Trial Outcomes & Findings for Intervention Comparative Effectiveness for Adult Cognitive Training (NCT NCT03141281)

Results Overview

Percent confidence that a given vignette describing fraud is actually an example of fraud, measured at baseline and immediately after 4 weeks of training. Participants were given a vignette describing fraud (which was mixed in with vignettes not describing fraud) and were asked to give their percent confidence that this is actually an example of fraud. Higher confidence indicates higher accuracy when detecting fraud, with a minimum of 0 and a maximum of 100. Measures accuracy in discriminating fraud from non-fraud text-based scenarios (using 3 parallel forms).

Recruitment status

COMPLETED

Study phase

NA

Target enrollment

238 participants

Primary outcome timeframe

Baseline, Immediately after 4-week intervention training

Results posted on

2021-06-07

Participant Flow

8 participants were consented and completed some baseline measures, but removed themselves from the study before they were randomly assigned to a certain condition. Thus, 238 participants agreed to participate in the study, but only 230 participants appear at baseline across conditions.

Participant milestones

Participant milestones
Measure	BrainHQ Participants will be provided with a laptop computer and enrolled in a commercial web-based cognitive training program, BrainHQ, trained on how to access it, and instructed to complete a fixed number of sessions in 20 hours. BrainHQ: BrainHQ	Rise of Nations Participants will be provided with a laptop computer with the Rise of Nations video game, be trained in game play, and instructed to play the game for 20 hours Rise of Nations: Rise of Nations	IADL Training Training in instrumental activities of daily living. Participants will be enrolled in American Association of Retired Persons' web-based driver training course, trained on how to access it, and asked to complete the course, estimated to take approximately 6-8 hours. They will also be provided with web-based access to a finance and fraud avoidance training tutorial, instructed on how to access it, and be asked to complete the course, estimated to take approximately 5-7 hours. The two courses combined are estimated to take about 15 hours. IADL Training: IADL Training	Active Control Participants will be provided with a laptop computer and asked to complete 20 hr of training with Sudoku, crossword puzzles, and word search Active Control: Puzzle solving
Overall Study STARTED	57	59	56	58
Overall Study Post-Test	50	47	50	56
Overall Study COMPLETED	45	38	42	47
Overall Study NOT COMPLETED	12	21	14	11

Reasons for withdrawal

Withdrawal data not reported

Baseline Characteristics

Intervention Comparative Effectiveness for Adult Cognitive Training

Baseline characteristics by cohort

Baseline characteristics by cohort
Measure	BrainHQ n=57 Participants Participants will be provided with a laptop computer and enrolled in a commercial web-based cognitive training program, BrainHQ, trained on how to access it, and instructed to complete a fixed number of sessions in 20 hours. BrainHQ: BrainHQ	Rise of Nations n=59 Participants Participants will be provided with a laptop computer with the Rise of Nations video game, be trained in game play, and instructed to play the game for 20 hours Rise of Nations: Rise of Nations	IADL Training n=56 Participants Participants will be enrolled in AARP's web-based driver training course, trained on how to access it, and asked to complete the course, estimated to take approximately 6-8 hours. They will also be provided with web-based access to a finance and fraud avoidance training tutorial, instructed on how to access it, and be asked to complete the course, estimated to take approximately 5-7 hours. The two courses combined are estimated to take about 15 hours. IADL Training: IADL Training	Active Control n=58 Participants Participants will be provided with a laptop computer and asked to complete 20 hr of training with Sudoku, crossword puzzles, and word search Active Control: Puzzle solving	Total n=230 Participants Total of all reporting groups
Age, Continuous	71.5 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 5.9 • n=5 Participants	71.4 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 5.7 • n=7 Participants	72.4 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 5.5 • n=5 Participants	70.2 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 3.8 • n=4 Participants	71.4 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 5.3 • n=21 Participants
Sex: Female, Male Female	33 Participants n=5 Participants	33 Participants n=7 Participants	36 Participants n=5 Participants	31 Participants n=4 Participants	133 Participants n=21 Participants
Sex: Female, Male Male	24 Participants n=5 Participants	26 Participants n=7 Participants	20 Participants n=5 Participants	27 Participants n=4 Participants	97 Participants n=21 Participants
Race (NIH/OMB) American Indian or Alaska Native	1 Participants n=5 Participants	0 Participants n=7 Participants	0 Participants n=5 Participants	0 Participants n=4 Participants	1 Participants n=21 Participants
Race (NIH/OMB) Asian	1 Participants n=5 Participants	0 Participants n=7 Participants	0 Participants n=5 Participants	0 Participants n=4 Participants	1 Participants n=21 Participants
Race (NIH/OMB) Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander	0 Participants n=5 Participants	0 Participants n=7 Participants	0 Participants n=5 Participants	1 Participants n=4 Participants	1 Participants n=21 Participants
Race (NIH/OMB) Black or African American	5 Participants n=5 Participants	4 Participants n=7 Participants	7 Participants n=5 Participants	10 Participants n=4 Participants	26 Participants n=21 Participants
Race (NIH/OMB) White	40 Participants n=5 Participants	41 Participants n=7 Participants	40 Participants n=5 Participants	44 Participants n=4 Participants	165 Participants n=21 Participants
Race (NIH/OMB) More than one race	1 Participants n=5 Participants	1 Participants n=7 Participants	1 Participants n=5 Participants	1 Participants n=4 Participants	4 Participants n=21 Participants
Race (NIH/OMB) Unknown or Not Reported	9 Participants n=5 Participants	13 Participants n=7 Participants	8 Participants n=5 Participants	2 Participants n=4 Participants	32 Participants n=21 Participants
Region of Enrollment United States	57 participants n=5 Participants	59 participants n=7 Participants	56 participants n=5 Participants	58 participants n=4 Participants	230 participants n=21 Participants

PRIMARY outcome

Timeframe: Baseline, Immediately after 4-week intervention training

Population: Participants were instructed that they could refuse any individual measure, which may influence the participant counts for some measures.

Percent confidence that a given vignette describing fraud is actually an example of fraud, measured at baseline and immediately after 4 weeks of training. Participants were given a vignette describing fraud (which was mixed in with vignettes not describing fraud) and were asked to give their percent confidence that this is actually an example of fraud. Higher confidence indicates higher accuracy when detecting fraud, with a minimum of 0 and a maximum of 100. Measures accuracy in discriminating fraud from non-fraud text-based scenarios (using 3 parallel forms).

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	BrainHQ n=49 Participants Participants will be provided with a laptop computer and enrolled in a commercial web-based cognitive training program, BrainHQ, trained on how to access it, and instructed to complete a fixed number of sessions in 20 hours. BrainHQ: BrainHQ	Rise of Nations n=47 Participants Participants will be provided with a laptop computer with the Rise of Nations video game, be trained in game play, and instructed to play the game for 20 hours Rise of Nations: Rise of Nations	IADL Training n=50 Participants Participants will be enrolled in AARP's web-based driver training course, trained on how to access it, and asked to complete the course, estimated to take approximately 6-8 hours. They will also be provided with web-based access to a finance and fraud avoidance training tutorial, instructed on how to access it, and be asked to complete the course, estimated to take approximately 5-7 hours. The two courses combined are estimated to take about 15 hours. IADL Training: IADL Training	Active Control n=56 Participants Participants will be provided with a laptop computer and asked to complete 20 hr of training with Sudoku, crossword puzzles, and word search Active Control: Puzzle solving
Fraud Detection Post Training Baseline	90.42 % confidence fraudulent item is fraud Standard Deviation 9.03	85.84 % confidence fraudulent item is fraud Standard Deviation 18.33	84.88 % confidence fraudulent item is fraud Standard Deviation 12.31	84.32 % confidence fraudulent item is fraud Standard Deviation 16.95
Fraud Detection Post Training Post Training	85.91 % confidence fraudulent item is fraud Standard Deviation 13.76	86.34 % confidence fraudulent item is fraud Standard Deviation 10.91	85.88 % confidence fraudulent item is fraud Standard Deviation 19.37	83.84 % confidence fraudulent item is fraud Standard Deviation 14.86

PRIMARY outcome

Timeframe: Baseline, Immediately after 4-week intervention training

Population: Participants were instructed that they could refuse any individual measure, which may influence the participant counts for some measures. This was particularly pronounced for driving simulator measures because of discomfort and simulator sickness.

Driving simulator (scenarios including hazards) measures of speed, maximum brake compression, and lane position, at baseline and immediately after 4 weeks of training. These measures provide an estimate of accuracy in driving scenarios that involve hazards in the DriveSafety simulator (using 3 parallel forms). All measures were transformed into Z scores and averaged in order to create a measure of overall driving performance, where higher scores represent more dangerous (worse) driving performance.

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	BrainHQ n=31 Participants Participants will be provided with a laptop computer and enrolled in a commercial web-based cognitive training program, BrainHQ, trained on how to access it, and instructed to complete a fixed number of sessions in 20 hours. BrainHQ: BrainHQ	Rise of Nations n=25 Participants Participants will be provided with a laptop computer with the Rise of Nations video game, be trained in game play, and instructed to play the game for 20 hours Rise of Nations: Rise of Nations	IADL Training n=28 Participants Participants will be enrolled in AARP's web-based driver training course, trained on how to access it, and asked to complete the course, estimated to take approximately 6-8 hours. They will also be provided with web-based access to a finance and fraud avoidance training tutorial, instructed on how to access it, and be asked to complete the course, estimated to take approximately 5-7 hours. The two courses combined are estimated to take about 15 hours. IADL Training: IADL Training	Active Control n=36 Participants Participants will be provided with a laptop computer and asked to complete 20 hr of training with Sudoku, crossword puzzles, and word search Active Control: Puzzle solving
Driving Simulator Hazard Perception Post Training Composite Driving Post Training	0.09 z-score Standard Deviation 0.43	-0.10 z-score Standard Deviation 1.20	-0.21 z-score Standard Deviation 1.13	0.11 z-score Standard Deviation 0.62
Driving Simulator Hazard Perception Post Training Composite Driving Baseline	-0.06 z-score Standard Deviation 0.41	0.26 z-score Standard Deviation 0.32	0.02 z-score Standard Deviation 0.32	0.12 z-score Standard Deviation 0.38

PRIMARY outcome

Timeframe: Baseline, Immediately after 4-week intervention training

Population: Participants were instructed that they could refuse any individual measure, which may influence the participant counts for some measures.

Self-reported difficulties in completing instrumental activities of daily living, measured at baseline and immediately after 4 weeks of training, with a minimum score of 0 (indicating no difficulty) and a maximum of 3 (indicating severe difficulty). This is a modified short-form version of the Lawton IADL Items, used in the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study (MACS).

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	BrainHQ n=49 Participants Participants will be provided with a laptop computer and enrolled in a commercial web-based cognitive training program, BrainHQ, trained on how to access it, and instructed to complete a fixed number of sessions in 20 hours. BrainHQ: BrainHQ	Rise of Nations n=47 Participants Participants will be provided with a laptop computer with the Rise of Nations video game, be trained in game play, and instructed to play the game for 20 hours Rise of Nations: Rise of Nations	IADL Training n=50 Participants Participants will be enrolled in AARP's web-based driver training course, trained on how to access it, and asked to complete the course, estimated to take approximately 6-8 hours. They will also be provided with web-based access to a finance and fraud avoidance training tutorial, instructed on how to access it, and be asked to complete the course, estimated to take approximately 5-7 hours. The two courses combined are estimated to take about 15 hours. IADL Training: IADL Training	Active Control n=56 Participants Participants will be provided with a laptop computer and asked to complete 20 hr of training with Sudoku, crossword puzzles, and word search Active Control: Puzzle solving
Self-reported Difficulty With Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADLs) Post Training Baseline	0.31 units on a scale Standard Deviation 0.87	0.26 units on a scale Standard Deviation 0.94	0.38 units on a scale Standard Deviation 1.52	0.39 units on a scale Standard Deviation 0.95
Self-reported Difficulty With Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADLs) Post Training Post Training	0.35 units on a scale Standard Deviation 1.03	0.23 units on a scale Standard Deviation 0.89	0.22 units on a scale Standard Deviation 1.42	0.21 units on a scale Standard Deviation 0.73

PRIMARY outcome

Timeframe: Baseline, Immediately after 4-week intervention training

Population: Participants were instructed that they could refuse any individual measure, which may influence the participant counts for some measures.

Scores from Useful Field of View (UFOV) test and Digit Symbol Substitution Test, at baseline and immediately after 4 weeks of training, which each provide a measure of speed of processing. Raw scores were transformed into z scores, UFOV reaction time scores were inverted, then both UFOV and digit symbol scores were averaged in order to create an estimate of overall speed of processing, where higher scores represent better performance.

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	BrainHQ n=49 Participants Participants will be provided with a laptop computer and enrolled in a commercial web-based cognitive training program, BrainHQ, trained on how to access it, and instructed to complete a fixed number of sessions in 20 hours. BrainHQ: BrainHQ	Rise of Nations n=45 Participants Participants will be provided with a laptop computer with the Rise of Nations video game, be trained in game play, and instructed to play the game for 20 hours Rise of Nations: Rise of Nations	IADL Training n=49 Participants Participants will be enrolled in AARP's web-based driver training course, trained on how to access it, and asked to complete the course, estimated to take approximately 6-8 hours. They will also be provided with web-based access to a finance and fraud avoidance training tutorial, instructed on how to access it, and be asked to complete the course, estimated to take approximately 5-7 hours. The two courses combined are estimated to take about 15 hours. IADL Training: IADL Training	Active Control n=56 Participants Participants will be provided with a laptop computer and asked to complete 20 hr of training with Sudoku, crossword puzzles, and word search Active Control: Puzzle solving
Speed of Processing Post Training Speed of Processing Baseline	0.09 z-score Standard Deviation 0.87	0.03 z-score Standard Deviation 0.81	-0.03 z-score Standard Deviation 0.65	0.01 z-score Standard Deviation 0.79
Speed of Processing Post Training Speed of Processing Post Training	0.34 z-score Standard Deviation 0.85	0.16 z-score Standard Deviation 0.80	0.15 z-score Standard Deviation 0.71	0.13 z-score Standard Deviation 0.87

PRIMARY outcome

Timeframe: Immediately after 4-week intervention training

Population: Participants were instructed that they could refuse any individual measure, which may influence the participant counts for some measures.

Test questions based on the American Association of Retired Persons driving course, measured immediately after 4 weeks of training, with a minimum score of 0 and a maximum score of 3. Higher scores indicate more accurate knowledge of driving related information.

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	BrainHQ n=49 Participants Participants will be provided with a laptop computer and enrolled in a commercial web-based cognitive training program, BrainHQ, trained on how to access it, and instructed to complete a fixed number of sessions in 20 hours. BrainHQ: BrainHQ	Rise of Nations n=47 Participants Participants will be provided with a laptop computer with the Rise of Nations video game, be trained in game play, and instructed to play the game for 20 hours Rise of Nations: Rise of Nations	IADL Training n=50 Participants Participants will be enrolled in AARP's web-based driver training course, trained on how to access it, and asked to complete the course, estimated to take approximately 6-8 hours. They will also be provided with web-based access to a finance and fraud avoidance training tutorial, instructed on how to access it, and be asked to complete the course, estimated to take approximately 5-7 hours. The two courses combined are estimated to take about 15 hours. IADL Training: IADL Training	Active Control n=56 Participants Participants will be provided with a laptop computer and asked to complete 20 hr of training with Sudoku, crossword puzzles, and word search Active Control: Puzzle solving
Knowledge About Driving Post Training	1.49 score on a scale Standard Deviation 0.74	1.53 score on a scale Standard Deviation 0.75	2.28 score on a scale Standard Deviation 0.90	1.36 score on a scale Standard Deviation 0.77

PRIMARY outcome

Timeframe: Immediately after 4-week intervention training

Population: Participants were instructed that they could refuse any individual measure, which may influence the participant counts for some measures.

Test questions based on the Finance and Fraud training tutorial, measured immediately after 4 weeks of training, with a minimum score of 0 and a maximum score of 3. Higher scores indicate more accurate knowledge of finance and fraud related information.

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	BrainHQ n=49 Participants Participants will be provided with a laptop computer and enrolled in a commercial web-based cognitive training program, BrainHQ, trained on how to access it, and instructed to complete a fixed number of sessions in 20 hours. BrainHQ: BrainHQ	Rise of Nations n=47 Participants Participants will be provided with a laptop computer with the Rise of Nations video game, be trained in game play, and instructed to play the game for 20 hours Rise of Nations: Rise of Nations	IADL Training n=50 Participants Participants will be enrolled in AARP's web-based driver training course, trained on how to access it, and asked to complete the course, estimated to take approximately 6-8 hours. They will also be provided with web-based access to a finance and fraud avoidance training tutorial, instructed on how to access it, and be asked to complete the course, estimated to take approximately 5-7 hours. The two courses combined are estimated to take about 15 hours. IADL Training: IADL Training	Active Control n=56 Participants Participants will be provided with a laptop computer and asked to complete 20 hr of training with Sudoku, crossword puzzles, and word search Active Control: Puzzle solving
Knowledge About Finances and Fraud Post Training	1.65 score on a scale Standard Deviation 1.01	1.62 score on a scale Standard Deviation 1.01	2.24 score on a scale Standard Deviation 0.77	1.54 score on a scale Standard Deviation 0.95

PRIMARY outcome

Timeframe: Baseline, One-year after 4-week intervention training

Population: Participants were instructed that they could refuse any individual measure, which may influence the participant counts for some measures.

Percent confidence that a given vignette describing fraud is actually an example of fraud, measured at baseline and one year after 4 weeks of training. Participants were given a vignette describing fraud (which was mixed in with vignettes not describing fraud) and were asked to give their percent confidence that this is actually an example of fraud. Higher confidence indicates higher accuracy when detecting fraud, with a minimum of 0 and a maximum of 100. Measures accuracy in discriminating fraud from non-fraud text-based scenarios (using 3 parallel forms).

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	BrainHQ n=45 Participants Participants will be provided with a laptop computer and enrolled in a commercial web-based cognitive training program, BrainHQ, trained on how to access it, and instructed to complete a fixed number of sessions in 20 hours. BrainHQ: BrainHQ	Rise of Nations n=37 Participants Participants will be provided with a laptop computer with the Rise of Nations video game, be trained in game play, and instructed to play the game for 20 hours Rise of Nations: Rise of Nations	IADL Training n=41 Participants Participants will be enrolled in AARP's web-based driver training course, trained on how to access it, and asked to complete the course, estimated to take approximately 6-8 hours. They will also be provided with web-based access to a finance and fraud avoidance training tutorial, instructed on how to access it, and be asked to complete the course, estimated to take approximately 5-7 hours. The two courses combined are estimated to take about 15 hours. IADL Training: IADL Training	Active Control n=47 Participants Participants will be provided with a laptop computer and asked to complete 20 hr of training with Sudoku, crossword puzzles, and word search Active Control: Puzzle solving
Fraud Detection at One Year Follow-up	87.79 % confidence fraudulent item is fraud Standard Deviation 8.95	87.17 % confidence fraudulent item is fraud Standard Deviation 12.87	91.84 % confidence fraudulent item is fraud Standard Deviation 7.62	85.55 % confidence fraudulent item is fraud Standard Deviation 11.56
Fraud Detection at One Year Baseline	90.88 % confidence fraudulent item is fraud Standard Deviation 8.86	87.78 % confidence fraudulent item is fraud Standard Deviation 16.38	86.30 % confidence fraudulent item is fraud Standard Deviation 11.17	84.86 % confidence fraudulent item is fraud Standard Deviation 17.58

PRIMARY outcome

Timeframe: Baseline, One-year after 4-week intervention training

Population: Participants were instructed that they could refuse any individual measure, which may influence the participant counts for some measures. This was particularly pronounced for driving simulator measures because of discomfort and simulator sickness.

Driving simulator (scenarios including hazards) measures of speed, maximum brake compression, and lane position, at baseline and one year after 4 weeks of training. These measures provide an estimate of accuracy in driving scenarios that involve hazards in the DriveSafety simulator (using 3 parallel forms). All measures were transformed into Z scores and averaged in order to create a measure of overall driving performance, where higher scores represent more dangerous (worse) driving performance.

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	BrainHQ n=32 Participants Participants will be provided with a laptop computer and enrolled in a commercial web-based cognitive training program, BrainHQ, trained on how to access it, and instructed to complete a fixed number of sessions in 20 hours. BrainHQ: BrainHQ	Rise of Nations n=22 Participants Participants will be provided with a laptop computer with the Rise of Nations video game, be trained in game play, and instructed to play the game for 20 hours Rise of Nations: Rise of Nations	IADL Training n=21 Participants Participants will be enrolled in AARP's web-based driver training course, trained on how to access it, and asked to complete the course, estimated to take approximately 6-8 hours. They will also be provided with web-based access to a finance and fraud avoidance training tutorial, instructed on how to access it, and be asked to complete the course, estimated to take approximately 5-7 hours. The two courses combined are estimated to take about 15 hours. IADL Training: IADL Training	Active Control n=27 Participants Participants will be provided with a laptop computer and asked to complete 20 hr of training with Sudoku, crossword puzzles, and word search Active Control: Puzzle solving
Driving Simulator Hazard Perception at One Year Composite Driving Baseline	0.02 z-score Standard Deviation 0.44	0.31 z-score Standard Deviation 0.25	-0.06 z-score Standard Deviation 0.28	0.07 z-score Standard Deviation 0.38
Driving Simulator Hazard Perception at One Year Composite Driving Follow-up	0.11 z-score Standard Deviation 0.50	0.34 z-score Standard Deviation 0.32	0.19 z-score Standard Deviation 0.33	0.18 z-score Standard Deviation 0.37

PRIMARY outcome

Timeframe: Baseline, One-year after 4-week intervention training

Population: Participants were instructed that they could refuse any individual measure, which may influence the participant counts for some measures.

Self-reported difficulties in completing instrumental activities of daily living, measured at baseline and one year after 4 weeks of training, with a minimum score of 0 (indicating no difficulty) and a maximum of 3 (indicating severe difficulty).This is a modified short-form version of the Lawton IADL Items, used in the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study (MACS).

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	BrainHQ n=45 Participants Participants will be provided with a laptop computer and enrolled in a commercial web-based cognitive training program, BrainHQ, trained on how to access it, and instructed to complete a fixed number of sessions in 20 hours. BrainHQ: BrainHQ	Rise of Nations n=37 Participants Participants will be provided with a laptop computer with the Rise of Nations video game, be trained in game play, and instructed to play the game for 20 hours Rise of Nations: Rise of Nations	IADL Training n=41 Participants Participants will be enrolled in AARP's web-based driver training course, trained on how to access it, and asked to complete the course, estimated to take approximately 6-8 hours. They will also be provided with web-based access to a finance and fraud avoidance training tutorial, instructed on how to access it, and be asked to complete the course, estimated to take approximately 5-7 hours. The two courses combined are estimated to take about 15 hours. IADL Training: IADL Training	Active Control n=47 Participants Participants will be provided with a laptop computer and asked to complete 20 hr of training with Sudoku, crossword puzzles, and word search Active Control: Puzzle solving
Self-reported Difficulty With Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADLs) at One Year Baseline	0.27 units on a scale Standard Deviation 0.81	0.16 units on a scale Standard Deviation 0.44	0.10 units on a scale Standard Deviation 0.44	0.36 units on a scale Standard Deviation 0.92
Self-reported Difficulty With Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADLs) at One Year Follow-up	0.38 units on a scale Standard Deviation 1.54	0.22 units on a scale Standard Deviation 0.63	0.10 units on a scale Standard Deviation 0.37	0.34 units on a scale Standard Deviation 1.31

PRIMARY outcome

Timeframe: Baseline, One-year after 4-week intervention training

Population: Participants were instructed that they could refuse any individual measure, which may influence the participant counts for some measures. Some participants may also have dropped from the study mid-session during testing, which means they may be counted as a drop out in other analyses.

Scores from Useful Field of View (UFOV) test and Digit Symbol Substitution Test, at baseline and one year after 4 weeks of training, which each provide a measure of speed of processing. Raw scores were transformed into z scores, UFOV reaction time scores were inverted, then UFOV and digit symbol scores were averaged in order to create an estimate of overall speed of processing, where higher scores represent better performance.

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	BrainHQ n=45 Participants Participants will be provided with a laptop computer and enrolled in a commercial web-based cognitive training program, BrainHQ, trained on how to access it, and instructed to complete a fixed number of sessions in 20 hours. BrainHQ: BrainHQ	Rise of Nations n=37 Participants Participants will be provided with a laptop computer with the Rise of Nations video game, be trained in game play, and instructed to play the game for 20 hours Rise of Nations: Rise of Nations	IADL Training n=43 Participants Participants will be enrolled in AARP's web-based driver training course, trained on how to access it, and asked to complete the course, estimated to take approximately 6-8 hours. They will also be provided with web-based access to a finance and fraud avoidance training tutorial, instructed on how to access it, and be asked to complete the course, estimated to take approximately 5-7 hours. The two courses combined are estimated to take about 15 hours. IADL Training: IADL Training	Active Control n=48 Participants Participants will be provided with a laptop computer and asked to complete 20 hr of training with Sudoku, crossword puzzles, and word search Active Control: Puzzle solving
Speed of Processing at One Year Speed of Processing Follow-up	0.22 z-score Standard Deviation 0.89	0.36 z-score Standard Deviation 0.57	0.15 z-score Standard Deviation 0.67	0.19 z-score Standard Deviation 0.74
Speed of Processing at One Year Speed of Processing Baseline	0.10 z-score Standard Deviation 0.89	0.12 z-score Standard Deviation 0.82	0.07 z-score Standard Deviation 0.47	0.01 z-score Standard Deviation 0.81

PRIMARY outcome

Timeframe: One-year after 4-week intervention training

Population: Participants were instructed that they could refuse any individual measure, which may influence the participant counts for some measures.

Test questions based on the American Association of Retired Persons driving course, measured one year after 4 weeks of training, with a minimum score of 0 and a maximum score of 3. Higher scores indicate more accurate knowledge of driving related information.

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	BrainHQ n=45 Participants Participants will be provided with a laptop computer and enrolled in a commercial web-based cognitive training program, BrainHQ, trained on how to access it, and instructed to complete a fixed number of sessions in 20 hours. BrainHQ: BrainHQ	Rise of Nations n=37 Participants Participants will be provided with a laptop computer with the Rise of Nations video game, be trained in game play, and instructed to play the game for 20 hours Rise of Nations: Rise of Nations	IADL Training n=41 Participants Participants will be enrolled in AARP's web-based driver training course, trained on how to access it, and asked to complete the course, estimated to take approximately 6-8 hours. They will also be provided with web-based access to a finance and fraud avoidance training tutorial, instructed on how to access it, and be asked to complete the course, estimated to take approximately 5-7 hours. The two courses combined are estimated to take about 15 hours. IADL Training: IADL Training	Active Control n=47 Participants Participants will be provided with a laptop computer and asked to complete 20 hr of training with Sudoku, crossword puzzles, and word search Active Control: Puzzle solving
Knowledge About Driving at One Year	1.36 score on a scale Standard Deviation 0.83	1.46 score on a scale Standard Deviation 0.77	1.59 score on a scale Standard Deviation 0.84	1.62 score on a scale Standard Deviation 0.74

PRIMARY outcome

Timeframe: One-year after 4-week intervention training

Population: Participants were instructed that they could refuse any individual measure, which may influence the participant counts for some measures.

Test questions based on the Finance and Fraud training tutorial, measured immediately after one year of training, with a minimum score of 0 and a maximum score of 3. Higher scores indicate more accurate knowledge of finance and fraud related information.

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	BrainHQ n=45 Participants Participants will be provided with a laptop computer and enrolled in a commercial web-based cognitive training program, BrainHQ, trained on how to access it, and instructed to complete a fixed number of sessions in 20 hours. BrainHQ: BrainHQ	Rise of Nations n=37 Participants Participants will be provided with a laptop computer with the Rise of Nations video game, be trained in game play, and instructed to play the game for 20 hours Rise of Nations: Rise of Nations	IADL Training n=41 Participants Participants will be enrolled in AARP's web-based driver training course, trained on how to access it, and asked to complete the course, estimated to take approximately 6-8 hours. They will also be provided with web-based access to a finance and fraud avoidance training tutorial, instructed on how to access it, and be asked to complete the course, estimated to take approximately 5-7 hours. The two courses combined are estimated to take about 15 hours. IADL Training: IADL Training	Active Control n=47 Participants Participants will be provided with a laptop computer and asked to complete 20 hr of training with Sudoku, crossword puzzles, and word search Active Control: Puzzle solving
Knowledge About Finances and Fraud at One Year	1.53 score on a scale Standard Deviation 0.89	1.95 score on a scale Standard Deviation 0.88	1.78 score on a scale Standard Deviation 0.88	1.55 score on a scale Standard Deviation 0.95

PRIMARY outcome

Timeframe: Baseline, Immediately after 4-week intervention training

Population: Participants were instructed that they could refuse any individual measure, which may influence the participant counts for some measures. This was particularly pronounced for driving simulator measures because of discomfort and simulator sickness.

Average speed in a driving simulator measured at baseline and immediately after 4 weeks of training. Speed is a continuous measure in miles per hour, with a minimum of 0 and no maximum. Speed may indicate risky driving behavior.

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	BrainHQ n=31 Participants Participants will be provided with a laptop computer and enrolled in a commercial web-based cognitive training program, BrainHQ, trained on how to access it, and instructed to complete a fixed number of sessions in 20 hours. BrainHQ: BrainHQ	Rise of Nations n=25 Participants Participants will be provided with a laptop computer with the Rise of Nations video game, be trained in game play, and instructed to play the game for 20 hours Rise of Nations: Rise of Nations	IADL Training n=28 Participants Participants will be enrolled in AARP's web-based driver training course, trained on how to access it, and asked to complete the course, estimated to take approximately 6-8 hours. They will also be provided with web-based access to a finance and fraud avoidance training tutorial, instructed on how to access it, and be asked to complete the course, estimated to take approximately 5-7 hours. The two courses combined are estimated to take about 15 hours. IADL Training: IADL Training	Active Control n=36 Participants Participants will be provided with a laptop computer and asked to complete 20 hr of training with Sudoku, crossword puzzles, and word search Active Control: Puzzle solving
Driving Simulator Average Speed Post Training Speed Baseline	12.46 Miles Per Hour Standard Deviation 1.87	13.46 Miles Per Hour Standard Deviation 1.38	12.71 Miles Per Hour Standard Deviation 1.63	13.12 Miles Per Hour Standard Deviation 1.47
Driving Simulator Average Speed Post Training Speed Post Training	13.25 Miles Per Hour Standard Deviation 1.75	12.88 Miles Per Hour Standard Deviation 4.01	11.88 Miles Per Hour Standard Deviation 3.90	13.21 Miles Per Hour Standard Deviation 2.46

PRIMARY outcome

Timeframe: Baseline, Immediately after 4-week intervention training

Population: Participants were instructed that they could refuse any individual measure, which may influence the participant counts for some measures. This was particularly pronounced for driving simulator measures because of discomfort and simulator sickness.

Maximum brake compression in a driving simulator measured at baseline and immediately after 4 weeks of training. Maximum brake compression measures the most that the brake pedal was compressed during driving, with a minimum of 0 and a maximum of 1. Maximum brake compression may indicate urgent stopping.

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	BrainHQ n=31 Participants Participants will be provided with a laptop computer and enrolled in a commercial web-based cognitive training program, BrainHQ, trained on how to access it, and instructed to complete a fixed number of sessions in 20 hours. BrainHQ: BrainHQ	Rise of Nations n=25 Participants Participants will be provided with a laptop computer with the Rise of Nations video game, be trained in game play, and instructed to play the game for 20 hours Rise of Nations: Rise of Nations	IADL Training n=28 Participants Participants will be enrolled in AARP's web-based driver training course, trained on how to access it, and asked to complete the course, estimated to take approximately 6-8 hours. They will also be provided with web-based access to a finance and fraud avoidance training tutorial, instructed on how to access it, and be asked to complete the course, estimated to take approximately 5-7 hours. The two courses combined are estimated to take about 15 hours. IADL Training: IADL Training	Active Control n=36 Participants Participants will be provided with a laptop computer and asked to complete 20 hr of training with Sudoku, crossword puzzles, and word search Active Control: Puzzle solving
Driving Simulator Max Brake Compression Post Training Max Brake Baseline	0.98 units on a scale Standard Deviation 0.05	1.00 units on a scale Standard Deviation 0.00	0.99 units on a scale Standard Deviation 0.05	1.00 units on a scale Standard Deviation 0.00
Driving Simulator Max Brake Compression Post Training Max Brake Post Training	0.99 units on a scale Standard Deviation 0.04	0.91 units on a scale Standard Deviation 0.28	0.90 units on a scale Standard Deviation 0.27	0.97 units on a scale Standard Deviation 0.17

PRIMARY outcome

Timeframe: Baseline, Immediately after 4-week intervention training

Population: Participants were instructed that they could refuse any individual measure, which may influence the participant counts for some measures. This was particularly pronounced for driving simulator measures because of discomfort and simulator sickness.

Average lane position in a driving simulator measured at baseline and immediately after 4 weeks of training. Lane position measures the average deviation from the center of a lane while driving (values from -1 to 1), averaged across participants, where 0 represents perfect center, negative scores represent deviation to the left (from 0 to -1), and positive scores represent deviation to the right (from 0 to 1). Lane position indicates vehicle control and safety.

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	BrainHQ n=31 Participants Participants will be provided with a laptop computer and enrolled in a commercial web-based cognitive training program, BrainHQ, trained on how to access it, and instructed to complete a fixed number of sessions in 20 hours. BrainHQ: BrainHQ	Rise of Nations n=25 Participants Participants will be provided with a laptop computer with the Rise of Nations video game, be trained in game play, and instructed to play the game for 20 hours Rise of Nations: Rise of Nations	IADL Training n=28 Participants Participants will be enrolled in AARP's web-based driver training course, trained on how to access it, and asked to complete the course, estimated to take approximately 6-8 hours. They will also be provided with web-based access to a finance and fraud avoidance training tutorial, instructed on how to access it, and be asked to complete the course, estimated to take approximately 5-7 hours. The two courses combined are estimated to take about 15 hours. IADL Training: IADL Training	Active Control n=36 Participants Participants will be provided with a laptop computer and asked to complete 20 hr of training with Sudoku, crossword puzzles, and word search Active Control: Puzzle solving
Driving Simulator Average Lane Position Post Training Lane Position Post Training	-0.41 units on a scale Standard Deviation 0.16	-0.39 units on a scale Standard Deviation 0.13	-0.39 units on a scale Standard Deviation 0.17	-0.37 units on a scale Standard Deviation 0.12
Driving Simulator Average Lane Position Post Training Lane Position Baseline	-0.43 units on a scale Standard Deviation 0.13	-0.35 units on a scale Standard Deviation 0.11	-0.41 units on a scale Standard Deviation 0.12	-0.40 units on a scale Standard Deviation 0.13

PRIMARY outcome

Timeframe: Baseline, One-year after 4-week intervention training

Population: Participants were instructed that they could refuse any individual measure, which may influence the participant counts for some measures. This was particularly pronounced for driving simulator measures because of discomfort and simulator sickness.

Average speed in a driving simulator measured at baseline and one year after 4 weeks of training. Speed is a continuous measure in miles per hour, with a minimum of 0 and no maximum. Speed may indicate risky driving behavior.

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	BrainHQ n=32 Participants Participants will be provided with a laptop computer and enrolled in a commercial web-based cognitive training program, BrainHQ, trained on how to access it, and instructed to complete a fixed number of sessions in 20 hours. BrainHQ: BrainHQ	Rise of Nations n=22 Participants Participants will be provided with a laptop computer with the Rise of Nations video game, be trained in game play, and instructed to play the game for 20 hours Rise of Nations: Rise of Nations	IADL Training n=21 Participants Participants will be enrolled in AARP's web-based driver training course, trained on how to access it, and asked to complete the course, estimated to take approximately 6-8 hours. They will also be provided with web-based access to a finance and fraud avoidance training tutorial, instructed on how to access it, and be asked to complete the course, estimated to take approximately 5-7 hours. The two courses combined are estimated to take about 15 hours. IADL Training: IADL Training	Active Control n=27 Participants Participants will be provided with a laptop computer and asked to complete 20 hr of training with Sudoku, crossword puzzles, and word search Active Control: Puzzle solving
Driving Simulator Average Speed at One Year Speed Baseline	12.71 Miles Per Hour Standard Deviation 1.89	13.76 Miles Per Hour Standard Deviation 1.08	13.04 Miles Per Hour Standard Deviation 1.65	12.96 Miles Per Hour Standard Deviation 1.40
Driving Simulator Average Speed at One Year Speed Follow-up	13.36 Miles Per Hour Standard Deviation 1.54	14.08 Miles Per Hour Standard Deviation 0.97	13.28 Miles Per Hour Standard Deviation 1.15	13.70 Miles Per Hour Standard Deviation 1.46

PRIMARY outcome

Timeframe: Baseline, One-year after 4-week intervention training

Population: Participants were instructed that they could refuse any individual measure, which may influence the participant counts for some measures. This was particularly pronounced for driving simulator measures because of discomfort and simulator sickness.

Maximum brake compression in a driving simulator measured at baseline and one year after 4 weeks of training. Maximum brake compression measures the most that the brake pedal was compressed during driving, with a minimum of 0 and a maximum of 1. Maximum brake compression may indicate urgent stopping.

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	BrainHQ n=32 Participants Participants will be provided with a laptop computer and enrolled in a commercial web-based cognitive training program, BrainHQ, trained on how to access it, and instructed to complete a fixed number of sessions in 20 hours. BrainHQ: BrainHQ	Rise of Nations n=22 Participants Participants will be provided with a laptop computer with the Rise of Nations video game, be trained in game play, and instructed to play the game for 20 hours Rise of Nations: Rise of Nations	IADL Training n=21 Participants Participants will be enrolled in AARP's web-based driver training course, trained on how to access it, and asked to complete the course, estimated to take approximately 6-8 hours. They will also be provided with web-based access to a finance and fraud avoidance training tutorial, instructed on how to access it, and be asked to complete the course, estimated to take approximately 5-7 hours. The two courses combined are estimated to take about 15 hours. IADL Training: IADL Training	Active Control n=27 Participants Participants will be provided with a laptop computer and asked to complete 20 hr of training with Sudoku, crossword puzzles, and word search Active Control: Puzzle solving
Driving Simulator Max Brake Compression at One Year Max Brake Baseline	0.99 units on a scale Standard Deviation 0.04	1.00 units on a scale Standard Deviation 0.00	0.99 units on a scale Standard Deviation 0.06	1.00 units on a scale Standard Deviation 0.00
Driving Simulator Max Brake Compression at One Year Max Brake Follow-up	0.98 units on a scale Standard Deviation 0.06	1.00 units on a scale Standard Deviation 0.00	1.00 units on a scale Standard Deviation 0.00	0.99 units on a scale Standard Deviation 0.04

PRIMARY outcome

Timeframe: Baseline, One-year after 4-week intervention training

Population: Participants were instructed that they could refuse any individual measure, which may influence the participant counts for some measures. This was particularly pronounced for driving simulator measures because of discomfort and simulator sickness.

Average lane position in a driving simulator measured at baseline and one year after 4 weeks of training. Lane position measures the average deviation from the center of a lane while driving (values from -1 to 1), averaged across participants, where 0 represents perfect center, negative scores represent deviation to the left (from 0 to -1), and positive scores represent deviation to the right (from 0 to 1). Lane position indicates vehicle control and safety.

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	BrainHQ n=32 Participants Participants will be provided with a laptop computer and enrolled in a commercial web-based cognitive training program, BrainHQ, trained on how to access it, and instructed to complete a fixed number of sessions in 20 hours. BrainHQ: BrainHQ	Rise of Nations n=22 Participants Participants will be provided with a laptop computer with the Rise of Nations video game, be trained in game play, and instructed to play the game for 20 hours Rise of Nations: Rise of Nations	IADL Training n=21 Participants Participants will be enrolled in AARP's web-based driver training course, trained on how to access it, and asked to complete the course, estimated to take approximately 6-8 hours. They will also be provided with web-based access to a finance and fraud avoidance training tutorial, instructed on how to access it, and be asked to complete the course, estimated to take approximately 5-7 hours. The two courses combined are estimated to take about 15 hours. IADL Training: IADL Training	Active Control n=27 Participants Participants will be provided with a laptop computer and asked to complete 20 hr of training with Sudoku, crossword puzzles, and word search Active Control: Puzzle solving
Driving Simulator Average Lane Position at One Year Lane Position Baseline	-0.41 units on a scale Standard Deviation 0.14	-0.35 units on a scale Standard Deviation 0.11	-0.46 units on a scale Standard Deviation 0.09	-0.41 units on a scale Standard Deviation 0.13
Driving Simulator Average Lane Position at One Year Lane Position Follow-up	-0.40 units on a scale Standard Deviation 0.19	-0.35 units on a scale Standard Deviation 0.14	-0.37 units on a scale Standard Deviation 0.14	-0.39 units on a scale Standard Deviation 0.11

PRIMARY outcome

Timeframe: Baseline, Immediately after 4-week intervention training

Population: Participants were instructed that they could refuse any individual measure, which may influence the participant counts for some measures.

Useful field of view (UFOV) measured at baseline and immediately after 4 weeks of training. UFOV is measured as a response time in milliseconds, with lower times indicating quicker responses.

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	BrainHQ n=49 Participants Participants will be provided with a laptop computer and enrolled in a commercial web-based cognitive training program, BrainHQ, trained on how to access it, and instructed to complete a fixed number of sessions in 20 hours. BrainHQ: BrainHQ	Rise of Nations n=46 Participants Participants will be provided with a laptop computer with the Rise of Nations video game, be trained in game play, and instructed to play the game for 20 hours Rise of Nations: Rise of Nations	IADL Training n=49 Participants Participants will be enrolled in AARP's web-based driver training course, trained on how to access it, and asked to complete the course, estimated to take approximately 6-8 hours. They will also be provided with web-based access to a finance and fraud avoidance training tutorial, instructed on how to access it, and be asked to complete the course, estimated to take approximately 5-7 hours. The two courses combined are estimated to take about 15 hours. IADL Training: IADL Training	Active Control n=56 Participants Participants will be provided with a laptop computer and asked to complete 20 hr of training with Sudoku, crossword puzzles, and word search Active Control: Puzzle solving
Useful Field of View Post Training UFOV Baseline	225.84 Milliseconds Standard Deviation 201.81	229.08 Milliseconds Standard Deviation 242.48	228.55 Milliseconds Standard Deviation 134.75	212.14 Milliseconds Standard Deviation 145.31
Useful Field of View Post Training UFOV Post Training	170.04 Milliseconds Standard Deviation 194.38	217.47 Milliseconds Standard Deviation 192.39	210.87 Milliseconds Standard Deviation 154.27	219.92 Milliseconds Standard Deviation 215.25

PRIMARY outcome

Timeframe: Baseline, Immediately after 4-week intervention training

Population: Participants were instructed that they could refuse any individual measure, which may influence the participant counts for some measures.

The Digit Symbol Substitution Test measured at baseline and immediately after 4 weeks of training. The Digit Symbol Substitution Test is measured through the number of items completed during a 90 second period, where higher scores indicate faster/better performance.

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	BrainHQ n=49 Participants Participants will be provided with a laptop computer and enrolled in a commercial web-based cognitive training program, BrainHQ, trained on how to access it, and instructed to complete a fixed number of sessions in 20 hours. BrainHQ: BrainHQ	Rise of Nations n=47 Participants Participants will be provided with a laptop computer with the Rise of Nations video game, be trained in game play, and instructed to play the game for 20 hours Rise of Nations: Rise of Nations	IADL Training n=50 Participants Participants will be enrolled in AARP's web-based driver training course, trained on how to access it, and asked to complete the course, estimated to take approximately 6-8 hours. They will also be provided with web-based access to a finance and fraud avoidance training tutorial, instructed on how to access it, and be asked to complete the course, estimated to take approximately 5-7 hours. The two courses combined are estimated to take about 15 hours. IADL Training: IADL Training	Active Control n=56 Participants Participants will be provided with a laptop computer and asked to complete 20 hr of training with Sudoku, crossword puzzles, and word search Active Control: Puzzle solving
Digit Symbol Substitution Test Post Training Digit Symbol Baseline	46.45 items completed Standard Deviation 12.49	45.36 items completed Standard Deviation 10.77	44.04 items completed Standard Deviation 10.11	43.71 items completed Standard Deviation 13.22
Digit Symbol Substitution Test Post Training Digit Symbol Post Training	48.90 items completed Standard Deviation 11.87	48.66 items completed Standard Deviation 10.43	46.80 items completed Standard Deviation 12.24	47.07 items completed Standard Deviation 12.79

PRIMARY outcome

Timeframe: Baseline, One-year after 4-week intervention training

Population: Participants were instructed that they could refuse any individual measure, which may influence the participant counts for some measures.

Useful field of view (UFOV) measured at baseline and one year after 4 weeks of training. UFOV is measured as a response time in milliseconds, with lower times indicating quicker responses.

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	BrainHQ n=45 Participants Participants will be provided with a laptop computer and enrolled in a commercial web-based cognitive training program, BrainHQ, trained on how to access it, and instructed to complete a fixed number of sessions in 20 hours. BrainHQ: BrainHQ	Rise of Nations n=37 Participants Participants will be provided with a laptop computer with the Rise of Nations video game, be trained in game play, and instructed to play the game for 20 hours Rise of Nations: Rise of Nations	IADL Training n=43 Participants Participants will be enrolled in AARP's web-based driver training course, trained on how to access it, and asked to complete the course, estimated to take approximately 6-8 hours. They will also be provided with web-based access to a finance and fraud avoidance training tutorial, instructed on how to access it, and be asked to complete the course, estimated to take approximately 5-7 hours. The two courses combined are estimated to take about 15 hours. IADL Training: IADL Training	Active Control n=48 Participants Participants will be provided with a laptop computer and asked to complete 20 hr of training with Sudoku, crossword puzzles, and word search Active Control: Puzzle solving
Useful Field of View at One Year UFOV Follow-up	200.85 Milliseconds Standard Deviation 215.83	158.65 Milliseconds Standard Deviation 68.70	214.71 Milliseconds Standard Deviation 152.89	192.18 Milliseconds Standard Deviation 148.15
Useful Field of View at One Year UFOV Baseline	229.38 Milliseconds Standard Deviation 205.25	199.58 Milliseconds Standard Deviation 229.19	206.54 Milliseconds Standard Deviation 113.42	211.90 Milliseconds Standard Deviation 154.92

PRIMARY outcome

Timeframe: Baseline, One-year after 4-week intervention training

Population: Participants were instructed that they could refuse any individual measure, which may influence the participant counts for some measures.

The Digit Symbol Substitution Test measured at baseline and one year after 4 weeks of training. The Digit Symbol Substitution Test is measured through the number of items completed during a 90 second period, where higher scores indicate faster/better performance.

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	BrainHQ n=45 Participants Participants will be provided with a laptop computer and enrolled in a commercial web-based cognitive training program, BrainHQ, trained on how to access it, and instructed to complete a fixed number of sessions in 20 hours. BrainHQ: BrainHQ	Rise of Nations n=37 Participants Participants will be provided with a laptop computer with the Rise of Nations video game, be trained in game play, and instructed to play the game for 20 hours Rise of Nations: Rise of Nations	IADL Training n=43 Participants Participants will be enrolled in AARP's web-based driver training course, trained on how to access it, and asked to complete the course, estimated to take approximately 6-8 hours. They will also be provided with web-based access to a finance and fraud avoidance training tutorial, instructed on how to access it, and be asked to complete the course, estimated to take approximately 5-7 hours. The two courses combined are estimated to take about 15 hours. IADL Training: IADL Training	Active Control n=48 Participants Participants will be provided with a laptop computer and asked to complete 20 hr of training with Sudoku, crossword puzzles, and word search Active Control: Puzzle solving
Digit Symbol Substitution Test at One Year Digit Symbol Follow-up	48.36 items completed Standard Deviation 13.22	47.65 items completed Standard Deviation 14.97	48.05 items completed Standard Deviation 9.77	46.90 items completed Standard Deviation 12.25
Digit Symbol Substitution Test at One Year Digit Symbol Baseline	47.02 items completed Standard Deviation 12.76	45.65 items completed Standard Deviation 10.79	44.84 items completed Standard Deviation 7.84	43.58 items completed Standard Deviation 12.74

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: Baseline, Immediately after 4-week intervention training

Population: Participants were instructed that they could refuse any individual measure, which may influence the participant counts for some measures.

Standardized Z-scores of Computer Proficiency Questionnaire and the Mobile Device Proficiency Questionnaire, at baseline and immediately after 4 weeks of training, which provide measures of technology proficiency. Scores are measured as a self-assessed proficiency, where higher scores indicate a higher proficiency and greater ease using a device on various tasks. Scores are standardized using z-scores, with the average at the baseline representing 0, and 1 representing one standard deviation above the average baseline score.

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	BrainHQ n=49 Participants Participants will be provided with a laptop computer and enrolled in a commercial web-based cognitive training program, BrainHQ, trained on how to access it, and instructed to complete a fixed number of sessions in 20 hours. BrainHQ: BrainHQ	Rise of Nations n=47 Participants Participants will be provided with a laptop computer with the Rise of Nations video game, be trained in game play, and instructed to play the game for 20 hours Rise of Nations: Rise of Nations	IADL Training n=50 Participants Participants will be enrolled in AARP's web-based driver training course, trained on how to access it, and asked to complete the course, estimated to take approximately 6-8 hours. They will also be provided with web-based access to a finance and fraud avoidance training tutorial, instructed on how to access it, and be asked to complete the course, estimated to take approximately 5-7 hours. The two courses combined are estimated to take about 15 hours. IADL Training: IADL Training	Active Control n=56 Participants Participants will be provided with a laptop computer and asked to complete 20 hr of training with Sudoku, crossword puzzles, and word search Active Control: Puzzle solving
Technology Proficiency Post Training CPQ Post Training	0.24 z-score Standard Deviation 0.90	0.16 z-score Standard Deviation 0.95	0.08 z-score Standard Deviation 1.01	-0.06 z-score Standard Deviation 1.20
Technology Proficiency Post Training MDPQ Baseline	0.11 z-score Standard Deviation 1.02	0.21 z-score Standard Deviation 0.90	-0.07 z-score Standard Deviation 1.03	0.05 z-score Standard Deviation 1.03
Technology Proficiency Post Training MDPQ Post Training	0.23 z-score Standard Deviation 1.00	0.09 z-score Standard Deviation 0.93	-0.04 z-score Standard Deviation 1.07	0.07 z-score Standard Deviation 1.04
Technology Proficiency Post Training CPQ Baseline	0.16 z-score Standard Deviation 0.95	0.21 z-score Standard Deviation 0.83	-0.03 z-score Standard Deviation 1.03	-0.13 z-score Standard Deviation 1.14

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: Baseline, One-year after 4-week intervention training

Population: Participants were instructed that they could refuse any individual measure, which may influence the participant counts for some measures.

Standardized Z-scores of Computer Proficiency Questionnaire and the Mobile Device Proficiency Questionnaire, at baseline and one year after 4 weeks of training, which provide measures of technology proficiency. Scores are measured as a self-assessed proficiency, where higher scores indicate a higher proficiency and greater ease using a device on various tasks. Scores are standardized using z-scores, with the average at the baseline representing 0, and 1 representing one standard deviation above the average baseline score.

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	BrainHQ n=45 Participants Participants will be provided with a laptop computer and enrolled in a commercial web-based cognitive training program, BrainHQ, trained on how to access it, and instructed to complete a fixed number of sessions in 20 hours. BrainHQ: BrainHQ	Rise of Nations n=37 Participants Participants will be provided with a laptop computer with the Rise of Nations video game, be trained in game play, and instructed to play the game for 20 hours Rise of Nations: Rise of Nations	IADL Training n=41 Participants Participants will be enrolled in AARP's web-based driver training course, trained on how to access it, and asked to complete the course, estimated to take approximately 6-8 hours. They will also be provided with web-based access to a finance and fraud avoidance training tutorial, instructed on how to access it, and be asked to complete the course, estimated to take approximately 5-7 hours. The two courses combined are estimated to take about 15 hours. IADL Training: IADL Training	Active Control n=47 Participants Participants will be provided with a laptop computer and asked to complete 20 hr of training with Sudoku, crossword puzzles, and word search Active Control: Puzzle solving
Technology Proficiency at One Year CPQ Baseline	0.11 z-score Standard Deviation 0.97	0.35 z-score Standard Deviation 0.66	0.06 z-score Standard Deviation 0.91	-0.21 z-score Standard Deviation 1.20
Technology Proficiency at One Year CPQ Follow-up	0.20 z-score Standard Deviation 0.89	0.50 z-score Standard Deviation 0.70	0.29 z-score Standard Deviation 0.82	0.11 z-score Standard Deviation 1.13
Technology Proficiency at One Year MDPQ Baseline	0.03 z-score Standard Deviation 1.02	0.40 z-score Standard Deviation 0.72	-0.04 z-score Standard Deviation 0.95	-0.01 z-score Standard Deviation 1.05
Technology Proficiency at One Year MDPQ Follow-up	0.15 z-score Standard Deviation 1.02	0.39 z-score Standard Deviation 0.86	0.20 z-score Standard Deviation 1.02	0.20 z-score Standard Deviation 1.07

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: Baseline, Immediately after 4-week intervention training

Population: Participants were instructed that they could refuse any individual measure, which may influence the participant counts for some measures.

Score on the Berlin Numeracy Test taken at baseline and immediately after 4 weeks of training. Scores represent the number of correct items, where higher scores represent better performance, with a minimum score of 0 and a maximum score of 3.

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	BrainHQ n=49 Participants Participants will be provided with a laptop computer and enrolled in a commercial web-based cognitive training program, BrainHQ, trained on how to access it, and instructed to complete a fixed number of sessions in 20 hours. BrainHQ: BrainHQ	Rise of Nations n=47 Participants Participants will be provided with a laptop computer with the Rise of Nations video game, be trained in game play, and instructed to play the game for 20 hours Rise of Nations: Rise of Nations	IADL Training n=50 Participants Participants will be enrolled in AARP's web-based driver training course, trained on how to access it, and asked to complete the course, estimated to take approximately 6-8 hours. They will also be provided with web-based access to a finance and fraud avoidance training tutorial, instructed on how to access it, and be asked to complete the course, estimated to take approximately 5-7 hours. The two courses combined are estimated to take about 15 hours. IADL Training: IADL Training	Active Control n=56 Participants Participants will be provided with a laptop computer and asked to complete 20 hr of training with Sudoku, crossword puzzles, and word search Active Control: Puzzle solving
Numeracy Post Training Baseline	2.41 score on a scale Standard Deviation 1.55	2.49 score on a scale Standard Deviation 1.32	2.38 score on a scale Standard Deviation 1.50	2.39 score on a scale Standard Deviation 1.57
Numeracy Post Training Follow-up	2.45 score on a scale Standard Deviation 1.47	2.66 score on a scale Standard Deviation 1.70	2.16 score on a scale Standard Deviation 1.65	2.48 score on a scale Standard Deviation 1.78

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: Baseline, One-year after 4-week intervention training

Population: Participants were instructed that they could refuse any individual measure, which may influence the participant counts for some measures. Some participants may also have dropped from the study mid-session during testing, which means they may be counted as a drop out in other analyses.

Score on the Berlin Numeracy Test taken at baseline and one year after 4 weeks of training. Scores represent the number of correct items, where higher scores represent better performance, with a minimum score of 0 and a maximum score of 3.

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	BrainHQ n=45 Participants Participants will be provided with a laptop computer and enrolled in a commercial web-based cognitive training program, BrainHQ, trained on how to access it, and instructed to complete a fixed number of sessions in 20 hours. BrainHQ: BrainHQ	Rise of Nations n=37 Participants Participants will be provided with a laptop computer with the Rise of Nations video game, be trained in game play, and instructed to play the game for 20 hours Rise of Nations: Rise of Nations	IADL Training n=43 Participants Participants will be enrolled in AARP's web-based driver training course, trained on how to access it, and asked to complete the course, estimated to take approximately 6-8 hours. They will also be provided with web-based access to a finance and fraud avoidance training tutorial, instructed on how to access it, and be asked to complete the course, estimated to take approximately 5-7 hours. The two courses combined are estimated to take about 15 hours. IADL Training: IADL Training	Active Control n=48 Participants Participants will be provided with a laptop computer and asked to complete 20 hr of training with Sudoku, crossword puzzles, and word search Active Control: Puzzle solving
Numeracy at One Year Baseline	2.36 score on a scale Standard Deviation 1.48	2.65 score on a scale Standard Deviation 1.27	2.47 score on a scale Standard Deviation 1.52	2.52 score on a scale Standard Deviation 1.60
Numeracy at One Year Follow-up	2.40 score on a scale Standard Deviation 1.45	2.76 score on a scale Standard Deviation 1.40	2.14 score on a scale Standard Deviation 1.81	2.52 score on a scale Standard Deviation 1.69

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: Baseline, Immediately after 4-week intervention training

Population: Participants were instructed that they could refuse any individual measure, which may influence the participant counts for some measures.

Standardized Z-scores from Raven's Advanced Progressive Matrices and Letter Sets tests, at baseline and immediately after 4 weeks of training, which provide measures of reasoning ability. Scores represent the number of correct items, where higher scores represent better performance. Scores are standardized using z-scores, with the average at the baseline representing 0, and 1 representing one standard deviation above the average baseline score.

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	BrainHQ n=47 Participants Participants will be provided with a laptop computer and enrolled in a commercial web-based cognitive training program, BrainHQ, trained on how to access it, and instructed to complete a fixed number of sessions in 20 hours. BrainHQ: BrainHQ	Rise of Nations n=45 Participants Participants will be provided with a laptop computer with the Rise of Nations video game, be trained in game play, and instructed to play the game for 20 hours Rise of Nations: Rise of Nations	IADL Training n=49 Participants Participants will be enrolled in AARP's web-based driver training course, trained on how to access it, and asked to complete the course, estimated to take approximately 6-8 hours. They will also be provided with web-based access to a finance and fraud avoidance training tutorial, instructed on how to access it, and be asked to complete the course, estimated to take approximately 5-7 hours. The two courses combined are estimated to take about 15 hours. IADL Training: IADL Training	Active Control n=54 Participants Participants will be provided with a laptop computer and asked to complete 20 hr of training with Sudoku, crossword puzzles, and word search Active Control: Puzzle solving
Reasoning Ability Post Training Raven's Baseline	0.10 z-score Standard Deviation 0.98	0.14 z-score Standard Deviation 0.94	-0.18 z-score Standard Deviation 0.87	-0.02 z-score Standard Deviation 1.08
Reasoning Ability Post Training Raven's Post Training	0.08 z-score Standard Deviation 1.03	0.13 z-score Standard Deviation 0.97	-0.01 z-score Standard Deviation 1.03	-0.07 z-score Standard Deviation 1.19
Reasoning Ability Post Training Letter Sets Baseline	0.19 z-score Standard Deviation 0.88	-0.07 z-score Standard Deviation 0.99	0.01 z-score Standard Deviation 1.01	0.00 z-score Standard Deviation 1.06
Reasoning Ability Post Training Letter Sets Post Training	0.24 z-score Standard Deviation 0.96	0.40 z-score Standard Deviation 0.84	0.23 z-score Standard Deviation 0.97	0.21 z-score Standard Deviation 1.05

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: Baseline, One-year after 4-week intervention training

Population: Participants were instructed that they could refuse any individual measure, which may influence the participant counts for some measures.

Standardized Z-scores from Raven's Advanced Progressive Matrices and Letter Sets tests, at baseline and one year after 4 weeks of training, which provide measures of reasoning ability. Scores represent the number of correct items, where higher scores represent better performance. Scores are standardized using z-scores, with the average at the baseline representing 0, and 1 representing one standard deviation above the average baseline score.

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	BrainHQ n=43 Participants Participants will be provided with a laptop computer and enrolled in a commercial web-based cognitive training program, BrainHQ, trained on how to access it, and instructed to complete a fixed number of sessions in 20 hours. BrainHQ: BrainHQ	Rise of Nations n=35 Participants Participants will be provided with a laptop computer with the Rise of Nations video game, be trained in game play, and instructed to play the game for 20 hours Rise of Nations: Rise of Nations	IADL Training n=41 Participants Participants will be enrolled in AARP's web-based driver training course, trained on how to access it, and asked to complete the course, estimated to take approximately 6-8 hours. They will also be provided with web-based access to a finance and fraud avoidance training tutorial, instructed on how to access it, and be asked to complete the course, estimated to take approximately 5-7 hours. The two courses combined are estimated to take about 15 hours. IADL Training: IADL Training	Active Control n=45 Participants Participants will be provided with a laptop computer and asked to complete 20 hr of training with Sudoku, crossword puzzles, and word search Active Control: Puzzle solving
Reasoning Ability at One Year Raven's Baseline	0.10 z-score Standard Deviation 0.94	0.14 z-score Standard Deviation 0.98	-0.10 z-score Standard Deviation 0.86	0.05 z-score Standard Deviation 1.05
Reasoning Ability at One Year Raven's Follow-up	-0.04 z-score Standard Deviation 1.07	0.08 z-score Standard Deviation 0.91	0.01 z-score Standard Deviation 1.10	-0.07 z-score Standard Deviation 1.09
Reasoning Ability at One Year Letter Sets Baseline	0.25 z-score Standard Deviation 0.85	-0.07 z-score Standard Deviation 0.98	0.06 z-score Standard Deviation 0.87	0.02 z-score Standard Deviation 1.10
Reasoning Ability at One Year Letter Sets Follow-up	0.21 z-score Standard Deviation 0.99	0.36 z-score Standard Deviation 0.94	0.22 z-score Standard Deviation 0.90	0.06 z-score Standard Deviation 1.14

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: Baseline, Immediately after 4-week intervention training

Population: Participants were instructed that they could refuse any individual measure, which may influence the participant counts for some measures.

Standardized Z-scores from Hopkins Verbal Learning and Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Tests, at baseline and immediately after 4 weeks of training, which provide measures of memory ability. Scores represent the number of correctly recalled items, where higher scores represent better memory. Scores are standardized using z-scores, with the average at the baseline representing 0, and 1 representing one standard deviation above the average baseline score.

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	BrainHQ n=49 Participants Participants will be provided with a laptop computer and enrolled in a commercial web-based cognitive training program, BrainHQ, trained on how to access it, and instructed to complete a fixed number of sessions in 20 hours. BrainHQ: BrainHQ	Rise of Nations n=47 Participants Participants will be provided with a laptop computer with the Rise of Nations video game, be trained in game play, and instructed to play the game for 20 hours Rise of Nations: Rise of Nations	IADL Training n=50 Participants Participants will be enrolled in AARP's web-based driver training course, trained on how to access it, and asked to complete the course, estimated to take approximately 6-8 hours. They will also be provided with web-based access to a finance and fraud avoidance training tutorial, instructed on how to access it, and be asked to complete the course, estimated to take approximately 5-7 hours. The two courses combined are estimated to take about 15 hours. IADL Training: IADL Training	Active Control n=56 Participants Participants will be provided with a laptop computer and asked to complete 20 hr of training with Sudoku, crossword puzzles, and word search Active Control: Puzzle solving
Memory Ability Post Training Hopkins Post Training	0.23 z-score Standard Deviation 0.97	0.05 z-score Standard Deviation 0.95	-0.12 z-score Standard Deviation 1.22	0.22 z-score Standard Deviation 0.93
Memory Ability Post Training Rey Baseline	-0.22 z-score Standard Deviation 0.94	0.04 z-score Standard Deviation 1.05	0.03 z-score Standard Deviation 1.03	0.17 z-score Standard Deviation 0.96
Memory Ability Post Training Hopkins Baseline	-0.01 z-score Standard Deviation 0.89	0.04 z-score Standard Deviation 0.99	0.04 z-score Standard Deviation 1.12	0.15 z-score Standard Deviation 0.88
Memory Ability Post Training Rey Post Training	-0.03 z-score Standard Deviation 1.04	-0.03 z-score Standard Deviation 1.00	-0.04 z-score Standard Deviation 1.10	0.24 z-score Standard Deviation 1.07

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: Baseline, One-year after 4-week intervention training

Population: Participants were instructed that they could refuse any individual measure, which may influence the participant counts for some measures. Some participants may also have dropped from the study mid-session during testing, which means they may be counted as a drop out in other analyses.

Standardized Z-scores from Hopkins Verbal Learning and Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Tests, at baseline and one year after 4 weeks of training, which provide measures of memory ability. Scores represent the number of correctly recalled items, where higher scores represent better memory. Scores are standardized using z-scores, with the average at the baseline representing 0, and 1 representing one standard deviation above the average baseline score.

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	BrainHQ n=45 Participants Participants will be provided with a laptop computer and enrolled in a commercial web-based cognitive training program, BrainHQ, trained on how to access it, and instructed to complete a fixed number of sessions in 20 hours. BrainHQ: BrainHQ	Rise of Nations n=37 Participants Participants will be provided with a laptop computer with the Rise of Nations video game, be trained in game play, and instructed to play the game for 20 hours Rise of Nations: Rise of Nations	IADL Training n=43 Participants Participants will be enrolled in AARP's web-based driver training course, trained on how to access it, and asked to complete the course, estimated to take approximately 6-8 hours. They will also be provided with web-based access to a finance and fraud avoidance training tutorial, instructed on how to access it, and be asked to complete the course, estimated to take approximately 5-7 hours. The two courses combined are estimated to take about 15 hours. IADL Training: IADL Training	Active Control n=48 Participants Participants will be provided with a laptop computer and asked to complete 20 hr of training with Sudoku, crossword puzzles, and word search Active Control: Puzzle solving
Memory Ability at One Year Hopkins Baseline	0.06 z-score Standard Deviation 0.88	0.10 z-score Standard Deviation 0.86	0.16 z-score Standard Deviation 0.98	0.25 z-score Standard Deviation 0.86
Memory Ability at One Year Hopkins Follow-up	0.19 z-score Standard Deviation 1.00	0.21 z-score Standard Deviation 0.79	0.21 z-score Standard Deviation 1.15	0.40 z-score Standard Deviation 0.87
Memory Ability at One Year Rey Baseline	-0.18 z-score Standard Deviation 0.96	0.06 z-score Standard Deviation 1.01	0.16 z-score Standard Deviation 1.02	0.21 z-score Standard Deviation 0.97
Memory Ability at One Year Rey Follow-up	0.23 z-score Standard Deviation 1.23	0.22 z-score Standard Deviation 0.89	-0.09 z-score Standard Deviation 1.00	0.44 z-score Standard Deviation 1.14

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: Baseline, Immediately after 4-week intervention training

Population: Participants were instructed that they could refuse any individual measure, which may influence the participant counts for some measures.

Score on Miami Instrumental Activities of Daily Living task, at baseline and immediately after 4 weeks of training, based on number of correct tasks/time completed. Higher scores represent more tasks completed per minute, and therefore better performance. Scores have a minimum of 0, and no set maximum.

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	BrainHQ n=49 Participants Participants will be provided with a laptop computer and enrolled in a commercial web-based cognitive training program, BrainHQ, trained on how to access it, and instructed to complete a fixed number of sessions in 20 hours. BrainHQ: BrainHQ	Rise of Nations n=47 Participants Participants will be provided with a laptop computer with the Rise of Nations video game, be trained in game play, and instructed to play the game for 20 hours Rise of Nations: Rise of Nations	IADL Training n=50 Participants Participants will be enrolled in AARP's web-based driver training course, trained on how to access it, and asked to complete the course, estimated to take approximately 6-8 hours. They will also be provided with web-based access to a finance and fraud avoidance training tutorial, instructed on how to access it, and be asked to complete the course, estimated to take approximately 5-7 hours. The two courses combined are estimated to take about 15 hours. IADL Training: IADL Training	Active Control n=56 Participants Participants will be provided with a laptop computer and asked to complete 20 hr of training with Sudoku, crossword puzzles, and word search Active Control: Puzzle solving
Miami Instrumental Activities of Daily Living Task Post Training ATM Task Baseline	3.17 Tasks completed per minute Standard Deviation 1.32	2.78 Tasks completed per minute Standard Deviation 1.03	2.67 Tasks completed per minute Standard Deviation 1.20	2.81 Tasks completed per minute Standard Deviation 1.13
Miami Instrumental Activities of Daily Living Task Post Training ATM Task Post Training	3.19 Tasks completed per minute Standard Deviation 1.07	3.23 Tasks completed per minute Standard Deviation 1.01	2.98 Tasks completed per minute Standard Deviation 1.07	2.97 Tasks completed per minute Standard Deviation 1.10
Miami Instrumental Activities of Daily Living Task Post Training Prescription Task Baseline	4.31 Tasks completed per minute Standard Deviation 4.54	3.67 Tasks completed per minute Standard Deviation 1.44	3.54 Tasks completed per minute Standard Deviation 1.32	3.40 Tasks completed per minute Standard Deviation 1.50
Miami Instrumental Activities of Daily Living Task Post Training Prescription Task Post Training	4.75 Tasks completed per minute Standard Deviation 2.49	4.91 Tasks completed per minute Standard Deviation 5.43	4.20 Tasks completed per minute Standard Deviation 1.58	4.14 Tasks completed per minute Standard Deviation 3.15

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: Baseline, One-year after 4-week intervention training

Population: Participants were instructed that they could refuse any individual measure, which may influence the participant counts for some measures.

Score on Miami Instrumental Activities of Daily Living task, at baseline and one year after 4 weeks of training, based on number of correct tasks/time completed. Higher scores represent more tasks completed per minute, and therefore better performance. Scores have a minimum of 0, and no set maximum.

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	BrainHQ n=45 Participants Participants will be provided with a laptop computer and enrolled in a commercial web-based cognitive training program, BrainHQ, trained on how to access it, and instructed to complete a fixed number of sessions in 20 hours. BrainHQ: BrainHQ	Rise of Nations n=37 Participants Participants will be provided with a laptop computer with the Rise of Nations video game, be trained in game play, and instructed to play the game for 20 hours Rise of Nations: Rise of Nations	IADL Training n=40 Participants Participants will be enrolled in AARP's web-based driver training course, trained on how to access it, and asked to complete the course, estimated to take approximately 6-8 hours. They will also be provided with web-based access to a finance and fraud avoidance training tutorial, instructed on how to access it, and be asked to complete the course, estimated to take approximately 5-7 hours. The two courses combined are estimated to take about 15 hours. IADL Training: IADL Training	Active Control n=47 Participants Participants will be provided with a laptop computer and asked to complete 20 hr of training with Sudoku, crossword puzzles, and word search Active Control: Puzzle solving
Miami Instrumental Activities of Daily Living Task at One Year ATM Task Baseline	3.18 Tasks completed per minute Standard Deviation 1.31	3.03 Tasks completed per minute Standard Deviation 0.94	2.78 Tasks completed per minute Standard Deviation 1.19	2.79 Tasks completed per minute Standard Deviation 1.13
Miami Instrumental Activities of Daily Living Task at One Year ATM Task Follow-up	3.09 Tasks completed per minute Standard Deviation 1.11	3.26 Tasks completed per minute Standard Deviation 1.14	3.12 Tasks completed per minute Standard Deviation 1.26	2.85 Tasks completed per minute Standard Deviation 1.04
Miami Instrumental Activities of Daily Living Task at One Year Prescription Task Baseline	4.40 Tasks completed per minute Standard Deviation 4.72	3.72 Tasks completed per minute Standard Deviation 1.39	3.65 Tasks completed per minute Standard Deviation 1.30	3.40 Tasks completed per minute Standard Deviation 1.47
Miami Instrumental Activities of Daily Living Task at One Year Prescription Task Follow-up	4.22 Tasks completed per minute Standard Deviation 2.31	3.98 Tasks completed per minute Standard Deviation 1.09	4.08 Tasks completed per minute Standard Deviation 2.13	4.26 Tasks completed per minute Standard Deviation 2.04

Adverse Events

BrainHQ

Serious events: 0 serious events

Other events: 0 other events

Deaths: 0 deaths

Rise of Nations

Serious events: 0 serious events

Other events: 0 other events

Deaths: 0 deaths

IADL Training

Serious events: 0 serious events

Other events: 0 other events

Deaths: 0 deaths

Active Control

Serious events: 0 serious events

Other events: 0 other events

Deaths: 0 deaths

Serious adverse events

Adverse event data not reported

Other adverse events

Adverse event data not reported

Additional Information

Dr. Neil Charness

Florida State University

Phone: 850-644-6686

Email: [email protected]

Results disclosure agreements

Principal investigator is a sponsor employee
Publication restrictions are in place