Pilot Study of a Mobile Health Approach to Reduce Barriers to Cervical Cancer Screening in Tanzania

NCT ID: NCT02680613

Last Updated: 2018-01-29

Study Results

Results pending

The study team has not published outcome measurements, participant flow, or safety data for this trial yet. Check back later for updates.

Basic Information

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Recruitment Status

COMPLETED

Clinical Phase

NA

Total Enrollment

851 participants

Study Classification

INTERVENTIONAL

Study Start Date

2016-02-29

Study Completion Date

2017-09-30

Brief Summary

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The purpose of this study is to determine whether motivational text messages and/or travel vouchers are effective in increasing cervical cancer screening rates in urban and rural regions of Northern Tanzania.

Detailed Description

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Introduction:

Cervical cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths in Tanzania. The age-adjusted incidence rate is estimated to be 54 cases per 100,000 (IARC, 2012) and 80% of Tanzanian women affected by cervical cancer will die due to advanced stage at diagnosis (Kahesa, et al., 2012). Visual Inspection of the cervix under Acetic Acid (VIA) is an effective alternative to the Pap smear, unavailable in most low-resource countries due to weak health systems (Palanuwong, 2007). Nurses typically receive 6 days of training before returning to their communities to provide VIA; however, they often face a total lack of oversight to ensure they are providing quality screening and cryotherapy. This lack of quality control has prevented a decline in cervical cancer morbidity and mortality despite significant investment and implementation of VIA programs.

The Kilimanjaro Cervical Cancer Screening Project (KCCP) is a pilot study of 1000 women that developed and tested a cervicography (taking a digital photo of the cervix) training method using a smartphone camera in the hands of nurses performing cervical cancer screening and receiving 'real time' mentorship through a closed user group of image transfer and guidance by cervicographers located elsewhere in Tanzania. A pilot study completed in February 2015 showed that this method provides safe and high quality screening and the method is moving to implementation and scale up within multiple VIA programs in late 2015 (Yeates et al., Manuscript in preparation). The KCCP continues to screen patients and this provides a significant opportunity to perform further research that will inform the scale-up program.

Measures to encourage increased uptake of cervical cancer screening in the region, and in many low-resource contexts are drastically needed to reduce the burden of cervical cancer in these contexts. The prevalence of screening in the Kilimanjaro is 6%(Cunningham et al, 2015), which is close to the WHO figure of 5% of women in developing countries having been screened in the last five years (World Health Organization, 1986). The largest perceived barriers to cervical cancer screening in the Kilimanjaro region were found to be a lack of knowledge that screening services were available and women anticipated that they would not be able to afford the costs associated with screening, including travel (Cunningham et al, 2015).

Objectives:

A) To determine attitudes, barriers and enablers towards smartphone cervicography to ensure an accessible, culturally relevant smartphone cervicography screening program

B) To evaluate the impact of a voucher for return transportation towards increasing cervical cancer screening attendance

C) To evaluate the impact of motivational text messages towards increasing cervical cancer screening attendance

Methodology:

This study will comprise of a descriptive cross-sectional survey and a randomized controlled trial (RCT). Household surveys, capturing baseline characteristics, using stratified systematic random sampling in urban and rural areas will be used to recruit participants for the RCT. Cross-sectional survey participants will be recruited opportunistically at screening clinics associated with the study.

RCT participants will be randomized into one of three arms. The first arm will be a control group and will not receive any correspondence. The second arm will receive a series of motivational text messages, including screening dates and locations. The third group will receive a travel voucher code via SMS and motivational text messages with the same content as the second group.

A post-screening survey will be conducted following cervical cancer screening at clinics participating in the study to evaluate screening attendance and attitudes towards smartphone digital cervicography.

Conditions

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Cervical Cancer

Study Design

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Allocation Method

RANDOMIZED

Intervention Model

PARALLEL

Primary Study Purpose

SCREENING

Blinding Strategy

DOUBLE

Participants Caregivers
The participants were not aware of which group they were randomized to. The care provider providing the screening service was not aware of the group of the participant.

Study Groups

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Motivational SMS

This arm will receive 15 motivational SMS about cervical cancer and screening.

Group Type EXPERIMENTAL

Motivational SMS

Intervention Type BEHAVIORAL

Behaviour change messages delivered via SMS developed with the theoretical guidance of the Health Belief Model.

Travel Voucher

This arm will receive a voucher covering return transport from the screening clinic. This arm will also receive identical 15 motivational SMS about cervical cancer and screening as the Motivational SMS arm.

Group Type EXPERIMENTAL

Motivational SMS

Intervention Type BEHAVIORAL

Behaviour change messages delivered via SMS developed with the theoretical guidance of the Health Belief Model.

Travel Voucher

Intervention Type BEHAVIORAL

A code for return public transportation to closest cervical cancer screening clinic included in the research.

Control

This arm will receive standard sensitization during study period (church announcements, screening promotion by key community leaders and posters in community, as well as sensitization by the research assistants conducting the door-to-door household recruitment) during the study and follow-up period. They will also receive one SMS message with the location of screening services during the study period. At the conclusion of the study, participants in the arm will receive identical motivational SMS as the other two arms.

Group Type NO_INTERVENTION

No interventions assigned to this group

Interventions

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Motivational SMS

Behaviour change messages delivered via SMS developed with the theoretical guidance of the Health Belief Model.

Intervention Type BEHAVIORAL

Travel Voucher

A code for return public transportation to closest cervical cancer screening clinic included in the research.

Intervention Type BEHAVIORAL

Eligibility Criteria

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Inclusion Criteria

* Own a mobile phone or have access to husband's/friend's mobile phone who is not eligible to participate in the research

Exclusion Criteria

* Previous history of cervical cancer or hysterectomy
* Having been screened for cervical cancer in the past year
Minimum Eligible Age

25 Years

Maximum Eligible Age

49 Years

Eligible Sex

FEMALE

Accepts Healthy Volunteers

Yes

Sponsors

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Terry Fox Foundation

OTHER

Sponsor Role collaborator

Queen's University

OTHER

Sponsor Role lead

Responsible Party

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Dr. Karen Yeates

Principal Investigator

Responsibility Role PRINCIPAL_INVESTIGATOR

Principal Investigators

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Karen Yeates, MD

Role: PRINCIPAL_INVESTIGATOR

Queen's University

Locations

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Pamoja Tunaweza Women's Center

Moshi, Kilimanjaro, Tanzania

Site Status

Countries

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Tanzania

References

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Cunningham MS, Skrastins E, Fitzpatrick R, Jindal P, Oneko O, Yeates K, Booth CM, Carpenter J, Aronson KJ. Cervical cancer screening and HPV vaccine acceptability among rural and urban women in Kilimanjaro Region, Tanzania. BMJ Open. 2015 Mar 10;5(3):e005828. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2014-005828.

Reference Type BACKGROUND
PMID: 25757944 (View on PubMed)

Kahesa C, Kjaer S, Mwaiselage J, Ngoma T, Tersbol B, Dartell M, Rasch V. Determinants of acceptance of cervical cancer screening in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. BMC Public Health. 2012 Dec 19;12:1093. doi: 10.1186/1471-2458-12-1093.

Reference Type BACKGROUND
PMID: 23253445 (View on PubMed)

World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) (2012). WHO 2012 estimated cancer incidence, mortality and prevalence in 2012 Available at: http://globocan.iarc.fr/Pages/fact_sheets_population.aspx Accessed February 25, 2015

Reference Type BACKGROUND

Palanuwong B. Alternative cervical cancer prevention in low-resource settings: Experiences of visual inspection by acetic acid with single-visit approach in the first five provinces of Thailand. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol. 2007 Feb;47(1):54-60. doi: 10.1111/j.1479-828X.2006.00680.x.

Reference Type BACKGROUND
PMID: 17261102 (View on PubMed)

Yeates KE, Sleeth J, Hopman W, Ginsburg O, Heus K, Andrews L, Giattas MR, Yuma S, Macheku G, Msuya A, Oneko O. Evaluation of a Smartphone-Based Training Strategy Among Health Care Workers Screening for Cervical Cancer in Northern Tanzania: The Kilimanjaro Method. J Glob Oncol. 2016 May 4;2(6):356-364. doi: 10.1200/JGO.2015.001768. eCollection 2016 Dec.

Reference Type BACKGROUND
PMID: 28717721 (View on PubMed)

Palmer MJ, Henschke N, Villanueva G, Maayan N, Bergman H, Glenton C, Lewin S, Fonhus MS, Tamrat T, Mehl GL, Free C. Targeted client communication via mobile devices for improving sexual and reproductive health. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2020 Jul 14;8(8):CD013680. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD013680.

Reference Type DERIVED
PMID: 32779730 (View on PubMed)

Erwin E, Aronson KJ, Day A, Ginsburg O, Macheku G, Feksi A, Oneko O, Sleeth J, Magoma B, West N, Marandu PD, Yeates K. SMS behaviour change communication and eVoucher interventions to increase uptake of cervical cancer screening in the Kilimanjaro and Arusha regions of Tanzania: a randomised, double-blind, controlled trial of effectiveness. BMJ Innov. 2019 Jan;5(1):28-34. doi: 10.1136/bmjinnov-2018-000276. Epub 2019 Feb 22.

Reference Type DERIVED
PMID: 31645991 (View on PubMed)

Other Identifiers

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Q-6015511

Identifier Type: -

Identifier Source: org_study_id

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