Study Results
Results pending
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Basic Information
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Recruitment Status
COMPLETED
Total Enrollment
120 participants
Study Classification
OBSERVATIONAL
Study Start Date
2013-02-28
Study Completion Date
2016-05-31
Brief Summary
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Aortic dilatation syndromes are comprised by a group of different syndromes, of which Marfan syndrome is the best described. Many of the aorta dilatation associated syndromes are heritable connective tissue disorders but some patients do not have any other phenotypical symptoms than aorta dilatation. The genetic variation in thoracic aorta dilatation is still unknown. This study aims on genetic evaluation of patients with thoracic aorta dilatation. Furthermore the study will focus on a registry angel trying to evaluate prevalence, mortality, morbidity and socioeconomically status of Marfan syndrome patients. This part will rely on registry data obtained from unique Danish registries.
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Detailed Description
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Background Aortic dilatation syndromes are comprised by a group of different syndromes, of which Marfan syndrome is the best described. Marfan syndrome is a heritable connective tissue disorder associated with mutations in the fibrillin-1 gene (FBN1). The genetic diversity is wide with more than 1000 different mutations in FBN1. Until now it has in many instances been both expensive, difficult and time consuming to get the correct genetic diagnosis; but the use of next generation sequencing (NGS)1;2 has the potential to make diagnosis faster, safer and much cheaper. Mutations in the TGFβR1 and TGFβR2 gene can also give rise to a Marfan syndrome phenotype, but also Loeys-Dietz syndrome and Familial Thoracic Aortic Aneurysm syndrome. Mutations in other genes can lead to a clinical suspicion of Marfan syndrome or related syndromes like Ehler-Danlos syndrome, Weill-Marchesani syndrome as well as others 3. Sporadic occurrence due to de novo mutations are seen in 20-30 % of diagnosed cases of Marfan Syndrome 4;5. New diagnostic revised criteria have been presented in 2010 3.
The frequency of Marfan syndrome has only been studied in a few studies and with very divergent results. In one Chinese study from 1990 a prevalence of 17.2 per 100,000 was found, compared with a study from 1997 with a prevalence of 4.6 per 100,000 6-9. Preliminary runs of the available registries suggest that 1000-2000 individuals with Marfan syndrome exist in Denmark, which is a substantially higher prevalence than in the above mentioned studies.
The pattern of symptoms and diseases in all these syndromes are quite varied, but with typical involvement of the cardiovascular, ocular and skeletal systems. New studies has also shown an increased frequency of migraine, sleep apnea and cholelithiasis in Marfan syndrome and probably with a range of symptoms and traits still not described 10-15.
There is a well known increased mortality among Marfan patients due to cardiovascular causes, because of aortic dilatation and dissection. However, this has only been studied in few and small studies; one American/Scottish study from 1993 found an increasing lifespan from 48 years in 1972 to 72 years in 1993 16-19. Data on lifespan in other thoracic aortic dilatation syndromes is scant. And likewise not much is known of the quality of life and socio-economic conditions of Marfan syndrome and other related syndromes. It is possible that the increased morbidity and mortality related to these syndromes affect socio-economic conditions adversely, as can be speculated in Marfan syndrome 20-23.
The skeletal manifestations were first described by AB Marfan in original description of the syndrome in 1896 24, but now a century later, many facets of the syndrome are still not well characterized, and many studies have been conducted on very selected groups of Marfan syndrome patients, which makes it problematic to extrapolate data.
Denmark has excellent registries; they represent a unique possibility for the study of rare diseases like Marfan and related syndromes concerning morbidity, mortality and socio-economy, as long as the diagnosis is certain. We have previously studied a range of rare syndromes in this manner 25-31.
However, diagnosis of Marfan syndrome and a range of Thoracic Aorta Dilatation syndromes are still problematic and a goal of the present study is to improve not only diagnosis but also the characterization of these syndromes. Likewise, we aim to identify new mutations, especially in frequent conditions like bicuspid aortic valve (0.46-1.37% of the population), which often leads to aortic dilatation and the need for surgical intervention 32. Bicuspid aortic valve syndrome follows an autosomal dominant inheritance with incomplete penetrance and male predominance (3:1), which has pointed towards genes on the X chromosome being involved 33.
We will identify all patients with Marfan syndrome and all other patients with thoracic aortic dilatation syndromes using a multi-facetted approach. Patients will be identified through a combination of all available registries in Denmark (The National Registry of Discharge Diagnoses, The Registry of Causes of Death, The Cancer Registry) and department takings care of these patients (the 2 Centres of Rare Diseases in Copenhagen and Aarhus, and the 3 largest Departments of Cardiology).
In this project we will provide a unique combination of front line molecular technologies and well defined patient cohorts. The aims of the study are the following:
1. To establish a rapid and cheap genetic test for diagnosis of all these syndromes in a combined fashion.
2. To establish the incidence of all these syndromes in Denmark.
3. To establish morbidity, mortality and socio-economic patterns for these syndromes.
4. To examine genotype-phenotype relations. Study population
From preliminary runs in the National Registry of Discharge Diagnoses, we expect to include 500-1000 persons with Marfan syndrome. Some of these have had aortic surgery and tissue specimens are available.
The remaining syndromes are fewer in number and we expect altogether to include about 100-500 persons. Likewise, some of these have had aortic surgery and tissue specimens are available.
For every case (Marfan or any other syndrome) we will identify 100 sex and age-matched controls from Statistics Denmark enabling us to calculate precise estimates of morbidity, mortality and socio-economic measures.
Methods \& Endpoints The NGS technology enables the procurement of large amounts of sequencing data from either the entire or targeted parts of the genome. We will sequence the entire exom and thereafter target specific genes like FBN1, TGFβR1 and TGFβR2 and others (we found more than 40 genes of interest and this number is still rising). The capacity of NGS is so large that we aim to sequence a number of patients in the same run. This will speed up the diagnostic process and reduce costs substantially. Changes found in any one patient will then be compared with available databases of variations in the human genome (SNPdb and HapMap).
The DNA sequence of all examined genes will allow for genotype characterization, which will be correlated with the phenotype of a given individual. Both known and new mutations will expectedly be found, and we expect to find single-base mutations as well as genomic rearrangements (indels).
We will use tissue samples from the aorta or other relevant tissue for correlations between mutational status, the level of messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) expression and protein amount, thus, obtaining functional information. In a later project we will study the functional aspects of the genomic aberrations in cell models.
Digital gene expression values will be found using Cufflinks and mutations, SNPs and indels, will be called using the BWA SNP-caller, and copy number variation will be called using CNV-seq. We will perform deep coverage of the DNA and RNA from the same samples for validation of purportedly genomic events such as mutations, SNPs or breakpoints. Bioinformatics will be carried out under supervision by the experts at Department of Molecular Medicine bioinformatics group. We aim at devising new computerized techniques for analysis of sequence data.
Epidemiology The population of patients will be described as mentioned above, and after genetic characterization we will study morbidity, mortality and incidence for the different syndromes. We will link different registries and estimate the use of prescription medicine and we will use the registries at Statistics Denmark and study the socio-economic outcome for the different syndromes.
We will develop tables of expected clinical manifestations in each syndrome group and eventually link these to certain mutations (gene - function relationship), thus being able to predict the outcome of each individual. The tables will include age of onset, likelihood of symptom, etc.
Statistical methods Incidence rates will be calculated as cases per 100.000 per year and analysed with the use of Poisson regression. Morbidity and mortality will be described with the use of Kaplan-Meier curves, log-rank testing and Cox regression. Socio-economic data will be analysed using conditional logistic regression.
Permissions and collaborative partners Permission from the Science Ethical Committee is accepted. There are no specific ethical considerations in relation to the study, which will be conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. Permission from the different Registries employed will be sought and Statistics Denmark has accepted a permission. Patients will be included from the outpatient clinics of the 2 centers of Rare Disease in Denmark and the 4 largest Departments of Cardiology. Data will be stored and analysed at the Department of Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby.
Clinical importance The described syndromes impact a high cost on society (\>3000 individuals with various clinical manifestation), and if successful we will be able to identify families with the syndromes and prevent diseases, as well as diagnose much earlier leading to better life quality and reduced treatment cost for society. Furthermore, a precise description of the genetic background is likely to lead to a much better treatment of for instance hypertension (angiotensin blocker instead of beta blocker treatment).
Publications The described studies will lead to a range of publications. All involved clinical departments will be mentioned in Acknowledgements in future publications.
The frequency of Marfan syndrome has only been studied in a few studies and with very divergent results. In one Chinese study from 1990 a prevalence of 17.2 per 100,000 was found, compared with a study from 1997 with a prevalence of 4.6 per 100,000 6-9. Preliminary runs of the available registries suggest that 1000-2000 individuals with Marfan syndrome exist in Denmark, which is a substantially higher prevalence than in the above mentioned studies.
The pattern of symptoms and diseases in all these syndromes are quite varied, but with typical involvement of the cardiovascular, ocular and skeletal systems. New studies has also shown an increased frequency of migraine, sleep apnea and cholelithiasis in Marfan syndrome and probably with a range of symptoms and traits still not described 10-15.
There is a well known increased mortality among Marfan patients due to cardiovascular causes, because of aortic dilatation and dissection. However, this has only been studied in few and small studies; one American/Scottish study from 1993 found an increasing lifespan from 48 years in 1972 to 72 years in 1993 16-19. Data on lifespan in other thoracic aortic dilatation syndromes is scant. And likewise not much is known of the quality of life and socio-economic conditions of Marfan syndrome and other related syndromes. It is possible that the increased morbidity and mortality related to these syndromes affect socio-economic conditions adversely, as can be speculated in Marfan syndrome 20-23.
The skeletal manifestations were first described by AB Marfan in original description of the syndrome in 1896 24, but now a century later, many facets of the syndrome are still not well characterized, and many studies have been conducted on very selected groups of Marfan syndrome patients, which makes it problematic to extrapolate data.
Denmark has excellent registries; they represent a unique possibility for the study of rare diseases like Marfan and related syndromes concerning morbidity, mortality and socio-economy, as long as the diagnosis is certain. We have previously studied a range of rare syndromes in this manner 25-31.
However, diagnosis of Marfan syndrome and a range of Thoracic Aorta Dilatation syndromes are still problematic and a goal of the present study is to improve not only diagnosis but also the characterization of these syndromes. Likewise, we aim to identify new mutations, especially in frequent conditions like bicuspid aortic valve (0.46-1.37% of the population), which often leads to aortic dilatation and the need for surgical intervention 32. Bicuspid aortic valve syndrome follows an autosomal dominant inheritance with incomplete penetrance and male predominance (3:1), which has pointed towards genes on the X chromosome being involved 33.
We will identify all patients with Marfan syndrome and all other patients with thoracic aortic dilatation syndromes using a multi-facetted approach. Patients will be identified through a combination of all available registries in Denmark (The National Registry of Discharge Diagnoses, The Registry of Causes of Death, The Cancer Registry) and department takings care of these patients (the 2 Centres of Rare Diseases in Copenhagen and Aarhus, and the 3 largest Departments of Cardiology).
In this project we will provide a unique combination of front line molecular technologies and well defined patient cohorts. The aims of the study are the following:
1. To establish a rapid and cheap genetic test for diagnosis of all these syndromes in a combined fashion.
2. To establish the incidence of all these syndromes in Denmark.
3. To establish morbidity, mortality and socio-economic patterns for these syndromes.
4. To examine genotype-phenotype relations. Study population
From preliminary runs in the National Registry of Discharge Diagnoses, we expect to include 500-1000 persons with Marfan syndrome. Some of these have had aortic surgery and tissue specimens are available.
The remaining syndromes are fewer in number and we expect altogether to include about 100-500 persons. Likewise, some of these have had aortic surgery and tissue specimens are available.
For every case (Marfan or any other syndrome) we will identify 100 sex and age-matched controls from Statistics Denmark enabling us to calculate precise estimates of morbidity, mortality and socio-economic measures.
Methods \& Endpoints The NGS technology enables the procurement of large amounts of sequencing data from either the entire or targeted parts of the genome. We will sequence the entire exom and thereafter target specific genes like FBN1, TGFβR1 and TGFβR2 and others (we found more than 40 genes of interest and this number is still rising). The capacity of NGS is so large that we aim to sequence a number of patients in the same run. This will speed up the diagnostic process and reduce costs substantially. Changes found in any one patient will then be compared with available databases of variations in the human genome (SNPdb and HapMap).
The DNA sequence of all examined genes will allow for genotype characterization, which will be correlated with the phenotype of a given individual. Both known and new mutations will expectedly be found, and we expect to find single-base mutations as well as genomic rearrangements (indels).
We will use tissue samples from the aorta or other relevant tissue for correlations between mutational status, the level of messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) expression and protein amount, thus, obtaining functional information. In a later project we will study the functional aspects of the genomic aberrations in cell models.
Digital gene expression values will be found using Cufflinks and mutations, SNPs and indels, will be called using the BWA SNP-caller, and copy number variation will be called using CNV-seq. We will perform deep coverage of the DNA and RNA from the same samples for validation of purportedly genomic events such as mutations, SNPs or breakpoints. Bioinformatics will be carried out under supervision by the experts at Department of Molecular Medicine bioinformatics group. We aim at devising new computerized techniques for analysis of sequence data.
Epidemiology The population of patients will be described as mentioned above, and after genetic characterization we will study morbidity, mortality and incidence for the different syndromes. We will link different registries and estimate the use of prescription medicine and we will use the registries at Statistics Denmark and study the socio-economic outcome for the different syndromes.
We will develop tables of expected clinical manifestations in each syndrome group and eventually link these to certain mutations (gene - function relationship), thus being able to predict the outcome of each individual. The tables will include age of onset, likelihood of symptom, etc.
Statistical methods Incidence rates will be calculated as cases per 100.000 per year and analysed with the use of Poisson regression. Morbidity and mortality will be described with the use of Kaplan-Meier curves, log-rank testing and Cox regression. Socio-economic data will be analysed using conditional logistic regression.
Permissions and collaborative partners Permission from the Science Ethical Committee is accepted. There are no specific ethical considerations in relation to the study, which will be conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. Permission from the different Registries employed will be sought and Statistics Denmark has accepted a permission. Patients will be included from the outpatient clinics of the 2 centers of Rare Disease in Denmark and the 4 largest Departments of Cardiology. Data will be stored and analysed at the Department of Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby.
Clinical importance The described syndromes impact a high cost on society (\>3000 individuals with various clinical manifestation), and if successful we will be able to identify families with the syndromes and prevent diseases, as well as diagnose much earlier leading to better life quality and reduced treatment cost for society. Furthermore, a precise description of the genetic background is likely to lead to a much better treatment of for instance hypertension (angiotensin blocker instead of beta blocker treatment).
Publications The described studies will lead to a range of publications. All involved clinical departments will be mentioned in Acknowledgements in future publications.
Conditions
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Thoracic Aorta Dilatation
Marfan Syndrome
Study Design
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Observational Model Type
CASE_ONLY
Study Time Perspective
OTHER
Eligibility Criteria
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Inclusion Criteria
* Thoracic aorta dilatation
* Marfan syndrome phenotype as in the Ghent II criteria.
* Marfan syndrome phenotype as in the Ghent II criteria.
Exclusion Criteria
* None of the inclusions criteria.
Eligible Sex
ALL
Accepts Healthy Volunteers
No
Sponsors
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Aarhus University Hospital
OTHER
Sponsor Role
collaborator
University of Aarhus
OTHER
Sponsor Role
lead
Responsible Party
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Responsibility Role
SPONSOR
Principal Investigators
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Kristian A Groth, Doctor
Role: PRINCIPAL_INVESTIGATOR
Aarhus University / Aarhus University Hospital
Locations
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Aarhus University Hospital
Aarhus, Central Jutland, Denmark
Site Status
Countries
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Denmark
References
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Loeys BL, Dietz HC, Braverman AC, Callewaert BL, De Backer J, Devereux RB, Hilhorst-Hofstee Y, Jondeau G, Faivre L, Milewicz DM, Pyeritz RE, Sponseller PD, Wordsworth P, De Paepe AM. The revised Ghent nosology for the Marfan syndrome. J Med Genet. 2010 Jul;47(7):476-85. doi: 10.1136/jmg.2009.072785.
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BACKGROUND
Dean JC. Marfan syndrome: clinical diagnosis and management. Eur J Hum Genet. 2007 Jul;15(7):724-33. doi: 10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201851. Epub 2007 May 9.
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BACKGROUND
Ansorge WJ. Next-generation DNA sequencing techniques. N Biotechnol. 2009 Apr;25(4):195-203. doi: 10.1016/j.nbt.2008.12.009. Epub 2009 Feb 3.
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BACKGROUND
Metzker ML. Sequencing technologies - the next generation. Nat Rev Genet. 2010 Jan;11(1):31-46. doi: 10.1038/nrg2626. Epub 2009 Dec 8.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Attias D, Stheneur C, Roy C, Collod-Beroud G, Detaint D, Faivre L, Delrue MA, Cohen L, Francannet C, Beroud C, Claustres M, Iserin F, Khau Van Kien P, Lacombe D, Le Merrer M, Lyonnet S, Odent S, Plauchu H, Rio M, Rossi A, Sidi D, Steg PG, Ravaud P, Boileau C, Jondeau G. Comparison of clinical presentations and outcomes between patients with TGFBR2 and FBN1 mutations in Marfan syndrome and related disorders. Circulation. 2009 Dec 22;120(25):2541-9. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.887042. Epub 2009 Dec 7.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
LYNAS MA. Marfan's syndrome in Northern Ireland; an account of thirteen families. Ann Hum Genet. 1958 Jul;22(4):289-309. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-1809.1958.tb01423.x. No abstract available.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Sun QB, Zhang KZ, Cheng TO, Li SL, Lu BX, Zhang ZB, Wang W. Marfan syndrome in China: a collective review of 564 cases among 98 families. Am Heart J. 1990 Oct;120(4):934-48. doi: 10.1016/0002-8703(90)90213-h.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Fuchs J. Marfan syndrome and other systemic disorders with congenital ectopia lentis. A Danish national survey. Acta Paediatr. 1997 Sep;86(9):947-52. doi: 10.1111/j.1651-2227.1997.tb15176.x.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Gray JR, Bridges AB, Faed MJ, Pringle T, Baines P, Dean J, Boxer M. Ascertainment and severity of Marfan syndrome in a Scottish population. J Med Genet. 1994 Jan;31(1):51-4. doi: 10.1136/jmg.31.1.51.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
McKUSICK VA. The cardiovascular aspects of Marfan's syndrome: a heritable disorder of connective tissue. Circulation. 1955 Mar;11(3):321-42. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.11.3.321. No abstract available.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Rand-Hendriksen S, Lundby R, Tjeldhorn L, Andersen K, Offstad J, Semb SO, Smith HJ, Paus B, Geiran O. Prevalence data on all Ghent features in a cross-sectional study of 87 adults with proven Marfan syndrome. Eur J Hum Genet. 2009 Oct;17(10):1222-30. doi: 10.1038/ejhg.2009.30. Epub 2009 Mar 18.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Rand-Hendriksen S, Johansen H, Semb SO, Geiran O, Stanghelle JK, Finset A. Health-related quality of life in Marfan syndrome: a cross-sectional study of Short Form 36 in 84 adults with a verified diagnosis. Genet Med. 2010 Aug;12(8):517-24. doi: 10.1097/GIM.0b013e3181ea4c1c.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Chow K, Pyeritz RE, Litt HI. Abdominal visceral findings in patients with Marfan syndrome. Genet Med. 2007 Apr;9(4):208-12. doi: 10.1097/gim.0b013e3180423cb3.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Kohler M, Blair E, Risby P, Nickol AH, Wordsworth P, Forfar C, Stradling JR. The prevalence of obstructive sleep apnoea and its association with aortic dilatation in Marfan's syndrome. Thorax. 2009 Feb;64(2):162-6. doi: 10.1136/thx.2008.102756. Epub 2008 Oct 13.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Vis JC, Timmermans J, Post MC, Budts W, Schepens MA, Thijs V, Schonewille WJ, de Bie RM, Plokker HW, Tijssen JG, Mulder BJ. Increased prevalence of migraine in Marfan syndrome. Int J Cardiol. 2009 Aug 21;136(3):330-4. doi: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2008.05.037. Epub 2008 Aug 3.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Murdoch JL, Walker BA, Halpern BL, Kuzma JW, McKusick VA. Life expectancy and causes of death in the Marfan syndrome. N Engl J Med. 1972 Apr 13;286(15):804-8. doi: 10.1056/NEJM197204132861502. No abstract available.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Gray JR, Bridges AB, West RR, McLeish L, Stuart AG, Dean JC, Porteous ME, Boxer M, Davies SJ. Life expectancy in British Marfan syndrome populations. Clin Genet. 1998 Aug;54(2):124-8. doi: 10.1111/j.1399-0004.1998.tb03714.x.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Chan YC, Ting CW, Ho P, Poon JT, Cheung GC, Cheng SW. Ten-year epidemiological review of in-hospital patients with Marfan syndrome. Ann Vasc Surg. 2008 Sep;22(5):608-12. doi: 10.1016/j.avsg.2008.04.005. Epub 2008 Jun 17.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Silverman DI, Burton KJ, Gray J, Bosner MS, Kouchoukos NT, Roman MJ, Boxer M, Devereux RB, Tsipouras P. Life expectancy in the Marfan syndrome. Am J Cardiol. 1995 Jan 15;75(2):157-60. doi: 10.1016/s0002-9149(00)80066-1.
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BACKGROUND
Peters K, Apse K, Blackford A, McHugh B, Michalic D, Biesecker B. Living with Marfan syndrome: coping with stigma. Clin Genet. 2005 Jul;68(1):6-14. doi: 10.1111/j.1399-0004.2005.00446.x.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Peters KF, Kong F, Horne R, Francomano CA, Biesecker BB. Living with Marfan syndrome I. Perceptions of the condition. Clin Genet. 2001 Oct;60(4):273-82. doi: 10.1034/j.1399-0004.2001.600405.x.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Peters KF, Kong F, Hanslo M, Biesecker BB. Living with Marfan syndrome III. Quality of life and reproductive planning. Clin Genet. 2002 Aug;62(2):110-20. doi: 10.1034/j.1399-0004.2002.620203.x.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
De Bie S, De Paepe A, Delvaux I, Davies S, Hennekam RC. Marfan syndrome in Europe. Community Genet. 2004;7(4):216-25. doi: 10.1159/000082265.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Stochholm K, Juul S, Juel K, Naeraa RW, Gravholt CH. Prevalence, incidence, diagnostic delay, and mortality in Turner syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2006 Oct;91(10):3897-902. doi: 10.1210/jc.2006-0558. Epub 2006 Jul 18.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Stochholm K, Gravholt CH, Laursen T, Laurberg P, Andersen M, Kristensen LO, Feldt-Rasmussen U, Christiansen JS, Frydenberg M, Green A. Mortality and GH deficiency: a nationwide study. Eur J Endocrinol. 2007 Jul;157(1):9-18. doi: 10.1530/EJE-07-0013.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Stochholm K, Hjerrild B, Mortensen KH, Juul S, Frydenberg M, Gravholt CH. Socioeconomic parameters and mortality in Turner syndrome. Eur J Endocrinol. 2012 Jun;166(6):1013-9. doi: 10.1530/EJE-11-1066. Epub 2012 Mar 21.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Bojesen A, Juul S, Birkebaek N, Gravholt CH. Increased mortality in Klinefelter syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2004 Aug;89(8):3830-4. doi: 10.1210/jc.2004-0777.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Bojesen A, Juul S, Birkebaek NH, Gravholt CH. Morbidity in Klinefelter syndrome: a Danish register study based on hospital discharge diagnoses. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2006 Apr;91(4):1254-60. doi: 10.1210/jc.2005-0697. Epub 2006 Jan 4.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Stochholm K, Juul S, Gravholt CH. Mortality and incidence in women with 47,XXX and variants. Am J Med Genet A. 2010 Feb;152A(2):367-72. doi: 10.1002/ajmg.a.33214.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Stochholm K, Juul S, Gravholt CH. Diagnosis and mortality in 47,XYY persons: a registry study. Orphanet J Rare Dis. 2010 May 29;5:15. doi: 10.1186/1750-1172-5-15.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Siu SC, Silversides CK. Bicuspid aortic valve disease. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2010 Jun 22;55(25):2789-800. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2009.12.068.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Tadros TM, Klein MD, Shapira OM. Ascending aortic dilatation associated with bicuspid aortic valve: pathophysiology, molecular biology, and clinical implications. Circulation. 2009 Feb 17;119(6):880-90. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.795401. No abstract available.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Other Identifiers
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M-20110238
Identifier Type: -
Identifier Source: org_study_id
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