 Participants
n=47 Participants
|
55 Participants
n=41 Participants
|
145 Participants
n=88 Participants
|
|
Race/Ethnicity, Customized
Unknown or Not Reported
|
21 Participants
n=47 Participants
|
27 Participants
n=41 Participants
|
48 Participants
n=88 Participants
|
|
Region of Enrollment
United States
|
1500 Participants
n=47 Participants
|
1004 Participants
n=41 Participants
|
2504 Participants
n=88 Participants
|
PRIMARY outcome
Timeframe: up to 45 minutesPopulation: Participants who completed the study.
Participants rated on 7-point bipolar scales the extent each ad made them feel not at all anxious/very anxious, not at all worried/very worried, not at all fearful/very fearful and good /bad. Reported as a composite score created by averaging the items. Mean scores range from 1 to 7 where higher mean values represent more negative emotional reactions to viewing the ad.
Outcome measures
| Measure |
Social Allure Ads Only
n=300 Participants
Behavioral: Ads Only Participants will view 2 ads without replacement.
|
Social Allure Ads With Text-only Health Warning Labels (HWLs)
n=602 Participants
Behavioral: Ads with text-only health warning labels (HWLs) Participants will view HWLs in one of four domains: long- and short-term health events, toxicants, and addiction; participants viewed two HWLs within each domain - there were two HWLs per domain. The text HWLs were placed randomly on two ads out of the possible four social allure ad themes without replacement. Thus, participants viewed two HWLs within the same domain, with each warning being placed on a different social allure ad.
|
Social Allure Ads With Text + Graphic Health Warning Labels (HWLs)
n=598 Participants
Behavioral: Ads with text + graphic health warning labels (HWLs) Participants will view HWLs in one of four domains: long- and short-term health events, toxicants, and addiction; participants viewed two HWLs within each domain - there were two HWLs per domain. The text + graphic HWLs were placed randomly on two ads out of the possible four social allure ad themes without replacement. Thus, participants viewed two HWLs within the same domain, with each warning being placed on a different social allure ad.
|
Product Ads Only
n=201 Participants
Behavioral: Ads Only Participants will view 2 ads without replacement. Behavioral: Ads with text-only health warning labels (HWLs) Participants will view HWLs in one of four domains: long- and short-term health events, toxicants, and addiction; participants viewed two HWLs within each domain - there were two HWLs per domain. The text HWLs were placed randomly on two ads out of the possible four product ad themes without replacement. Thus, participants viewed two HWLs within the same domain, with each warning being placed on a different product ad.
Behavioral: Ads with text + graphic health warning labels (HWLs) Participants will view HWLs in one of four domains: long- and short-term health events, toxicants, and addiction; participants viewed two HWLs within each domain - there were two HWLs per domain. The text + graphic HWLs were placed randomly on two ads out of the possible four product ad themes without replacement. Thus, participants viewed two HWLs within the same domain, with each warning being placed on a different product ad.
|
Product Ads With Text-only Health Warning Labels (HWLs)
n=402 Participants
Behavioral: Ads with text-only health warning labels (HWLs) Participants will view HWLs in one of four domains: long- and short-term health events, toxicants, and addiction; participants viewed two HWLs within each domain - there were two HWLs per domain. The text HWLs were placed randomly on two ads out of the possible four product ad themes without replacement. Thus, participants viewed two HWLs within the same domain, with each warning being placed on a different product ad.
|
Product Ads With Text + Graphic Health Warning Labels (HWLs)
n=401 Participants
Behavioral: Ads with text + graphic health warning labels (HWLs) Participants will view HWLs in one of four domains: long- and short-term health events, toxicants, and addiction; participants viewed two HWLs within each domain - there were two HWLs per domain. The text + graphic HWLs were placed randomly on two ads out of the possible four product ad themes without replacement. Thus, participants viewed two HWLs within the same domain, with each warning being placed on a different product ad.
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Emotional Reactions to Ads
|
2.81 score on a scale
Standard Error 0.08
|
3.46 score on a scale
Standard Error 0.06
|
3.74 score on a scale
Standard Error 0.06
|
2.83 score on a scale
Standard Error 0.10
|
3.60 score on a scale
Standard Error 0.07
|
4.03 score on a scale
Standard Error 0.07
|
PRIMARY outcome
Timeframe: up to 45 minutesPopulation: Participants who completed the study.
Participant rated on 9-point bipolar scale an ad's portrayal of WTS. The five attributes that tapped cognitions were: safe/unsafe, healthy/unhealthy, useful/useless, harmful/beneficial, and wise/foolish. The five attributes that captured affect were: pleasant/unpleasant, nice/nasty, enjoyable/not enjoyable, satisfying/unsatisfying, gratifying/revolting. Reported as a composite score created by averaging the items. The mean scores could range from 1 to 7 where a higher mean score reflects a more negative attitude towards WTS.
Outcome measures
| Measure |
Social Allure Ads Only
n=300 Participants
Behavioral: Ads Only Participants will view 2 ads without replacement.
|
Social Allure Ads With Text-only Health Warning Labels (HWLs)
n=602 Participants
Behavioral: Ads with text-only health warning labels (HWLs) Participants will view HWLs in one of four domains: long- and short-term health events, toxicants, and addiction; participants viewed two HWLs within each domain - there were two HWLs per domain. The text HWLs were placed randomly on two ads out of the possible four social allure ad themes without replacement. Thus, participants viewed two HWLs within the same domain, with each warning being placed on a different social allure ad.
|
Social Allure Ads With Text + Graphic Health Warning Labels (HWLs)
n=598 Participants
Behavioral: Ads with text + graphic health warning labels (HWLs) Participants will view HWLs in one of four domains: long- and short-term health events, toxicants, and addiction; participants viewed two HWLs within each domain - there were two HWLs per domain. The text + graphic HWLs were placed randomly on two ads out of the possible four social allure ad themes without replacement. Thus, participants viewed two HWLs within the same domain, with each warning being placed on a different social allure ad.
|
Product Ads Only
n=201 Participants
Behavioral: Ads Only Participants will view 2 ads without replacement. Behavioral: Ads with text-only health warning labels (HWLs) Participants will view HWLs in one of four domains: long- and short-term health events, toxicants, and addiction; participants viewed two HWLs within each domain - there were two HWLs per domain. The text HWLs were placed randomly on two ads out of the possible four product ad themes without replacement. Thus, participants viewed two HWLs within the same domain, with each warning being placed on a different product ad.
Behavioral: Ads with text + graphic health warning labels (HWLs) Participants will view HWLs in one of four domains: long- and short-term health events, toxicants, and addiction; participants viewed two HWLs within each domain - there were two HWLs per domain. The text + graphic HWLs were placed randomly on two ads out of the possible four product ad themes without replacement. Thus, participants viewed two HWLs within the same domain, with each warning being placed on a different product ad.
|
Product Ads With Text-only Health Warning Labels (HWLs)
n=402 Participants
Behavioral: Ads with text-only health warning labels (HWLs) Participants will view HWLs in one of four domains: long- and short-term health events, toxicants, and addiction; participants viewed two HWLs within each domain - there were two HWLs per domain. The text HWLs were placed randomly on two ads out of the possible four product ad themes without replacement. Thus, participants viewed two HWLs within the same domain, with each warning being placed on a different product ad.
|
Product Ads With Text + Graphic Health Warning Labels (HWLs)
n=401 Participants
Behavioral: Ads with text + graphic health warning labels (HWLs) Participants will view HWLs in one of four domains: long- and short-term health events, toxicants, and addiction; participants viewed two HWLs within each domain - there were two HWLs per domain. The text + graphic HWLs were placed randomly on two ads out of the possible four product ad themes without replacement. Thus, participants viewed two HWLs within the same domain, with each warning being placed on a different product ad.
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Attitudes Toward Waterpipe Tobacco Smoking (WTS) as Measured by Questionnaire
|
3.79 score on a scale
Standard Error 0.08
|
4.59 score on a scale
Standard Error 0.06
|
4.84 score on a scale
Standard Error 0.06
|
3.87 score on a scale
Standard Error 0.10
|
4.88 score on a scale
Standard Error 0.07
|
5.31 score on a scale
Standard Error 0.07
|
PRIMARY outcome
Timeframe: up to 45 minutesPopulation: Participants who completed the study.
Two items from the University of North Carolina (UNC) short reactance scale were asked from 1=strongly disagree to 7=strongly agree: "This ad is trying to manipulate me", and "This ad annoys me." Reported as a composite score created by averaging the items. Mean scores can range from 1 to 7. A higher mean score reflect higher reactance, meaning that participants felt more reactance (e.g., felt their freedoms were being taken away).
Outcome measures
| Measure |
Social Allure Ads Only
n=300 Participants
Behavioral: Ads Only Participants will view 2 ads without replacement.
|
Social Allure Ads With Text-only Health Warning Labels (HWLs)
n=602 Participants
Behavioral: Ads with text-only health warning labels (HWLs) Participants will view HWLs in one of four domains: long- and short-term health events, toxicants, and addiction; participants viewed two HWLs within each domain - there were two HWLs per domain. The text HWLs were placed randomly on two ads out of the possible four social allure ad themes without replacement. Thus, participants viewed two HWLs within the same domain, with each warning being placed on a different social allure ad.
|
Social Allure Ads With Text + Graphic Health Warning Labels (HWLs)
n=598 Participants
Behavioral: Ads with text + graphic health warning labels (HWLs) Participants will view HWLs in one of four domains: long- and short-term health events, toxicants, and addiction; participants viewed two HWLs within each domain - there were two HWLs per domain. The text + graphic HWLs were placed randomly on two ads out of the possible four social allure ad themes without replacement. Thus, participants viewed two HWLs within the same domain, with each warning being placed on a different social allure ad.
|
Product Ads Only
n=201 Participants
Behavioral: Ads Only Participants will view 2 ads without replacement. Behavioral: Ads with text-only health warning labels (HWLs) Participants will view HWLs in one of four domains: long- and short-term health events, toxicants, and addiction; participants viewed two HWLs within each domain - there were two HWLs per domain. The text HWLs were placed randomly on two ads out of the possible four product ad themes without replacement. Thus, participants viewed two HWLs within the same domain, with each warning being placed on a different product ad.
Behavioral: Ads with text + graphic health warning labels (HWLs) Participants will view HWLs in one of four domains: long- and short-term health events, toxicants, and addiction; participants viewed two HWLs within each domain - there were two HWLs per domain. The text + graphic HWLs were placed randomly on two ads out of the possible four product ad themes without replacement. Thus, participants viewed two HWLs within the same domain, with each warning being placed on a different product ad.
|
Product Ads With Text-only Health Warning Labels (HWLs)
n=402 Participants
Behavioral: Ads with text-only health warning labels (HWLs) Participants will view HWLs in one of four domains: long- and short-term health events, toxicants, and addiction; participants viewed two HWLs within each domain - there were two HWLs per domain. The text HWLs were placed randomly on two ads out of the possible four product ad themes without replacement. Thus, participants viewed two HWLs within the same domain, with each warning being placed on a different product ad.
|
Product Ads With Text + Graphic Health Warning Labels (HWLs)
n=401 Participants
Behavioral: Ads with text + graphic health warning labels (HWLs) Participants will view HWLs in one of four domains: long- and short-term health events, toxicants, and addiction; participants viewed two HWLs within each domain - there were two HWLs per domain. The text + graphic HWLs were placed randomly on two ads out of the possible four product ad themes without replacement. Thus, participants viewed two HWLs within the same domain, with each warning being placed on a different product ad.
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Reactance to Ads
|
3.87 score on a scale
Standard Error 0.08
|
3.99 score on a scale
Standard Error 0.06
|
3.91 score on a scale
Standard Error 0.06
|
3.47 score on a scale
Standard Error 0.10
|
3.79 score on a scale
Standard Error 0.07
|
3.82 score on a scale
Standard Error 0.07
|
PRIMARY outcome
Timeframe: up to 45 minutesPopulation: Participants who completed the study.
Participants used a three-item measure as a gestalt assessment of how well an ad dissuaded WTS. The three items, rated from 1=strongly disagree to 7=strongly agree were: "This ad discourages me from wanting to smoke waterpipe tobacco", "This ad makes me concerned about the health effects of smoking waterpipe tobacco", and "This ad makes smoking waterpipe tobacco seem unpleasant to me". Reported as a composite score created by averaging the items. The mean score could ranged from 1 to 7. A higher mean score reflects that the ad was more effective at dissuading WTS.
Outcome measures
| Measure |
Social Allure Ads Only
n=300 Participants
Behavioral: Ads Only Participants will view 2 ads without replacement.
|
Social Allure Ads With Text-only Health Warning Labels (HWLs)
n=602 Participants
Behavioral: Ads with text-only health warning labels (HWLs) Participants will view HWLs in one of four domains: long- and short-term health events, toxicants, and addiction; participants viewed two HWLs within each domain - there were two HWLs per domain. The text HWLs were placed randomly on two ads out of the possible four social allure ad themes without replacement. Thus, participants viewed two HWLs within the same domain, with each warning being placed on a different social allure ad.
|
Social Allure Ads With Text + Graphic Health Warning Labels (HWLs)
n=598 Participants
Behavioral: Ads with text + graphic health warning labels (HWLs) Participants will view HWLs in one of four domains: long- and short-term health events, toxicants, and addiction; participants viewed two HWLs within each domain - there were two HWLs per domain. The text + graphic HWLs were placed randomly on two ads out of the possible four social allure ad themes without replacement. Thus, participants viewed two HWLs within the same domain, with each warning being placed on a different social allure ad.
|
Product Ads Only
n=201 Participants
Behavioral: Ads Only Participants will view 2 ads without replacement. Behavioral: Ads with text-only health warning labels (HWLs) Participants will view HWLs in one of four domains: long- and short-term health events, toxicants, and addiction; participants viewed two HWLs within each domain - there were two HWLs per domain. The text HWLs were placed randomly on two ads out of the possible four product ad themes without replacement. Thus, participants viewed two HWLs within the same domain, with each warning being placed on a different product ad.
Behavioral: Ads with text + graphic health warning labels (HWLs) Participants will view HWLs in one of four domains: long- and short-term health events, toxicants, and addiction; participants viewed two HWLs within each domain - there were two HWLs per domain. The text + graphic HWLs were placed randomly on two ads out of the possible four product ad themes without replacement. Thus, participants viewed two HWLs within the same domain, with each warning being placed on a different product ad.
|
Product Ads With Text-only Health Warning Labels (HWLs)
n=402 Participants
Behavioral: Ads with text-only health warning labels (HWLs) Participants will view HWLs in one of four domains: long- and short-term health events, toxicants, and addiction; participants viewed two HWLs within each domain - there were two HWLs per domain. The text HWLs were placed randomly on two ads out of the possible four product ad themes without replacement. Thus, participants viewed two HWLs within the same domain, with each warning being placed on a different product ad.
|
Product Ads With Text + Graphic Health Warning Labels (HWLs)
n=401 Participants
Behavioral: Ads with text + graphic health warning labels (HWLs) Participants will view HWLs in one of four domains: long- and short-term health events, toxicants, and addiction; participants viewed two HWLs within each domain - there were two HWLs per domain. The text + graphic HWLs were placed randomly on two ads out of the possible four product ad themes without replacement. Thus, participants viewed two HWLs within the same domain, with each warning being placed on a different product ad.
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|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
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Perceived Effectiveness of Health Warnings
|
2.89 score on a scale
Standard Error 0.09
|
3.88 score on a scale
Standard Error 0.06
|
4.13 score on a scale
Standard Error 0.06
|
3.09 score on a scale
Standard Error 0.11
|
4.15 score on a scale
Standard Error 0.07
|
4.46 score on a scale
Standard Error 0.07
|
PRIMARY outcome
Timeframe: up to 45 minutesPopulation: Participants who completed the study.
Participants were asked, "To what extent did this ad affect your desire to smoke waterpipe tobacco?" from 1=Reduced my desire a lot to 7=Increased my desire a lot. Mean scores could range from 1 to 7. A higher mean score reflects that the ad increased a participant's desire to smoke waterpipe tobacco.
Outcome measures
| Measure |
Social Allure Ads Only
n=300 Participants
Behavioral: Ads Only Participants will view 2 ads without replacement.
|
Social Allure Ads With Text-only Health Warning Labels (HWLs)
n=602 Participants
Behavioral: Ads with text-only health warning labels (HWLs) Participants will view HWLs in one of four domains: long- and short-term health events, toxicants, and addiction; participants viewed two HWLs within each domain - there were two HWLs per domain. The text HWLs were placed randomly on two ads out of the possible four social allure ad themes without replacement. Thus, participants viewed two HWLs within the same domain, with each warning being placed on a different social allure ad.
|
Social Allure Ads With Text + Graphic Health Warning Labels (HWLs)
n=598 Participants
Behavioral: Ads with text + graphic health warning labels (HWLs) Participants will view HWLs in one of four domains: long- and short-term health events, toxicants, and addiction; participants viewed two HWLs within each domain - there were two HWLs per domain. The text + graphic HWLs were placed randomly on two ads out of the possible four social allure ad themes without replacement. Thus, participants viewed two HWLs within the same domain, with each warning being placed on a different social allure ad.
|
Product Ads Only
n=201 Participants
Behavioral: Ads Only Participants will view 2 ads without replacement. Behavioral: Ads with text-only health warning labels (HWLs) Participants will view HWLs in one of four domains: long- and short-term health events, toxicants, and addiction; participants viewed two HWLs within each domain - there were two HWLs per domain. The text HWLs were placed randomly on two ads out of the possible four product ad themes without replacement. Thus, participants viewed two HWLs within the same domain, with each warning being placed on a different product ad.
Behavioral: Ads with text + graphic health warning labels (HWLs) Participants will view HWLs in one of four domains: long- and short-term health events, toxicants, and addiction; participants viewed two HWLs within each domain - there were two HWLs per domain. The text + graphic HWLs were placed randomly on two ads out of the possible four product ad themes without replacement. Thus, participants viewed two HWLs within the same domain, with each warning being placed on a different product ad.
|
Product Ads With Text-only Health Warning Labels (HWLs)
n=402 Participants
Behavioral: Ads with text-only health warning labels (HWLs) Participants will view HWLs in one of four domains: long- and short-term health events, toxicants, and addiction; participants viewed two HWLs within each domain - there were two HWLs per domain. The text HWLs were placed randomly on two ads out of the possible four product ad themes without replacement. Thus, participants viewed two HWLs within the same domain, with each warning being placed on a different product ad.
|
Product Ads With Text + Graphic Health Warning Labels (HWLs)
n=401 Participants
Behavioral: Ads with text + graphic health warning labels (HWLs) Participants will view HWLs in one of four domains: long- and short-term health events, toxicants, and addiction; participants viewed two HWLs within each domain - there were two HWLs per domain. The text + graphic HWLs were placed randomly on two ads out of the possible four product ad themes without replacement. Thus, participants viewed two HWLs within the same domain, with each warning being placed on a different product ad.
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|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Ad Effect on Desire to Smoke
|
4.37 score on a scale
Standard Error 0.08
|
4.07 score on a scale
Standard Error 0.06
|
3.89 score on a scale
Standard Error 0.06
|
4.70 score on a scale
Standard Error 0.10
|
4.03 score on a scale
Standard Error 0.07
|
3.79 score on a scale
Standard Error 0.07
|
PRIMARY outcome
Timeframe: up to 45 minutesPopulation: Only applicable to social allure ad participants who completed the study.
Participants who completed the social allure study were asked, "If the activities in the ad were to take place in a location near you, how likely are you to participate in those activities?". Response options were: 1=No chance, 2=Very unlikely, 3=Unlikely, 4=Moderately likely, 5=Likely, 6=Very Likely, and 7=Certain to happen. Mean scores could range from 1 to 7. A higher mean score reflects a higher probability that the participant would participate in the event depicted in the ad.
Outcome measures
| Measure |
Social Allure Ads Only
n=300 Participants
Behavioral: Ads Only Participants will view 2 ads without replacement.
|
Social Allure Ads With Text-only Health Warning Labels (HWLs)
n=602 Participants
Behavioral: Ads with text-only health warning labels (HWLs) Participants will view HWLs in one of four domains: long- and short-term health events, toxicants, and addiction; participants viewed two HWLs within each domain - there were two HWLs per domain. The text HWLs were placed randomly on two ads out of the possible four social allure ad themes without replacement. Thus, participants viewed two HWLs within the same domain, with each warning being placed on a different social allure ad.
|
Social Allure Ads With Text + Graphic Health Warning Labels (HWLs)
n=598 Participants
Behavioral: Ads with text + graphic health warning labels (HWLs) Participants will view HWLs in one of four domains: long- and short-term health events, toxicants, and addiction; participants viewed two HWLs within each domain - there were two HWLs per domain. The text + graphic HWLs were placed randomly on two ads out of the possible four social allure ad themes without replacement. Thus, participants viewed two HWLs within the same domain, with each warning being placed on a different social allure ad.
|
Product Ads Only
Behavioral: Ads Only Participants will view 2 ads without replacement. Behavioral: Ads with text-only health warning labels (HWLs) Participants will view HWLs in one of four domains: long- and short-term health events, toxicants, and addiction; participants viewed two HWLs within each domain - there were two HWLs per domain. The text HWLs were placed randomly on two ads out of the possible four product ad themes without replacement. Thus, participants viewed two HWLs within the same domain, with each warning being placed on a different product ad.
Behavioral: Ads with text + graphic health warning labels (HWLs) Participants will view HWLs in one of four domains: long- and short-term health events, toxicants, and addiction; participants viewed two HWLs within each domain - there were two HWLs per domain. The text + graphic HWLs were placed randomly on two ads out of the possible four product ad themes without replacement. Thus, participants viewed two HWLs within the same domain, with each warning being placed on a different product ad.
|
Product Ads With Text-only Health Warning Labels (HWLs)
Behavioral: Ads with text-only health warning labels (HWLs) Participants will view HWLs in one of four domains: long- and short-term health events, toxicants, and addiction; participants viewed two HWLs within each domain - there were two HWLs per domain. The text HWLs were placed randomly on two ads out of the possible four product ad themes without replacement. Thus, participants viewed two HWLs within the same domain, with each warning being placed on a different product ad.
|
Product Ads With Text + Graphic Health Warning Labels (HWLs)
Behavioral: Ads with text + graphic health warning labels (HWLs) Participants will view HWLs in one of four domains: long- and short-term health events, toxicants, and addiction; participants viewed two HWLs within each domain - there were two HWLs per domain. The text + graphic HWLs were placed randomly on two ads out of the possible four product ad themes without replacement. Thus, participants viewed two HWLs within the same domain, with each warning being placed on a different product ad.
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Ad Effect on Event Participation
|
3.58 score on a scale
Standard Error 0.09
|
3.52 score on a scale
Standard Error 0.06
|
3.43 score on a scale
Standard Error 0.06
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
PRIMARY outcome
Timeframe: up to 45 minutesPopulation: Only applicable to product ad participants who completed the study.
Participants who completed the social allure study were asked, "How likely are you to buy the product in the ad?". Response options were: 1=No chance, 2=Very unlikely, 3=Unlikely, 4=Moderately likely, 5=Likely, 6=Very Likely, and 7=Certain to happen. Means scores could range from 1 to 7. A higher mean score reflects that the study participant would have a higher probability of purchasing the product depicted in the ad.
Outcome measures
| Measure |
Social Allure Ads Only
Behavioral: Ads Only Participants will view 2 ads without replacement.
|
Social Allure Ads With Text-only Health Warning Labels (HWLs)
Behavioral: Ads with text-only health warning labels (HWLs) Participants will view HWLs in one of four domains: long- and short-term health events, toxicants, and addiction; participants viewed two HWLs within each domain - there were two HWLs per domain. The text HWLs were placed randomly on two ads out of the possible four social allure ad themes without replacement. Thus, participants viewed two HWLs within the same domain, with each warning being placed on a different social allure ad.
|
Social Allure Ads With Text + Graphic Health Warning Labels (HWLs)
Behavioral: Ads with text + graphic health warning labels (HWLs) Participants will view HWLs in one of four domains: long- and short-term health events, toxicants, and addiction; participants viewed two HWLs within each domain - there were two HWLs per domain. The text + graphic HWLs were placed randomly on two ads out of the possible four social allure ad themes without replacement. Thus, participants viewed two HWLs within the same domain, with each warning being placed on a different social allure ad.
|
Product Ads Only
n=201 Participants
Behavioral: Ads Only Participants will view 2 ads without replacement. Behavioral: Ads with text-only health warning labels (HWLs) Participants will view HWLs in one of four domains: long- and short-term health events, toxicants, and addiction; participants viewed two HWLs within each domain - there were two HWLs per domain. The text HWLs were placed randomly on two ads out of the possible four product ad themes without replacement. Thus, participants viewed two HWLs within the same domain, with each warning being placed on a different product ad.
Behavioral: Ads with text + graphic health warning labels (HWLs) Participants will view HWLs in one of four domains: long- and short-term health events, toxicants, and addiction; participants viewed two HWLs within each domain - there were two HWLs per domain. The text + graphic HWLs were placed randomly on two ads out of the possible four product ad themes without replacement. Thus, participants viewed two HWLs within the same domain, with each warning being placed on a different product ad.
|
Product Ads With Text-only Health Warning Labels (HWLs)
n=402 Participants
Behavioral: Ads with text-only health warning labels (HWLs) Participants will view HWLs in one of four domains: long- and short-term health events, toxicants, and addiction; participants viewed two HWLs within each domain - there were two HWLs per domain. The text HWLs were placed randomly on two ads out of the possible four product ad themes without replacement. Thus, participants viewed two HWLs within the same domain, with each warning being placed on a different product ad.
|
Product Ads With Text + Graphic Health Warning Labels (HWLs)
n=401 Participants
Behavioral: Ads with text + graphic health warning labels (HWLs) Participants will view HWLs in one of four domains: long- and short-term health events, toxicants, and addiction; participants viewed two HWLs within each domain - there were two HWLs per domain. The text + graphic HWLs were placed randomly on two ads out of the possible four product ad themes without replacement. Thus, participants viewed two HWLs within the same domain, with each warning being placed on a different product ad.
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Ad Effect on Product Purchase
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
4.04 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.13
|
3.51 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.09
|
3.38 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.09
|
SECONDARY outcome
Timeframe: up to 45 minutesPopulation: Participants who completed the study.
Participants responded to three questions tapping perceived personal risk, "What do you think is your chance of getting a serious smoking-related disease in your lifetime, such as cancer, lung disease or heart disease, if you do not quit waterpipe tobacco smoking?" (1=No chance to 7=Certain to happen), "How worried are you about getting a serious smoking-related disease in your lifetime, such as cancer, lung disease, or heart disease, if you do not quit waterpipe tobacco smoking?" (1=Not at all worried to 7=Extremely worried, and "Your 'gut feeling' tells you that you are hurting your health when you smoke waterpipe tobacco?" (1=Strongly disagree to 7=Strongly agree). Reported as a composite score created by averaging the items. Mean scores could range from 1 to 7. A higher mean score reflects a higher overall belief that one is at higher risk for the negative health effects of smoking waterpipe tobacco.
Outcome measures
| Measure |
Social Allure Ads Only
n=300 Participants
Behavioral: Ads Only Participants will view 2 ads without replacement.
|
Social Allure Ads With Text-only Health Warning Labels (HWLs)
n=602 Participants
Behavioral: Ads with text-only health warning labels (HWLs) Participants will view HWLs in one of four domains: long- and short-term health events, toxicants, and addiction; participants viewed two HWLs within each domain - there were two HWLs per domain. The text HWLs were placed randomly on two ads out of the possible four social allure ad themes without replacement. Thus, participants viewed two HWLs within the same domain, with each warning being placed on a different social allure ad.
|
Social Allure Ads With Text + Graphic Health Warning Labels (HWLs)
n=598 Participants
Behavioral: Ads with text + graphic health warning labels (HWLs) Participants will view HWLs in one of four domains: long- and short-term health events, toxicants, and addiction; participants viewed two HWLs within each domain - there were two HWLs per domain. The text + graphic HWLs were placed randomly on two ads out of the possible four social allure ad themes without replacement. Thus, participants viewed two HWLs within the same domain, with each warning being placed on a different social allure ad.
|
Product Ads Only
n=201 Participants
Behavioral: Ads Only Participants will view 2 ads without replacement. Behavioral: Ads with text-only health warning labels (HWLs) Participants will view HWLs in one of four domains: long- and short-term health events, toxicants, and addiction; participants viewed two HWLs within each domain - there were two HWLs per domain. The text HWLs were placed randomly on two ads out of the possible four product ad themes without replacement. Thus, participants viewed two HWLs within the same domain, with each warning being placed on a different product ad.
Behavioral: Ads with text + graphic health warning labels (HWLs) Participants will view HWLs in one of four domains: long- and short-term health events, toxicants, and addiction; participants viewed two HWLs within each domain - there were two HWLs per domain. The text + graphic HWLs were placed randomly on two ads out of the possible four product ad themes without replacement. Thus, participants viewed two HWLs within the same domain, with each warning being placed on a different product ad.
|
Product Ads With Text-only Health Warning Labels (HWLs)
n=402 Participants
Behavioral: Ads with text-only health warning labels (HWLs) Participants will view HWLs in one of four domains: long- and short-term health events, toxicants, and addiction; participants viewed two HWLs within each domain - there were two HWLs per domain. The text HWLs were placed randomly on two ads out of the possible four product ad themes without replacement. Thus, participants viewed two HWLs within the same domain, with each warning being placed on a different product ad.
|
Product Ads With Text + Graphic Health Warning Labels (HWLs)
n=401 Participants
Behavioral: Ads with text + graphic health warning labels (HWLs) Participants will view HWLs in one of four domains: long- and short-term health events, toxicants, and addiction; participants viewed two HWLs within each domain - there were two HWLs per domain. The text + graphic HWLs were placed randomly on two ads out of the possible four product ad themes without replacement. Thus, participants viewed two HWLs within the same domain, with each warning being placed on a different product ad.
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Perceived Risk as Measured by Questionnaire
|
4.71 score on a scale
Standard Error 0.07
|
4.93 score on a scale
Standard Error 0.05
|
5.03 score on a scale
Standard Error 0.05
|
4.73 score on a scale
Standard Error 0.10
|
4.98 score on a scale
Standard Error 0.07
|
4.90 score on a scale
Standard Error 0.07
|
SECONDARY outcome
Timeframe: up to 45 minutesPopulation: Participants who completed the study.
Four 7-point bipolar scales tapped views on WTS: negative/positive, dislike/like, bad/good, undesirable/desirable. Reported as a composite score created by averaging the items. The mean scores range from 1 to 7. A higher mean score reflect a more positive overall attitudes towards smoking waterpipe tobacco.
Outcome measures
| Measure |
Social Allure Ads Only
n=300 Participants
Behavioral: Ads Only Participants will view 2 ads without replacement.
|
Social Allure Ads With Text-only Health Warning Labels (HWLs)
n=602 Participants
Behavioral: Ads with text-only health warning labels (HWLs) Participants will view HWLs in one of four domains: long- and short-term health events, toxicants, and addiction; participants viewed two HWLs within each domain - there were two HWLs per domain. The text HWLs were placed randomly on two ads out of the possible four social allure ad themes without replacement. Thus, participants viewed two HWLs within the same domain, with each warning being placed on a different social allure ad.
|
Social Allure Ads With Text + Graphic Health Warning Labels (HWLs)
n=598 Participants
Behavioral: Ads with text + graphic health warning labels (HWLs) Participants will view HWLs in one of four domains: long- and short-term health events, toxicants, and addiction; participants viewed two HWLs within each domain - there were two HWLs per domain. The text + graphic HWLs were placed randomly on two ads out of the possible four social allure ad themes without replacement. Thus, participants viewed two HWLs within the same domain, with each warning being placed on a different social allure ad.
|
Product Ads Only
n=201 Participants
Behavioral: Ads Only Participants will view 2 ads without replacement. Behavioral: Ads with text-only health warning labels (HWLs) Participants will view HWLs in one of four domains: long- and short-term health events, toxicants, and addiction; participants viewed two HWLs within each domain - there were two HWLs per domain. The text HWLs were placed randomly on two ads out of the possible four product ad themes without replacement. Thus, participants viewed two HWLs within the same domain, with each warning being placed on a different product ad.
Behavioral: Ads with text + graphic health warning labels (HWLs) Participants will view HWLs in one of four domains: long- and short-term health events, toxicants, and addiction; participants viewed two HWLs within each domain - there were two HWLs per domain. The text + graphic HWLs were placed randomly on two ads out of the possible four product ad themes without replacement. Thus, participants viewed two HWLs within the same domain, with each warning being placed on a different product ad.
|
Product Ads With Text-only Health Warning Labels (HWLs)
n=402 Participants
Behavioral: Ads with text-only health warning labels (HWLs) Participants will view HWLs in one of four domains: long- and short-term health events, toxicants, and addiction; participants viewed two HWLs within each domain - there were two HWLs per domain. The text HWLs were placed randomly on two ads out of the possible four product ad themes without replacement. Thus, participants viewed two HWLs within the same domain, with each warning being placed on a different product ad.
|
Product Ads With Text + Graphic Health Warning Labels (HWLs)
n=401 Participants
Behavioral: Ads with text + graphic health warning labels (HWLs) Participants will view HWLs in one of four domains: long- and short-term health events, toxicants, and addiction; participants viewed two HWLs within each domain - there were two HWLs per domain. The text + graphic HWLs were placed randomly on two ads out of the possible four product ad themes without replacement. Thus, participants viewed two HWLs within the same domain, with each warning being placed on a different product ad.
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Global Attitude on Waterpipe Tobacco Smoking (WTS)
|
4.14 score on a scale
Standard Error 0.10
|
3.83 score on a scale
Standard Error 0.07
|
3.61 score on a scale
Standard Error 0.07
|
4.39 score on a scale
Standard Error 0.12
|
3.85 score on a scale
Standard Error 0.08
|
3.79 score on a scale
Standard Error 0.09
|
SECONDARY outcome
Timeframe: up to 45 minutesPopulation: Participants who completed the study.
Assessed from 1=Not at all strong to 7=Extremely strong by, "How strong is your urge to smoke waterpipe tobacco right now?" Mean scores range from 1 to 7. A higher mean score reflects the participant had a stronger urge to smoke waterpipe tobacco.
Outcome measures
| Measure |
Social Allure Ads Only
n=300 Participants
Behavioral: Ads Only Participants will view 2 ads without replacement.
|
Social Allure Ads With Text-only Health Warning Labels (HWLs)
n=602 Participants
Behavioral: Ads with text-only health warning labels (HWLs) Participants will view HWLs in one of four domains: long- and short-term health events, toxicants, and addiction; participants viewed two HWLs within each domain - there were two HWLs per domain. The text HWLs were placed randomly on two ads out of the possible four social allure ad themes without replacement. Thus, participants viewed two HWLs within the same domain, with each warning being placed on a different social allure ad.
|
Social Allure Ads With Text + Graphic Health Warning Labels (HWLs)
n=598 Participants
Behavioral: Ads with text + graphic health warning labels (HWLs) Participants will view HWLs in one of four domains: long- and short-term health events, toxicants, and addiction; participants viewed two HWLs within each domain - there were two HWLs per domain. The text + graphic HWLs were placed randomly on two ads out of the possible four social allure ad themes without replacement. Thus, participants viewed two HWLs within the same domain, with each warning being placed on a different social allure ad.
|
Product Ads Only
n=201 Participants
Behavioral: Ads Only Participants will view 2 ads without replacement. Behavioral: Ads with text-only health warning labels (HWLs) Participants will view HWLs in one of four domains: long- and short-term health events, toxicants, and addiction; participants viewed two HWLs within each domain - there were two HWLs per domain. The text HWLs were placed randomly on two ads out of the possible four product ad themes without replacement. Thus, participants viewed two HWLs within the same domain, with each warning being placed on a different product ad.
Behavioral: Ads with text + graphic health warning labels (HWLs) Participants will view HWLs in one of four domains: long- and short-term health events, toxicants, and addiction; participants viewed two HWLs within each domain - there were two HWLs per domain. The text + graphic HWLs were placed randomly on two ads out of the possible four product ad themes without replacement. Thus, participants viewed two HWLs within the same domain, with each warning being placed on a different product ad.
|
Product Ads With Text-only Health Warning Labels (HWLs)
n=402 Participants
Behavioral: Ads with text-only health warning labels (HWLs) Participants will view HWLs in one of four domains: long- and short-term health events, toxicants, and addiction; participants viewed two HWLs within each domain - there were two HWLs per domain. The text HWLs were placed randomly on two ads out of the possible four product ad themes without replacement. Thus, participants viewed two HWLs within the same domain, with each warning being placed on a different product ad.
|
Product Ads With Text + Graphic Health Warning Labels (HWLs)
n=401 Participants
Behavioral: Ads with text + graphic health warning labels (HWLs) Participants will view HWLs in one of four domains: long- and short-term health events, toxicants, and addiction; participants viewed two HWLs within each domain - there were two HWLs per domain. The text + graphic HWLs were placed randomly on two ads out of the possible four product ad themes without replacement. Thus, participants viewed two HWLs within the same domain, with each warning being placed on a different product ad.
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Urge to Smoke
|
3.34 score on a scale
Standard Error 0.12
|
3.28 score on a scale
Standard Error 0.08
|
3.06 score on a scale
Standard Error 0.08
|
3.82 score on a scale
Standard Error 0.14
|
3.29 score on a scale
Standard Error 0.10
|
3.27 score on a scale
Standard Error 0.10
|
SECONDARY outcome
Timeframe: up to one hourPopulation: This outcome measure required participants meeting in person with a lab researcher. However, due to COVID, where a policy was implemented on campus to not allow in-person visits for research studies, this was not possible. Hence, no data were collected and will not be collected in the future.
Participants were going to be positioned to view several ads, and with an apparatus, track their visual movements.
Outcome measures
Outcome data not reported
Adverse Events
Social Allure Ads Only
Serious events: 0 serious events
Other events: 0 other events
Deaths: 0 deaths
Social Allure Ads With Text-only Health Warning Labels (HWLs)
Serious events: 0 serious events
Other events: 0 other events
Deaths: 0 deaths
Social Allure Ads With Text + Graphic Health Warning Labels (HWLs)
Serious events: 0 serious events
Other events: 0 other events
Deaths: 0 deaths
Product Ads Only
Serious events: 0 serious events
Other events: 0 other events
Deaths: 0 deaths
Product Ads With Text-only Health Warning Labels (HWLs)
Serious events: 0 serious events
Other events: 0 other events
Deaths: 0 deaths
Product Ads With Text + Graphic Health Warning Labels (HWLs)
Serious events: 0 serious events
Other events: 0 other events
Deaths: 0 deaths
Serious adverse events
Adverse event data not reported
Other adverse events
Adverse event data not reported
Additional Information
Results disclosure agreements
- Principal investigator is a sponsor employee
- Publication restrictions are in place