Effect of Deferoxamine on Wound Healing Rate in Patients With Diabetes Foot Ulcers
NCT ID: NCT03137966
Last Updated: 2022-05-26
Study Results
Results pending
The study team has not published outcome measurements, participant flow, or safety data for this trial yet. Check back later for updates.
Basic Information
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Recruitment Status
NOT_YET_RECRUITING
Clinical Phase
PHASE2
Total Enrollment
174 participants
Study Classification
INTERVENTIONAL
Study Start Date
2022-12-30
Study Completion Date
2026-06-30
Brief Summary
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Diabetic foot ulcer (DFU) is one of the most invalidating complication of diabetes and represents a big economic burden for the society. No specific therapy is available for diabetic foot ulcers.The aim of this study is to define a new approach for treatment of chronic diabetic wounds. Our concept is based on the improvement of the cellular reaction to hypoxia. It will address the transcriptional factor HIF-1 (Hypoxia inducible factor-1) which is the cellular sensor for oxygen and which is specifically repressed by hyperglycemia. The study will investigate the effect of local deferoxamine (0.66 mg/ml), the only known HIF-1 inducer, on the wound healing rate in patients with neuropathic diabetic foot ulcers. The primary objective of the study will be the reduction with \>50% of the wound area after 12 weeks of treatment.
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Detailed Description
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Diabetes is reaching epidemic proportions and is predicted to affect 300 millions people worldwide in 2025. Chronic complications of diabetes represent the main concern for the modern therapy of diabetes and it has become a priority to further characterize their pathophysiological mechanisms to develop novel rational therapeutic strategies. It is a high need to identify additional mechanisms that contribute to the development of chronic complications of diabetes. Today's strategies aiming to improve blood glucose levels have limited efficiency mainly because they induce hypoglycemia when used in the optimal therapeutically range. It is therefore important to develop additional therapeutic strategies that can compensate the relative inefficient blood glucose control. There are other examples where "out of the box thinking" strategies such as treatment of hypertension have shown to be at least as efficient as glucose control to decrease morbidity and mortality in patients with diabetes.
Diabetic foot ulceration represents a major medical, social and economic problem. The lifetime risk of a person with diabetes for developing a foot ulcer is 25% and it is believed that every 30 seconds a lower limb is lost in the world due to diabetes. The condition is also followed by a high 5 years mortality which has been estimated to be 45% after ulceration and 79% after amputation. The mortality of the patients with DFU is worse than the mortality in patients with many common cancers.
The present clinical management for patients with DFU is limited and in consequence 40% of the ulcers are still not healed after one year of treatment. This limited efficacy of the present therapy is the consequence of the relative poor understanding of the pathophysiology of this complication. Even though prolonged exposure of the tissues to hyperglycemia seems to be the primary causative factor for chronic complications of diabetes it has recently become increasingly evident that hypoxia plays an important role in all diabetes complications and especially in chronic diabetic wounds. A low oxygen concentration is the consequence of either a deficient blood supply due to functional circulatory deficiency, micro- and macro-vascular disease but also by a poor local diffusion of the oxygen due to local oedema.
Adaptive responses of cells to hypoxia are mediated by the hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF) which is a heterodimeric transcription factor composed of two subunits, HIF-1 alfa and HIF-1 alfa both of which are constitutively expressed in mammalian cells. Regulation of HIF-1 activity is critically dependent of the degradation of the HIF-1 alfa subunit in normoxia. The molecular basis of its degradation is O2 dependent hydroxylation of at least one of the two proline residues in the oxygen dependent degradation domain (ODDD) of HIF 1-alfa by specific Fe 2+-, oxoglutarate dependent prolyl 4-hydroxylases (HIF hydroxylases). In this form HIF-1 alfa binds to the von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) tumor suppressor protein that acts as an E3 ubiquitin ligase and targets HIF-1 alfa for proteasomal degradation (recently reviewed).
Under hypoxic conditions HIF-1alfa is stabilized against degradation and binds to HRE (hypoxic responsive elements) and up-regulates a series of genes involved in angiogenesis (such as VEGF, angiopoietin-2, -4), glycolytic energy metabolism, cell proliferation and survival which enable the cells to adapt to reduction in oxygen availability . The same induction and activation of HIF-1 can be achieved by inhibiting the degrading enzymes (HIF hydroxylases) with substances that compete with their cofactors i.e. iron or oxoglutarate. Deferoxamine is such a substance which stabilizes and activates HIF-1 by chelating iron.
HIF-1 alfa plays a pivotal role in wound healing, and its expression in the multistage process of normal wound healing has been well characterized. In essence, HIF-1 alfa is necessary for expression of multiple angiogenic growth factors, cell motility and recruitment of endothelial progenitor cells (EPC).
Previous studies have shown that hyperglycemia impairs HIF-1 alfa stability and function. Low levels of HIF-1 alfa expression were also found in foot ulcer biopsies in patients with diabetes. The hypothesis is that the wound healing defect present in diabetes is due to an inhibition of HIF-1. This concept has been demonstrated by showing that local activation of HIF-1 either by two structurally different HIF-hydroxylases inhibitors (deferoxamine and DMOG) or by direct adenovirus mediated transfer of stabile HIF in wounds is followed by improvement of wound healing in diabetic mice (db/db) despite of chronic hyperglycemia. The local activation of HIF induces several pivotal processes for wound healing such as recruitment of the EPCs, angiogenesis, cell migration. Same improvement of wound healing were registered using other methods to induce HIF in the wounds in different animal models.
This study is planned to investigate the efficacy of the local stimulation of HIF for improving wound healing in patients with DFU. It is proposed to use local applied deferoxamine which is the only HIF inducer that is approved for clinical use and has been already tested and proved to be effective in animal models of impaired diabetes on wound healing rate. The dose proposed was evaluated as the most effective in preliminary experiments performed in db/db mice.
Diabetic foot ulceration represents a major medical, social and economic problem. The lifetime risk of a person with diabetes for developing a foot ulcer is 25% and it is believed that every 30 seconds a lower limb is lost in the world due to diabetes. The condition is also followed by a high 5 years mortality which has been estimated to be 45% after ulceration and 79% after amputation. The mortality of the patients with DFU is worse than the mortality in patients with many common cancers.
The present clinical management for patients with DFU is limited and in consequence 40% of the ulcers are still not healed after one year of treatment. This limited efficacy of the present therapy is the consequence of the relative poor understanding of the pathophysiology of this complication. Even though prolonged exposure of the tissues to hyperglycemia seems to be the primary causative factor for chronic complications of diabetes it has recently become increasingly evident that hypoxia plays an important role in all diabetes complications and especially in chronic diabetic wounds. A low oxygen concentration is the consequence of either a deficient blood supply due to functional circulatory deficiency, micro- and macro-vascular disease but also by a poor local diffusion of the oxygen due to local oedema.
Adaptive responses of cells to hypoxia are mediated by the hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF) which is a heterodimeric transcription factor composed of two subunits, HIF-1 alfa and HIF-1 alfa both of which are constitutively expressed in mammalian cells. Regulation of HIF-1 activity is critically dependent of the degradation of the HIF-1 alfa subunit in normoxia. The molecular basis of its degradation is O2 dependent hydroxylation of at least one of the two proline residues in the oxygen dependent degradation domain (ODDD) of HIF 1-alfa by specific Fe 2+-, oxoglutarate dependent prolyl 4-hydroxylases (HIF hydroxylases). In this form HIF-1 alfa binds to the von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) tumor suppressor protein that acts as an E3 ubiquitin ligase and targets HIF-1 alfa for proteasomal degradation (recently reviewed).
Under hypoxic conditions HIF-1alfa is stabilized against degradation and binds to HRE (hypoxic responsive elements) and up-regulates a series of genes involved in angiogenesis (such as VEGF, angiopoietin-2, -4), glycolytic energy metabolism, cell proliferation and survival which enable the cells to adapt to reduction in oxygen availability . The same induction and activation of HIF-1 can be achieved by inhibiting the degrading enzymes (HIF hydroxylases) with substances that compete with their cofactors i.e. iron or oxoglutarate. Deferoxamine is such a substance which stabilizes and activates HIF-1 by chelating iron.
HIF-1 alfa plays a pivotal role in wound healing, and its expression in the multistage process of normal wound healing has been well characterized. In essence, HIF-1 alfa is necessary for expression of multiple angiogenic growth factors, cell motility and recruitment of endothelial progenitor cells (EPC).
Previous studies have shown that hyperglycemia impairs HIF-1 alfa stability and function. Low levels of HIF-1 alfa expression were also found in foot ulcer biopsies in patients with diabetes. The hypothesis is that the wound healing defect present in diabetes is due to an inhibition of HIF-1. This concept has been demonstrated by showing that local activation of HIF-1 either by two structurally different HIF-hydroxylases inhibitors (deferoxamine and DMOG) or by direct adenovirus mediated transfer of stabile HIF in wounds is followed by improvement of wound healing in diabetic mice (db/db) despite of chronic hyperglycemia. The local activation of HIF induces several pivotal processes for wound healing such as recruitment of the EPCs, angiogenesis, cell migration. Same improvement of wound healing were registered using other methods to induce HIF in the wounds in different animal models.
This study is planned to investigate the efficacy of the local stimulation of HIF for improving wound healing in patients with DFU. It is proposed to use local applied deferoxamine which is the only HIF inducer that is approved for clinical use and has been already tested and proved to be effective in animal models of impaired diabetes on wound healing rate. The dose proposed was evaluated as the most effective in preliminary experiments performed in db/db mice.
Conditions
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Diabetic Foot Ulcer
Study Design
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Allocation Method
RANDOMIZED
Intervention Model
PARALLEL
prospective, randomised, double-blind and placebo-controlled study with parallel groups, multiple centre trial.
Primary Study Purpose
TREATMENT
Blinding Strategy
SINGLE
Participants
The drugs (active or placebo) will be supplied by the supervision of Medigelium AB and will have the same appearance.
Study Groups
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Deferoxamine
Patients will be randomised to treatment with Deferoxamine (n=87). Deferoxamine (0.66mg/ml) will be applied locally as a gel (3 times a week) for a period of maximum three months or until intact skin.
Group Type
ACTIVE_COMPARATOR
Deferoxamine
Intervention Type
DRUG
Deferoxamine (0.66mg/ml) will be applied locally as a gel (3 times a week) for a period of maximum three months or until intact skin.
Placebo
Patients will be randomised to treatment with placebo (n=87). Placebo will be applied locally as a gel (3 times a week) for a period of maximum three months or until intact skin.
Group Type
PLACEBO_COMPARATOR
Placebo
Intervention Type
DRUG
Placebo will be applied locally as a gel (3 times a week) for a period of maximum three months or until intact skin.
Interventions
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Deferoxamine
Deferoxamine (0.66mg/ml) will be applied locally as a gel (3 times a week) for a period of maximum three months or until intact skin.
Intervention Type
DRUG
Placebo
Placebo will be applied locally as a gel (3 times a week) for a period of maximum three months or until intact skin.
Intervention Type
DRUG
Other Intervention Names
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Desferal
Eligibility Criteria
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Inclusion Criteria
* Chronic foot ulcer (\> 1month) (at or below the ankle) grade 1A, 2A (University of Texas Wound Classification System) with an ulcer area between 150-350 mm2.
* No ulcer should present a moderate or severe infection at baseline. Concomitant treatment with systemic antibiotics at baseline is accepted if all ulcers meet none of the criteria defining moderate or severe infection.
* Toe/brachial index \>0.6 and/or Tcp02 \>50mmHg or ankle/brachial index \>0.65, or the pulses at dorsalis pedis/tibialis posterioris clearly palpable.
* Patient should be compliant to one of the accepted off-loading system.
* Patients will be able to provide written informed consent
* No ulcer should present a moderate or severe infection at baseline. Concomitant treatment with systemic antibiotics at baseline is accepted if all ulcers meet none of the criteria defining moderate or severe infection.
* Toe/brachial index \>0.6 and/or Tcp02 \>50mmHg or ankle/brachial index \>0.65, or the pulses at dorsalis pedis/tibialis posterioris clearly palpable.
* Patient should be compliant to one of the accepted off-loading system.
* Patients will be able to provide written informed consent
Exclusion Criteria
* Acute cardiovascular event (myocardial infarction/unstable angina, stroke) within three months prior to randomisation
* Subjects who have undergone vascular reconstruction or angioplasty less than 3 months prior to randomisation
* Decompensated congestive heart failure or functional class 3-4.
* Childbearing potential
* Impaired hepatic function (2 times upper normal limit of ASAT and ALAT)
* Severe renal failure (GFR calculated after Cockcroft's formula \<30 ml/min/1.73 m2)
* Ongoing treatment with immunosuppressive drugs
* HbA1c \>12 % (108 mmol/l)(12%)
* Polyglobulia (EVF\>0.60 men, EVF\> 0.56 women)
* Any concomitant disease or condition that may interfere with the possibility for the patient to comply with or complete the study protocol
* Malignancy other than basal-cell carcinoma and cervical carcinoma in situ, requiring any general, local, surgical or radiation therapy.
* History of alcohol or drug abuse
* Osteomyelitis defined as:
1. There is a clinical suspicion of osteomyelitis;
2. Ulcer considered for treatment is located at the site of a past amputation;
3. History of acute osteomyelitis in the past 90 days or history of recurrent osteomyelitis; or
4. A positive "probe to bone" test.
* Participant in another ongoing study
* Known hypersensitivity to deferoxamine
* Unwillingness to participate following oral and written information
* Subjects with any other severe acute or chronic medical or psychiatric condition that make the subject inappropriate for the study in the judgment of the investigator.
* Subjects who have undergone vascular reconstruction or angioplasty less than 3 months prior to randomisation
* Decompensated congestive heart failure or functional class 3-4.
* Childbearing potential
* Impaired hepatic function (2 times upper normal limit of ASAT and ALAT)
* Severe renal failure (GFR calculated after Cockcroft's formula \<30 ml/min/1.73 m2)
* Ongoing treatment with immunosuppressive drugs
* HbA1c \>12 % (108 mmol/l)(12%)
* Polyglobulia (EVF\>0.60 men, EVF\> 0.56 women)
* Any concomitant disease or condition that may interfere with the possibility for the patient to comply with or complete the study protocol
* Malignancy other than basal-cell carcinoma and cervical carcinoma in situ, requiring any general, local, surgical or radiation therapy.
* History of alcohol or drug abuse
* Osteomyelitis defined as:
1. There is a clinical suspicion of osteomyelitis;
2. Ulcer considered for treatment is located at the site of a past amputation;
3. History of acute osteomyelitis in the past 90 days or history of recurrent osteomyelitis; or
4. A positive "probe to bone" test.
* Participant in another ongoing study
* Known hypersensitivity to deferoxamine
* Unwillingness to participate following oral and written information
* Subjects with any other severe acute or chronic medical or psychiatric condition that make the subject inappropriate for the study in the judgment of the investigator.
Minimum Eligible Age
18 Years
Maximum Eligible Age
80 Years
Eligible Sex
ALL
Accepts Healthy Volunteers
No
Sponsors
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Karolinska University Hospital
OTHER
Sponsor Role
lead
Responsible Party
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Sergiu Catrina
Associated professor
Responsibility Role
PRINCIPAL_INVESTIGATOR
Principal Investigators
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Sergiu Catrina, MD/Ass.Prof.
Role: PRINCIPAL_INVESTIGATOR
Karolinska University Hospital
Central Contacts
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References
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Catrina SB, Okamoto K, Pereira T, Brismar K, Poellinger L. Hyperglycemia regulates hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha protein stability and function. Diabetes. 2004 Dec;53(12):3226-32. doi: 10.2337/diabetes.53.12.3226.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Catrina SB. Impaired hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) regulation by hyperglycemia. J Mol Med (Berl). 2014 Oct;92(10):1025-34. doi: 10.1007/s00109-014-1166-x. Epub 2014 Jun 12.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Kerr M, Rayman G, Jeffcoate WJ. Cost of diabetic foot disease to the National Health Service in England. Diabet Med. 2014 Dec;31(12):1498-504. doi: 10.1111/dme.12545. Epub 2014 Aug 1.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
UK Prospective Diabetes Study Group. Tight blood pressure control and risk of macrovascular and microvascular complications in type 2 diabetes: UKPDS 38. UK Prospective Diabetes Study Group. BMJ. 1998 Sep 12;317(7160):703-13.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Boulton AJ, Vileikyte L, Ragnarson-Tennvall G, Apelqvist J. The global burden of diabetic foot disease. Lancet. 2005 Nov 12;366(9498):1719-24. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(05)67698-2.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Apelqvist J, Larsson J, Agardh CD. Long-term prognosis for diabetic patients with foot ulcers. J Intern Med. 1993 Jun;233(6):485-91. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2796.1993.tb01003.x.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Jeffcoate WJ, Chipchase SY, Ince P, Game FL. Assessing the outcome of the management of diabetic foot ulcers using ulcer-related and person-related measures. Diabetes Care. 2006 Aug;29(8):1784-7. doi: 10.2337/dc06-0306.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Armstrong DG, Wrobel J, Robbins JM. Guest Editorial: are diabetes-related wounds and amputations worse than cancer? Int Wound J. 2007 Dec;4(4):286-7. doi: 10.1111/j.1742-481X.2007.00392.x. No abstract available.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Prompers L, Schaper N, Apelqvist J, Edmonds M, Jude E, Mauricio D, Uccioli L, Urbancic V, Bakker K, Holstein P, Jirkovska A, Piaggesi A, Ragnarson-Tennvall G, Reike H, Spraul M, Van Acker K, Van Baal J, Van Merode F, Ferreira I, Huijberts M. Prediction of outcome in individuals with diabetic foot ulcers: focus on the differences between individuals with and without peripheral arterial disease. The EURODIALE Study. Diabetologia. 2008 May;51(5):747-55. doi: 10.1007/s00125-008-0940-0. Epub 2008 Feb 23.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Cameron NE, Eaton SE, Cotter MA, Tesfaye S. Vascular factors and metabolic interactions in the pathogenesis of diabetic neuropathy. Diabetologia. 2001 Nov;44(11):1973-88. doi: 10.1007/s001250100001.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Jorneskog G, Brismar K, Fagrell B. Pronounced skin capillary ischemia in the feet of diabetic patients with bad metabolic control. Diabetologia. 1998 Apr;41(4):410-5. doi: 10.1007/s001250050923.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Kaelin WG Jr. The von hippel-lindau tumor suppressor protein: an update. Methods Enzymol. 2007;435:371-83. doi: 10.1016/S0076-6879(07)35019-2.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Kaelin WG Jr. The von Hippel-Lindau tumor suppressor protein and clear cell renal carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res. 2007 Jan 15;13(2 Pt 2):680s-684s. doi: 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-06-1865.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Semenza GL. Life with oxygen. Science. 2007 Oct 5;318(5847):62-4. doi: 10.1126/science.1147949.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Elson DA, Ryan HE, Snow JW, Johnson R, Arbeit JM. Coordinate up-regulation of hypoxia inducible factor (HIF)-1alpha and HIF-1 target genes during multi-stage epidermal carcinogenesis and wound healing. Cancer Res. 2000 Nov 1;60(21):6189-95.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Fadini GP, Sartore S, Schiavon M, Albiero M, Baesso I, Cabrelle A, Agostini C, Avogaro A. Diabetes impairs progenitor cell mobilisation after hindlimb ischaemia-reperfusion injury in rats. Diabetologia. 2006 Dec;49(12):3075-84. doi: 10.1007/s00125-006-0401-6. Epub 2006 Oct 27.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Gao W, Ferguson G, Connell P, Walshe T, Murphy R, Birney YA, O'Brien C, Cahill PA. High glucose concentrations alter hypoxia-induced control of vascular smooth muscle cell growth via a HIF-1alpha-dependent pathway. J Mol Cell Cardiol. 2007 Mar;42(3):609-19. doi: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2006.12.006. Epub 2006 Dec 21.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Botusan IR, Sunkari VG, Savu O, Catrina AI, Grunler J, Lindberg S, Pereira T, Yla-Herttuala S, Poellinger L, Brismar K, Catrina SB. Stabilization of HIF-1alpha is critical to improve wound healing in diabetic mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2008 Dec 9;105(49):19426-31. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0805230105. Epub 2008 Dec 4.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Thangarajah H, Yao D, Chang EI, Shi Y, Jazayeri L, Vial IN, Galiano RD, Du XL, Grogan R, Galvez MG, Januszyk M, Brownlee M, Gurtner GC. The molecular basis for impaired hypoxia-induced VEGF expression in diabetic tissues. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2009 Aug 11;106(32):13505-10. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0906670106. Epub 2009 Jul 28.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Hou Z, Nie C, Si Z, Ma Y. Deferoxamine enhances neovascularization and accelerates wound healing in diabetic rats via the accumulation of hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2013 Jul;101(1):62-71. doi: 10.1016/j.diabres.2013.04.012. Epub 2013 May 28.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
White RA, Nolan L, Harley D, Long J, Klein S, Tremper K, Nelson R, Tabrisky J, Shoemaker W. Noninvasive evaluation of peripheral vascular disease using transcutaneous oxygen tension. Am J Surg. 1982 Jul;144(1):68-75. doi: 10.1016/0002-9610(82)90604-3.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Other Identifiers
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170428-DEFEHU
Identifier Type: -
Identifier Source: org_study_id
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