Trial Outcomes & Findings for Rivanna Ultrasound for Neuraxial Block (NCT NCT03214640)

Last Updated: 2021-07-28

Results Overview

Time it takes to successfully identify the epidural space (defined by loss of resistance) for the groups of subjects receiving labor neuraxial analgesia; and spinal fluid flow into the hub of spinal needle for the groups of subjects receiving cesarean spinal anesthetic - length of time (in minutes) it takes to get block placed, between palpation and ultrasound groups among patients with labor neuraxial analgesia patients and cesarean spinal anesthetic, respectively and spinal fluid flow with spinal needle - length of time (in seconds) it takes to get block placed, between the 2 groups.

Recruitment status

COMPLETED

Study phase

Target enrollment

128 participants

Primary outcome timeframe

60-225 seconds

Results posted on

2021-07-28

Participant Flow

Participant milestones

Participant milestones
Measure	Palpation With Spinal Block (Group C-P) insertion will be identified by palpation using conventional landmarks (spinous process and iliac crest) for placement of spinal block for cesarean delivery Palpation description:: When the subject is ready for neuraxial procedure, the location for the epidural or spinal needle insertion will be identified with Palpation method. For subjects in group C-P or L-P, the needle insertion site will be the site identified by the Palpation method. After placement of spinal for Cesarean or epidural for labor, the usual standard dose of medication will be administered as in usual manner for patients regardless in this study or not.When the subject is ready for neuraxial procedure, the location for the epidural or spinal needle insertion will be identified by palpation using conventional landmarks (spinous process and iliac crest). Those in group P, the neuraxial block will be performed as in the usual method using the needle insertion site identified with palpation. After placement of neuraxial labor analgesia the usual standard dose of medication will be administered as in usual manner for patients regardless in this study or not. Spinal Block: Spinal anesthetic medications will be utilized in providing surgical block for cesarean delivery as is standard of care	Palpation With Neuraxial Block (Group L-P) the needle insertion site for the neuraxial block will be identified with palpation for labor analgesia Palpation description:: When the subject is ready for neuraxial procedure, the location for the epidural or spinal needle insertion will be identified with Palpation method. For subjects in group C-P or L-P, the needle insertion site will be the site identified by the Palpation method. After placement of spinal for Cesarean or epidural for labor, the usual standard dose of medication will be administered as in usual manner for patients regardless in this study or not.When the subject is ready for neuraxial procedure, the location for the epidural or spinal needle insertion will be identified by palpation using conventional landmarks (spinous process and iliac crest). Those in group P, the neuraxial block will be performed as in the usual method using the needle insertion site identified with palpation. After placement of neuraxial labor analgesia the usual standard dose of medication will be administered as in usual manner for patients regardless in this study or not. Neuraxial Analgesia: Labor analgesia will be provided utilizing the standard medications to provide labor analgesia	Rivanna Accuro Ultrasound Device With Spinal Block (Group C-R) insertion will be identified with Rivanna Accuro U/S device for placement of spinal block for cesarean delivery Rivanna Accuro US Device: When the subject is ready for neuraxial procedure, the location for the epidural or spinal needle insertion will be identified with Rivanna Accuro U/S device. For subjects in group C-R or L-R, the needle insertion site will be the site identified by the Rivanna Accuro U/S device. After placement of spinal for Cesarean or epidural for labor, the usual standard dose of medication will be administered as in usual manner for patients regardless in this study or not. Spinal Block: Spinal anesthetic medications will be utilized in providing surgical block for cesarean delivery as is standard of care	Rivanna Ultrasound Device With Neuraxial Block (Group L-R) insertion will be identified with Rivanna Accuro U/S device for placement of neuraxial block (combined spinal epidural) for labor analgesia Rivanna Accuro US Device: When the subject is ready for neuraxial procedure, the location for the epidural or spinal needle insertion will be identified with Rivanna Accuro U/S device. For subjects in group C-R or L-R, the needle insertion site will be the site identified by the Rivanna Accuro U/S device. After placement of spinal for Cesarean or epidural for labor, the usual standard dose of medication will be administered as in usual manner for patients regardless in this study or not. Neuraxial Analgesia: Labor analgesia will be provided utilizing the standard medications to provide labor analgesia
Overall Study STARTED	31	32	31	34
Overall Study COMPLETED	30	30	30	30
Overall Study NOT COMPLETED	1	2	1	4

Reasons for withdrawal

Reasons for withdrawal
Measure	Palpation With Spinal Block (Group C-P) insertion will be identified by palpation using conventional landmarks (spinous process and iliac crest) for placement of spinal block for cesarean delivery Palpation description:: When the subject is ready for neuraxial procedure, the location for the epidural or spinal needle insertion will be identified with Palpation method. For subjects in group C-P or L-P, the needle insertion site will be the site identified by the Palpation method. After placement of spinal for Cesarean or epidural for labor, the usual standard dose of medication will be administered as in usual manner for patients regardless in this study or not.When the subject is ready for neuraxial procedure, the location for the epidural or spinal needle insertion will be identified by palpation using conventional landmarks (spinous process and iliac crest). Those in group P, the neuraxial block will be performed as in the usual method using the needle insertion site identified with palpation. After placement of neuraxial labor analgesia the usual standard dose of medication will be administered as in usual manner for patients regardless in this study or not. Spinal Block: Spinal anesthetic medications will be utilized in providing surgical block for cesarean delivery as is standard of care	Palpation With Neuraxial Block (Group L-P) the needle insertion site for the neuraxial block will be identified with palpation for labor analgesia Palpation description:: When the subject is ready for neuraxial procedure, the location for the epidural or spinal needle insertion will be identified with Palpation method. For subjects in group C-P or L-P, the needle insertion site will be the site identified by the Palpation method. After placement of spinal for Cesarean or epidural for labor, the usual standard dose of medication will be administered as in usual manner for patients regardless in this study or not.When the subject is ready for neuraxial procedure, the location for the epidural or spinal needle insertion will be identified by palpation using conventional landmarks (spinous process and iliac crest). Those in group P, the neuraxial block will be performed as in the usual method using the needle insertion site identified with palpation. After placement of neuraxial labor analgesia the usual standard dose of medication will be administered as in usual manner for patients regardless in this study or not. Neuraxial Analgesia: Labor analgesia will be provided utilizing the standard medications to provide labor analgesia	Rivanna Accuro Ultrasound Device With Spinal Block (Group C-R) insertion will be identified with Rivanna Accuro U/S device for placement of spinal block for cesarean delivery Rivanna Accuro US Device: When the subject is ready for neuraxial procedure, the location for the epidural or spinal needle insertion will be identified with Rivanna Accuro U/S device. For subjects in group C-R or L-R, the needle insertion site will be the site identified by the Rivanna Accuro U/S device. After placement of spinal for Cesarean or epidural for labor, the usual standard dose of medication will be administered as in usual manner for patients regardless in this study or not. Spinal Block: Spinal anesthetic medications will be utilized in providing surgical block for cesarean delivery as is standard of care	Rivanna Ultrasound Device With Neuraxial Block (Group L-R) insertion will be identified with Rivanna Accuro U/S device for placement of neuraxial block (combined spinal epidural) for labor analgesia Rivanna Accuro US Device: When the subject is ready for neuraxial procedure, the location for the epidural or spinal needle insertion will be identified with Rivanna Accuro U/S device. For subjects in group C-R or L-R, the needle insertion site will be the site identified by the Rivanna Accuro U/S device. After placement of spinal for Cesarean or epidural for labor, the usual standard dose of medication will be administered as in usual manner for patients regardless in this study or not. Neuraxial Analgesia: Labor analgesia will be provided utilizing the standard medications to provide labor analgesia
Overall Study Protocol Violation	1	2	1	4

Baseline Characteristics

Rivanna Ultrasound for Neuraxial Block

Baseline characteristics by cohort

Baseline characteristics by cohort
Measure	Palpation With Spinal Block (Group C-P) n=30 Participants insertion will be identified by palpation using conventional landmarks (spinous process and iliac crest) for placement of spinal block for cesarean delivery Palpation description:: When the subject is ready for neuraxial procedure, the location for the epidural or spinal needle insertion will be identified with Palpation method. For subjects in group C-P or L-P, the needle insertion site will be the site identified by the Palpation method. After placement of spinal for Cesarean or epidural for labor, the usual standard dose of medication will be administered as in usual manner for patients regardless in this study or not.When the subject is ready for neuraxial procedure, the location for the epidural or spinal needle insertion will be identified by palpation using conventional landmarks (spinous process and iliac crest). Those in group P, the neuraxial block will be performed as in the usual method using the needle insertion site identified with palpation. After placement of neuraxial labor analgesia the usual standard dose of medication will be administered as in usual manner for patients regardless in this study or not. Spinal Block: Spinal anesthetic medications will be utilized in providing surgical block for cesarean delivery as is standard of care	Palpation With Neuraxial Block (Group L-P) n=30 Participants the needle insertion site for the neuraxial block will be identified with palpation for labor analgesia Palpation description:: When the subject is ready for neuraxial procedure, the location for the epidural or spinal needle insertion will be identified with Palpation method. For subjects in group C-P or L-P, the needle insertion site will be the site identified by the Palpation method. After placement of spinal for Cesarean or epidural for labor, the usual standard dose of medication will be administered as in usual manner for patients regardless in this study or not.When the subject is ready for neuraxial procedure, the location for the epidural or spinal needle insertion will be identified by palpation using conventional landmarks (spinous process and iliac crest). Those in group P, the neuraxial block will be performed as in the usual method using the needle insertion site identified with palpation. After placement of neuraxial labor analgesia the usual standard dose of medication will be administered as in usual manner for patients regardless in this study or not. Neuraxial Analgesia: Labor analgesia will be provided utilizing the standard medications to provide labor analgesia	Rivanna Accuro Ultrasound Device With Spinal Block (Group C-R) n=30 Participants insertion will be identified with Rivanna Accuro U/S device for placement of spinal block for cesarean delivery Rivanna Accuro US Device: When the subject is ready for neuraxial procedure, the location for the epidural or spinal needle insertion will be identified with Rivanna Accuro U/S device. For subjects in group C-R or L-R, the needle insertion site will be the site identified by the Rivanna Accuro U/S device. After placement of spinal for Cesarean or epidural for labor, the usual standard dose of medication will be administered as in usual manner for patients regardless in this study or not. Spinal Block: Spinal anesthetic medications will be utilized in providing surgical block for cesarean delivery as is standard of care	Rivanna Ultrasound Device With Neuraxial Block (Group L-R) n=30 Participants insertion will be identified with Rivanna Accuro U/S device for placement of neuraxial block (combined spinal epidural) for labor analgesia Rivanna Accuro US Device: When the subject is ready for neuraxial procedure, the location for the epidural or spinal needle insertion will be identified with Rivanna Accuro U/S device. For subjects in group C-R or L-R, the needle insertion site will be the site identified by the Rivanna Accuro U/S device. After placement of spinal for Cesarean or epidural for labor, the usual standard dose of medication will be administered as in usual manner for patients regardless in this study or not. Neuraxial Analgesia: Labor analgesia will be provided utilizing the standard medications to provide labor analgesia	Total n=120 Participants Total of all reporting groups
Race (NIH/OMB) Black or African American	8 Participants n=5 Participants	7 Participants n=7 Participants	5 Participants n=5 Participants	4 Participants n=4 Participants	24 Participants n=21 Participants
Race (NIH/OMB) White	20 Participants n=5 Participants	22 Participants n=7 Participants	24 Participants n=5 Participants	26 Participants n=4 Participants	92 Participants n=21 Participants
Race (NIH/OMB) More than one race	0 Participants n=5 Participants	0 Participants n=7 Participants	0 Participants n=5 Participants	0 Participants n=4 Participants	0 Participants n=21 Participants
Race (NIH/OMB) Unknown or Not Reported	0 Participants n=5 Participants	0 Participants n=7 Participants	0 Participants n=5 Participants	0 Participants n=4 Participants	0 Participants n=21 Participants
Region of Enrollment United States	30 participants n=5 Participants	30 participants n=7 Participants	30 participants n=5 Participants	30 participants n=4 Participants	120 participants n=21 Participants
Age, Continuous	32.4 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 5.8 • n=5 Participants	27.3 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 5.3 • n=7 Participants	29.8 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 4.8 • n=5 Participants	28.6 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 6.4 • n=4 Participants	29.53 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 5.6 • n=21 Participants
Sex/Gender, Customized Female Subjects	30 Participants n=5 Participants	30 Participants n=7 Participants	30 Participants n=5 Participants	30 Participants n=4 Participants	120 Participants n=21 Participants
Race (NIH/OMB) American Indian or Alaska Native	1 Participants n=5 Participants	0 Participants n=7 Participants	0 Participants n=5 Participants	0 Participants n=4 Participants	1 Participants n=21 Participants
Race (NIH/OMB) Asian	1 Participants n=5 Participants	0 Participants n=7 Participants	1 Participants n=5 Participants	0 Participants n=4 Participants	2 Participants n=21 Participants
Race (NIH/OMB) Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander	0 Participants n=5 Participants	1 Participants n=7 Participants	0 Participants n=5 Participants	0 Participants n=4 Participants	1 Participants n=21 Participants

PRIMARY outcome

Timeframe: 60-225 seconds

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Palpation With Spinal Block (Group C-P) n=30 Participants insertion will be identified by palpation using conventional landmarks (spinous process and iliac crest) for placement of spinal block for cesarean delivery Palpation description:: When the subject is ready for neuraxial procedure, the location for the epidural or spinal needle insertion will be identified with Palpation method. For subjects in group C-P or L-P, the needle insertion site will be the site identified by the Palpation method. After placement of spinal for Cesarean or epidural for labor, the usual standard dose of medication will be administered as in usual manner for patients regardless in this study or not.When the subject is ready for neuraxial procedure, the location for the epidural or spinal needle insertion will be identified by palpation using conventional landmarks (spinous process and iliac crest). Those in group P, the neuraxial block will be performed as in the usual method using the needle insertion site identified with palpation. After placement of neuraxial labor analgesia the usual standard dose of medication will be administered as in usual manner for patients regardless in this study or not. Spinal Block: Spinal anesthetic medications will be utilized in providing surgical block for cesarean delivery as is standard of care	Palpation With Neuraxial Block (Group L-P) n=30 Participants the needle insertion site for the neuraxial block will be identified with palpation for labor analgesia Palpation description:: When the subject is ready for neuraxial procedure, the location for the epidural or spinal needle insertion will be identified with Palpation method. For subjects in group C-P or L-P, the needle insertion site will be the site identified by the Palpation method. After placement of spinal for Cesarean or epidural for labor, the usual standard dose of medication will be administered as in usual manner for patients regardless in this study or not.When the subject is ready for neuraxial procedure, the location for the epidural or spinal needle insertion will be identified by palpation using conventional landmarks (spinous process and iliac crest). Those in group P, the neuraxial block will be performed as in the usual method using the needle insertion site identified with palpation. After placement of neuraxial labor analgesia the usual standard dose of medication will be administered as in usual manner for patients regardless in this study or not. Neuraxial Analgesia: Labor analgesia will be provided utilizing the standard medications to provide labor analgesia	Rivanna Accuro Ultrasound Device With Spinal Block (Group C-R) n=30 Participants insertion will be identified with Rivanna Accuro U/S device for placement of spinal block for cesarean delivery Rivanna Accuro US Device: When the subject is ready for neuraxial procedure, the location for the epidural or spinal needle insertion will be identified with Rivanna Accuro U/S device. For subjects in group C-R or L-R, the needle insertion site will be the site identified by the Rivanna Accuro U/S device. After placement of spinal for Cesarean or epidural for labor, the usual standard dose of medication will be administered as in usual manner for patients regardless in this study or not. Spinal Block: Spinal anesthetic medications will be utilized in providing surgical block for cesarean delivery as is standard of care	Rivanna Ultrasound Device With Neuraxial Block (Group L-R) n=30 Participants insertion will be identified with Rivanna Accuro U/S device for placement of neuraxial block (combined spinal epidural) for labor analgesia Rivanna Accuro US Device: When the subject is ready for neuraxial procedure, the location for the epidural or spinal needle insertion will be identified with Rivanna Accuro U/S device. For subjects in group C-R or L-R, the needle insertion site will be the site identified by the Rivanna Accuro U/S device. After placement of spinal for Cesarean or epidural for labor, the usual standard dose of medication will be administered as in usual manner for patients regardless in this study or not. Neuraxial Analgesia: Labor analgesia will be provided utilizing the standard medications to provide labor analgesia
Time to Success of Neuraxial Block Placement	122 seconds Interval 60.0 to 225.0	111 seconds Interval 72.7 to 211.0	50 seconds Interval 26.0 to 106.0	78.5 seconds Interval 48.7 to 115.5

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: 1 hour

Number of needle Passes before successful placement

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Palpation With Spinal Block (Group C-P) n=30 Participants insertion will be identified by palpation using conventional landmarks (spinous process and iliac crest) for placement of spinal block for cesarean delivery Palpation description:: When the subject is ready for neuraxial procedure, the location for the epidural or spinal needle insertion will be identified with Palpation method. For subjects in group C-P or L-P, the needle insertion site will be the site identified by the Palpation method. After placement of spinal for Cesarean or epidural for labor, the usual standard dose of medication will be administered as in usual manner for patients regardless in this study or not.When the subject is ready for neuraxial procedure, the location for the epidural or spinal needle insertion will be identified by palpation using conventional landmarks (spinous process and iliac crest). Those in group P, the neuraxial block will be performed as in the usual method using the needle insertion site identified with palpation. After placement of neuraxial labor analgesia the usual standard dose of medication will be administered as in usual manner for patients regardless in this study or not. Spinal Block: Spinal anesthetic medications will be utilized in providing surgical block for cesarean delivery as is standard of care	Palpation With Neuraxial Block (Group L-P) n=30 Participants the needle insertion site for the neuraxial block will be identified with palpation for labor analgesia Palpation description:: When the subject is ready for neuraxial procedure, the location for the epidural or spinal needle insertion will be identified with Palpation method. For subjects in group C-P or L-P, the needle insertion site will be the site identified by the Palpation method. After placement of spinal for Cesarean or epidural for labor, the usual standard dose of medication will be administered as in usual manner for patients regardless in this study or not.When the subject is ready for neuraxial procedure, the location for the epidural or spinal needle insertion will be identified by palpation using conventional landmarks (spinous process and iliac crest). Those in group P, the neuraxial block will be performed as in the usual method using the needle insertion site identified with palpation. After placement of neuraxial labor analgesia the usual standard dose of medication will be administered as in usual manner for patients regardless in this study or not. Neuraxial Analgesia: Labor analgesia will be provided utilizing the standard medications to provide labor analgesia	Rivanna Accuro Ultrasound Device With Spinal Block (Group C-R) n=30 Participants insertion will be identified with Rivanna Accuro U/S device for placement of spinal block for cesarean delivery Rivanna Accuro US Device: When the subject is ready for neuraxial procedure, the location for the epidural or spinal needle insertion will be identified with Rivanna Accuro U/S device. For subjects in group C-R or L-R, the needle insertion site will be the site identified by the Rivanna Accuro U/S device. After placement of spinal for Cesarean or epidural for labor, the usual standard dose of medication will be administered as in usual manner for patients regardless in this study or not. Spinal Block: Spinal anesthetic medications will be utilized in providing surgical block for cesarean delivery as is standard of care	Rivanna Ultrasound Device With Neuraxial Block (Group L-R) n=30 Participants insertion will be identified with Rivanna Accuro U/S device for placement of neuraxial block (combined spinal epidural) for labor analgesia Rivanna Accuro US Device: When the subject is ready for neuraxial procedure, the location for the epidural or spinal needle insertion will be identified with Rivanna Accuro U/S device. For subjects in group C-R or L-R, the needle insertion site will be the site identified by the Rivanna Accuro U/S device. After placement of spinal for Cesarean or epidural for labor, the usual standard dose of medication will be administered as in usual manner for patients regardless in this study or not. Neuraxial Analgesia: Labor analgesia will be provided utilizing the standard medications to provide labor analgesia
Total Number of Needle Passes Per Placement	2 number of needle passes needed to succes Interval 1.0 to 4.0	1 number of needle passes needed to succes Interval 1.0 to 2.0	1 number of needle passes needed to succes Interval 1.0 to 2.0	1 number of needle passes needed to succes Interval 1.0 to 1.0

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: 1 hour

Number of times of success (Number of patients) with first (single) attempt needle pass success

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Palpation With Spinal Block (Group C-P) n=30 Participants insertion will be identified by palpation using conventional landmarks (spinous process and iliac crest) for placement of spinal block for cesarean delivery Palpation description:: When the subject is ready for neuraxial procedure, the location for the epidural or spinal needle insertion will be identified with Palpation method. For subjects in group C-P or L-P, the needle insertion site will be the site identified by the Palpation method. After placement of spinal for Cesarean or epidural for labor, the usual standard dose of medication will be administered as in usual manner for patients regardless in this study or not.When the subject is ready for neuraxial procedure, the location for the epidural or spinal needle insertion will be identified by palpation using conventional landmarks (spinous process and iliac crest). Those in group P, the neuraxial block will be performed as in the usual method using the needle insertion site identified with palpation. After placement of neuraxial labor analgesia the usual standard dose of medication will be administered as in usual manner for patients regardless in this study or not. Spinal Block: Spinal anesthetic medications will be utilized in providing surgical block for cesarean delivery as is standard of care	Palpation With Neuraxial Block (Group L-P) n=30 Participants the needle insertion site for the neuraxial block will be identified with palpation for labor analgesia Palpation description:: When the subject is ready for neuraxial procedure, the location for the epidural or spinal needle insertion will be identified with Palpation method. For subjects in group C-P or L-P, the needle insertion site will be the site identified by the Palpation method. After placement of spinal for Cesarean or epidural for labor, the usual standard dose of medication will be administered as in usual manner for patients regardless in this study or not.When the subject is ready for neuraxial procedure, the location for the epidural or spinal needle insertion will be identified by palpation using conventional landmarks (spinous process and iliac crest). Those in group P, the neuraxial block will be performed as in the usual method using the needle insertion site identified with palpation. After placement of neuraxial labor analgesia the usual standard dose of medication will be administered as in usual manner for patients regardless in this study or not. Neuraxial Analgesia: Labor analgesia will be provided utilizing the standard medications to provide labor analgesia	Rivanna Accuro Ultrasound Device With Spinal Block (Group C-R) n=30 Participants insertion will be identified with Rivanna Accuro U/S device for placement of spinal block for cesarean delivery Rivanna Accuro US Device: When the subject is ready for neuraxial procedure, the location for the epidural or spinal needle insertion will be identified with Rivanna Accuro U/S device. For subjects in group C-R or L-R, the needle insertion site will be the site identified by the Rivanna Accuro U/S device. After placement of spinal for Cesarean or epidural for labor, the usual standard dose of medication will be administered as in usual manner for patients regardless in this study or not. Spinal Block: Spinal anesthetic medications will be utilized in providing surgical block for cesarean delivery as is standard of care	Rivanna Ultrasound Device With Neuraxial Block (Group L-R) n=30 Participants insertion will be identified with Rivanna Accuro U/S device for placement of neuraxial block (combined spinal epidural) for labor analgesia Rivanna Accuro US Device: When the subject is ready for neuraxial procedure, the location for the epidural or spinal needle insertion will be identified with Rivanna Accuro U/S device. For subjects in group C-R or L-R, the needle insertion site will be the site identified by the Rivanna Accuro U/S device. After placement of spinal for Cesarean or epidural for labor, the usual standard dose of medication will be administered as in usual manner for patients regardless in this study or not. Neuraxial Analgesia: Labor analgesia will be provided utilizing the standard medications to provide labor analgesia
Needle Passing Success at First Attempt	10 participants	18 participants	18 participants	24 participants

Adverse Events

Palpation With Spinal Block (Group C-P)

Serious events: 0 serious events

Other events: 0 other events

Deaths: 0 deaths

Palpation With Neuraxial Block (Group L-P)

Serious events: 0 serious events

Other events: 0 other events

Deaths: 0 deaths

Rivanna Accuro Ultrasound Device With Spinal Block (Group C-R)

Serious events: 0 serious events

Other events: 0 other events

Deaths: 0 deaths

Rivanna Ultrasound Device With Neuraxial Block (Group L-R)

Serious events: 0 serious events

Other events: 0 other events

Deaths: 0 deaths

Serious adverse events

Adverse event data not reported

Other adverse events

Adverse event data not reported

Additional Information

Peter Pan, MD

Wake Forest Health Science

Phone: 336-716-1228

Email: [email protected]

Results disclosure agreements

Principal investigator is a sponsor employee
Publication restrictions are in place