Study Results
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Basic Information
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UNKNOWN
NA
50 participants
INTERVENTIONAL
2018-03-02
2020-03-01
Brief Summary
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Detailed Description
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Plasticity broadly refers to the susceptibility of an organism to change. The human brain shows incredible plastic capacity. Multiple neuronal networks can sustain the same cognitive function (a mental ability) with different systems supporting the same function in different individuals. This "many-to-one" structure-function relationship is one form of plasticity. Examining neural networks responsible for a cognitive process in different individuals can provide insight into the plastic capacity of that process.
Cognitive training is centered on the notion of plasticity. It entails the repeated exercise of a specific cognitive process (or multiple processes) over several weeks, after which performance gains are expected on the trained task as well as various untrained tasks that directly or indirectly involve the targeted cognitive process(s). The generalization of performance gains to untrained tasks is termed "transfer" and is essential to the efficacy of the training. Cognitive training has been used to remediate deficits in adults with strokes, multiple sclerosis, Schizophrenia, children with working memory deficits , children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), healthy pre-kindergarten children, as well as to enhance cognitive performance in healthy young adults, and healthy older adults. Yet, the benefits of this intervention for children with ASD have received relatively little attention.
Recent research indicates that disrupted patterns of cortical development in ASD may lead to its clinical manifestation. More specifically earlier reports have shown a pattern of reduced long-range cortical connectivity and increased localized functional connectivity in ASD. This pattern has been recently verified using highly stringent imaging analysis methods. This altered functional connectivity may be especially disruptive to cognitive functions that demand integrative information processing such as executive functioning (higher order cognitive functions that control other cognitive processes eg. Conscious control of thought and action), theory of mind, face processing, language and communication, all of which have been previously established as impaired processes in ASD.
Moreover, approximately 50-70% of children with ASD are diagnosed with intellectual disability, which manifests as cognitive impairments. Intellectual disability has been shown to place children with ASD at risk for a "low functioning" trajectory throughout life and at risk for having more severe symptoms. Cognitive training has been shown to enhance executive functions underlying intellectual capacity such as working memory, fluid intelligence, executive attention as well as academic achievement . Cognitive training delivered at an early age may strengthen the processes that are important for intellectual capacity and therefore improve the clinical trajectory of ASD.
Although these recent theories of ASD point to deficits of executive functions, this field is currently lacking an evidence-based intervention, which directly tackles deficits of executive functions. The existing interventions for ASD (mainly consisting of behavioural skills development) are complex in administration and require highly trained staff. As a result, these approaches have placed an extremely high demand on clinics and practitioners creating long wait lists. These approaches have poor accessibility for many families and schools. The most striking and consistent limitation of the existing interventions is an apparent lack of transfer of learned skills to other conditions and contexts. Meaning, new learned behaviours are limited to the specific context in which they are trained. Generalization to other tasks and contexts is a distinguishing strength of cognitive training, this approach can be used at home via a personal computer providing more accessibility, and it can be used in conjunction with the behavioral skills development to improve the child's receptiveness to learning. Thus, cognitive training may have the potential to provide promising results in the areas where the existing treatments have shown limitations.
The present project intends to first develop a software based cognitive training program tailored to cognitive needs of children with ASD (Cognitive Assessment and Video-game Intervention Solutions, CAVINS)(phase 1) and then examine the program's efficacy through clinical trials and imaging of the brain (Clinical Trials and Imaging Phases). The imaging component will provide the opportunity to learn about the neural framework of some of the targeted cognitive processes as well as training-induced changes in each process. This intervention will target several functions implicated in ASD such as the ability to shift attention to a different aspect of the task, inhibitory control, working memory, planning, reasoning, selective attention, and face processing. During the imaging phase, as our first step, the investigators will use functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) to identify training-induced changes in the brain associated with set-shifting and response inhibition.
Response inhibition consists of two distinct forms, the restraint of a response and the cancellation of a response. Preventing a response from being initiated characterizes the restraint process whereas termination of a response that is already underway represents the cancellation process. Additionally the ability to monitor, detect and adjust behaviour following an erroneous response represents error processing and is an inherent component of response inhibition. Difficulties of response inhibition have been hypothesized to be responsible for the stereotyped and repetitive behaviour observed in ASD, predictive of "theory of mind" performances in preschoolers, and associated with altered connectivity between the frontal cortex and the striatal and parietal regions as well as volume differences and altered development of the striatum. Similarly, lower accuracy on set-shifting tasks is associated with reduced activation in frontal, striatal, and parietal cortexes and is hypothesized to be responsible for mental inflexibility, restricted and repetitive behaviours observed in ASD.
Several imaging studies have demonstrated modifications in the underlying neural network following completion of cognitive training in healthy adults. However, similar studies in children are very scarce. Currently, there are no studies that have examined training-induced changes within the brain in children with ASD. Findings from the present project will reveal benefits of cognitive training in ASD, generalization and persistence of potential benefits, identify biological changes associated with training, and provide much needed insight into the plasticity of the systems supporting two cognitive functions implicated in ASD.
Conditions
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Study Design
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RANDOMIZED
PARALLEL
TREATMENT
SINGLE
Study Groups
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Training group
This group of children will receive the software based intervention program (CAVINS) and will train at home during the training phase.
Cognitive Assessment & Video-game INtervention Solutions (CAVINS)
This is a computerized "video-game" like intervention. The participants will exercise/strengthen the cognitive (mental) deficits that may be responsible for symptom profiles such as socialization impairments, academic disabilities, and repetitive behaviour for several weeks. This program will stimulate communication between brain regions that make up an information processing neural network in order to promote proper network development.
Control group
This group of children will play video-games-as-usual and return in about 3 weeks for their next assessment appointment.
No interventions assigned to this group
fMRI-training group
This sub-group of children from the "Training group" will carry out two of the tasks in the fMRI scanner during the baseline appointment. They will then go home and train on CAVINS (the intervention) during the training phase.
Cognitive Assessment & Video-game INtervention Solutions (CAVINS)
This is a computerized "video-game" like intervention. The participants will exercise/strengthen the cognitive (mental) deficits that may be responsible for symptom profiles such as socialization impairments, academic disabilities, and repetitive behaviour for several weeks. This program will stimulate communication between brain regions that make up an information processing neural network in order to promote proper network development.
fMRI-Control group
This sub-group of children from the "Control group" will carry out two of the tasks in the fMRI scanner during the baseline appointment. They will then go home and play video-games-as-usual until their next assessment appointment (after about 3 weeks).
No interventions assigned to this group
Interventions
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Cognitive Assessment & Video-game INtervention Solutions (CAVINS)
This is a computerized "video-game" like intervention. The participants will exercise/strengthen the cognitive (mental) deficits that may be responsible for symptom profiles such as socialization impairments, academic disabilities, and repetitive behaviour for several weeks. This program will stimulate communication between brain regions that make up an information processing neural network in order to promote proper network development.
Eligibility Criteria
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Inclusion Criteria
* Age between 3-7 years
Exclusion Criteria
* Current medical problems that would preclude their participation in the study
3 Years
7 Years
ALL
No
Sponsors
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McMaster University
OTHER
Responsible Party
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Principal Investigators
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Geoffrey Hall, PhD
Role: PRINCIPAL_INVESTIGATOR
McMaster University
Terry Bennett, MD
Role: PRINCIPAL_INVESTIGATOR
McMaster University
Stelios Georgiades, PhD
Role: PRINCIPAL_INVESTIGATOR
McMaster University
Locations
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McMaster University
Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
Countries
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Central Contacts
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Facility Contacts
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References
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Aron AR, Poldrack RA. Cortical and subcortical contributions to Stop signal response inhibition: role of the subthalamic nucleus. J Neurosci. 2006 Mar 1;26(9):2424-33. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4682-05.2006.
Buschkuehl M, Jaeggi SM, Hutchison S, Perrig-Chiello P, Dapp C, Muller M, Breil F, Hoppeler H, Perrig WJ. Impact of working memory training on memory performance in old-old adults. Psychol Aging. 2008 Dec;23(4):743-53. doi: 10.1037/a0014342.
Chein JM, Morrison AB. Expanding the mind's workspace: training and transfer effects with a complex working memory span task. Psychon Bull Rev. 2010 Apr;17(2):193-9. doi: 10.3758/PBR.17.2.193.
Chevrier AD, Noseworthy MD, Schachar R. Dissociation of response inhibition and performance monitoring in the stop signal task using event-related fMRI. Hum Brain Mapp. 2007 Dec;28(12):1347-58. doi: 10.1002/hbm.20355.
Cox RW. AFNI: software for analysis and visualization of functional magnetic resonance neuroimages. Comput Biomed Res. 1996 Jun;29(3):162-73. doi: 10.1006/cbmr.1996.0014.
Dahlin E, Nyberg L, Backman L, Neely AS. Plasticity of executive functioning in young and older adults: immediate training gains, transfer, and long-term maintenance. Psychol Aging. 2008 Dec;23(4):720-30. doi: 10.1037/a0014296.
Hoekzema E, Carmona S, Ramos-Quiroga JA, Barba E, Bielsa A, Tremols V, Rovira M, Soliva JC, Casas M, Bulbena A, Tobena A, Vilarroya O. Training-induced neuroanatomical plasticity in ADHD: a tensor-based morphometric study. Hum Brain Mapp. 2011 Oct;32(10):1741-9. doi: 10.1002/hbm.21143. Epub 2011 Mar 1.
Holmes J, Gathercole SE, Dunning DL. Adaptive training leads to sustained enhancement of poor working memory in children. Dev Sci. 2009 Jul;12(4):F9-15. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-7687.2009.00848.x.
Jaeggi SM, Buschkuehl M, Jonides J, Perrig WJ. Improving fluid intelligence with training on working memory. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2008 May 13;105(19):6829-33. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0801268105. Epub 2008 Apr 28.
Klingberg T, Fernell E, Olesen PJ, Johnson M, Gustafsson P, Dahlstrom K, Gillberg CG, Forssberg H, Westerberg H. Computerized training of working memory in children with ADHD--a randomized, controlled trial. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2005 Feb;44(2):177-86. doi: 10.1097/00004583-200502000-00010.
MEZZACAPPA, E. & BUCKNER, J. C. 2010. Working memory training for children with attention problems or hyperactivity: A school-based pilot study. School Mental Health, 2, 202-208.
Noppeney U, Friston KJ, Price CJ. Degenerate neuronal systems sustaining cognitive functions. J Anat. 2004 Dec;205(6):433-42. doi: 10.1111/j.0021-8782.2004.00343.x.
Richmond LL, Morrison AB, Chein JM, Olson IR. Working memory training and transfer in older adults. Psychol Aging. 2011 Dec;26(4):813-22. doi: 10.1037/a0023631. Epub 2011 Jun 27.
Thaler NS, Allen DN, Park BS, McMurray JC, Mayfield J. Attention processing abnormalities in children with traumatic brain injury and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: differential impairment of component processes. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol. 2010 Nov;32(9):929-36. doi: 10.1080/13803391003596488. Epub 2010 Apr 16.
Thorell LB, Lindqvist S, Bergman Nutley S, Bohlin G, Klingberg T. Training and transfer effects of executive functions in preschool children. Dev Sci. 2009 Jan;12(1):106-13. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-7687.2008.00745.x.
van den Wildenberg WP, van Boxtel GJ, van der Molen MW, Bosch DA, Speelman JD, Brunia CH. Stimulation of the subthalamic region facilitates the selection and inhibition of motor responses in Parkinson's disease. J Cogn Neurosci. 2006 Apr;18(4):626-36. doi: 10.1162/jocn.2006.18.4.626.
Vogt A, Kappos L, Calabrese P, Stocklin M, Gschwind L, Opwis K, Penner IK. Working memory training in patients with multiple sclerosis - comparison of two different training schedules. Restor Neurol Neurosci. 2009;27(3):225-35. doi: 10.3233/RNN-2009-0473.
Westerberg H, Jacobaeus H, Hirvikoski T, Clevberger P, Ostensson ML, Bartfai A, Klingberg T. Computerized working memory training after stroke--a pilot study. Brain Inj. 2007 Jan;21(1):21-9. doi: 10.1080/02699050601148726.
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Wykes T, Reeder C, Corner J, Williams C, Everitt B. The effects of neurocognitive remediation on executive processing in patients with schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull. 1999;25(2):291-307. doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.schbul.a033379.
Other Identifiers
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0323
Identifier Type: -
Identifier Source: org_study_id
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