FLuctuATion Reduction With inSULin and Glp-1 Added togetheR (FLAT-SUGAR)
NCT ID: NCT01524705
Last Updated: 2023-12-29
Study Results
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View full resultsBasic Information
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Recruitment Status
COMPLETED
Clinical Phase
PHASE4
Total Enrollment
102 participants
Study Classification
INTERVENTIONAL
Study Start Date
2012-08-31
Study Completion Date
2014-07-31
Brief Summary
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Results of recent studies using standard long and short acting insulin therapy (Basal - Bolus or BBI) in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) have not shown benefits to lower risks for heart attacks, strokes, or eye, nerve and kidney problems. Some studies also show a long time between the start of treatment and signs of benefit. This has led to a review of current ways to normalize blood glucose control with basal bolus insulin and how to make blood glucose better. Improving blood sugar with insulin therapy usually causes weight gain, more high sugar levels after meals, and more low blood sugars. Early studies suggest that when people take long-acting insulin and metformin, they have fewer blood sugar extremes when they also take a new type of medicine called glucagon-like polypeptide-1 (GLP-1) agonist named exenatide (Byetta), instead of meal-time insulin. This means there might be a better way to treat Type 2 diabetes.
Participants are asked to take part in an eight month study to find out if middle-aged and older people with Type 2 diabetes who have added risk factors for heart disease can even out their blood sugar levels. They will start on long-acting insulin, mealtime insulin, and metformin, if they are not already on these medications. Their kidney function tests must be normal and they must not be allergic to metformin. Then, after a 2 month run-in phase, they must be willing to be assigned by chance into one of two groups. This means that they will have a 50/50 chance (like flipping a coin) of being in either group. Half of them will be started on the new medicine known as Byetta rather than the meal-time insulin and the other half will remain on the meal-time insulin during the next 6 months (26 weeks) to see which group has more steady blood sugars. They will be asked to use a continuous blood sugar monitoring system called DexCom. A sensor is inserted under the skin in the same areas the insulin is injected. The DexCom can check their blood sugars 24 hours of the day and night and will be worn until 7 days of recordings are collected. In the same 7 day period, they will also be asked to wear a Holter or Telemetry monitor that will record their heart beats and rhythm which will be compared to the blood sugar readings. They will also use home glucose meters to check their glucose levels about 3 to 4 times a day. The study will take place at 12 centers in the United States and enroll about 120-130 people.
Participants are asked to take part in an eight month study to find out if middle-aged and older people with Type 2 diabetes who have added risk factors for heart disease can even out their blood sugar levels. They will start on long-acting insulin, mealtime insulin, and metformin, if they are not already on these medications. Their kidney function tests must be normal and they must not be allergic to metformin. Then, after a 2 month run-in phase, they must be willing to be assigned by chance into one of two groups. This means that they will have a 50/50 chance (like flipping a coin) of being in either group. Half of them will be started on the new medicine known as Byetta rather than the meal-time insulin and the other half will remain on the meal-time insulin during the next 6 months (26 weeks) to see which group has more steady blood sugars. They will be asked to use a continuous blood sugar monitoring system called DexCom. A sensor is inserted under the skin in the same areas the insulin is injected. The DexCom can check their blood sugars 24 hours of the day and night and will be worn until 7 days of recordings are collected. In the same 7 day period, they will also be asked to wear a Holter or Telemetry monitor that will record their heart beats and rhythm which will be compared to the blood sugar readings. They will also use home glucose meters to check their glucose levels about 3 to 4 times a day. The study will take place at 12 centers in the United States and enroll about 120-130 people.
Detailed Description
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Recent medical endpoint studies employing conventional basal bolus insulin therapy (BBI) in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) have been disappointing, showing either inconsistent or no effect of treatments on risks for micro- or macro-vascular events, or a long interval between treatment initiation and evidence of clinical benefit. In fact, one trial has suggested that treating glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1C) to lower targets may even lead to harm. This has raised the possibility that more aggressive glucose lowering approaches lead to harm that overwhelms benefit in those with T2DM. Potential explanations for these results include three closely related physiologic processes: glycemic variability, weight gain and hypoglycemia. Too much variability of glucose, especially post-prandial hyperglycemia, poses the dilemma of how to achieve near-normal mean glucose and HbA1C levels without causing insulin-induced hypoglycemia and/or weight gain. All three of these processes have been linked to worsening systemic inflammation and oxidative stress, and to increased renal and cardiovascular risks.
Fortunately, new tools are available that allow us to assess the severity of glycemic variability (continuous glucose monitoring, or CGM), and to investigate the mechanisms through which it may lead to cardiovascular risk (e.g., systemic inflammation and oxidative stress, sensitive measures of diabetic renal disease, and Holter or Telemetry monitoring for hypoglycemia-induced arrhythmias). In addition, preliminary studies have suggested that replacement of rapid-acting analogue (RAA) in traditional BBI with the glucagon-like polypeptide-1 (GLP-1) agonist, exenatide, may substantially reduce glycemic variability without a strong tendency to increase body weight or hypoglycemia.
This research trial, "FLuctuATion reduction with inSUlin and Glp-1 Added togetheR (FLAT-SUGAR)", by using these new methods to optimize glycemic control while limiting unwanted adverse effects, will be a definitive comparative effectiveness trial. This trial is designed to address the following primary hypothesis:
In middle aged and older individuals with T2DM and additional risk factors for cardiovascular disease, and on a background therapy of basal insulin (insulin glargine) and metformin, the addition of the GLP-1 analogue, exenatide, reduces glycemic variability more than the addition of a rapid-acting-analogue (RAA) (insulin aspart, insulin glulisine or insulin lispro) during an active treatment period of 26 weeks.
The primary outcome measure will be the change in the coefficient of variation of continuous glucose readings, as assessed by CGM. Importantly, FLAT-SUGAR will plan, a priori, to assess glycemic variability using CGM. Secondary trial goals will be to explore potential between-group differences in complications that may result from glycemic variability, including hypoglycemia, systemic inflammation and oxidant stress, diabetic renal disease, weight gain and cardiac arrhythmias. If, as we expect, FLAT-SUGAR demonstrates that CGM provides objective verification of reduced glycemic variability in T2DM with the new GLP-1 agonist-based regimen, the main goal of the trial will be accomplished. If reduced variability is associated with lower risks of adverse events of inflammation, albuminuria progression, weight gain, hypoglycemia, and/or cardiac arrhythmia, a long term clinical comparative effectiveness trial powered to evaluate medical outcomes will be justified.
In order to conduct FLAT-SUGAR, a randomized, controlled, multicenter, open-label investigator-initiated trial, the primary funding is supported by Sanofi-Aventis US with donations of other medications and devices by several other companies. The Sponsor-Investigator is the University of Washington, which will also be the Operation Center (OC).The Data Center (DC) is the University of Texas at Houston School of Public Health. There will be 12 clinical sites with diabetes and CGM expertise to screen and enroll qualified participants for approximately 8-10 weeks of a run-in period, then ultimately randomize, and follow 120 total participants for an active treatment period of 26 weeks.
Fortunately, new tools are available that allow us to assess the severity of glycemic variability (continuous glucose monitoring, or CGM), and to investigate the mechanisms through which it may lead to cardiovascular risk (e.g., systemic inflammation and oxidative stress, sensitive measures of diabetic renal disease, and Holter or Telemetry monitoring for hypoglycemia-induced arrhythmias). In addition, preliminary studies have suggested that replacement of rapid-acting analogue (RAA) in traditional BBI with the glucagon-like polypeptide-1 (GLP-1) agonist, exenatide, may substantially reduce glycemic variability without a strong tendency to increase body weight or hypoglycemia.
This research trial, "FLuctuATion reduction with inSUlin and Glp-1 Added togetheR (FLAT-SUGAR)", by using these new methods to optimize glycemic control while limiting unwanted adverse effects, will be a definitive comparative effectiveness trial. This trial is designed to address the following primary hypothesis:
In middle aged and older individuals with T2DM and additional risk factors for cardiovascular disease, and on a background therapy of basal insulin (insulin glargine) and metformin, the addition of the GLP-1 analogue, exenatide, reduces glycemic variability more than the addition of a rapid-acting-analogue (RAA) (insulin aspart, insulin glulisine or insulin lispro) during an active treatment period of 26 weeks.
The primary outcome measure will be the change in the coefficient of variation of continuous glucose readings, as assessed by CGM. Importantly, FLAT-SUGAR will plan, a priori, to assess glycemic variability using CGM. Secondary trial goals will be to explore potential between-group differences in complications that may result from glycemic variability, including hypoglycemia, systemic inflammation and oxidant stress, diabetic renal disease, weight gain and cardiac arrhythmias. If, as we expect, FLAT-SUGAR demonstrates that CGM provides objective verification of reduced glycemic variability in T2DM with the new GLP-1 agonist-based regimen, the main goal of the trial will be accomplished. If reduced variability is associated with lower risks of adverse events of inflammation, albuminuria progression, weight gain, hypoglycemia, and/or cardiac arrhythmia, a long term clinical comparative effectiveness trial powered to evaluate medical outcomes will be justified.
In order to conduct FLAT-SUGAR, a randomized, controlled, multicenter, open-label investigator-initiated trial, the primary funding is supported by Sanofi-Aventis US with donations of other medications and devices by several other companies. The Sponsor-Investigator is the University of Washington, which will also be the Operation Center (OC).The Data Center (DC) is the University of Texas at Houston School of Public Health. There will be 12 clinical sites with diabetes and CGM expertise to screen and enroll qualified participants for approximately 8-10 weeks of a run-in period, then ultimately randomize, and follow 120 total participants for an active treatment period of 26 weeks.
Conditions
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Type 2 Diabetes
Keywords
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Pilot Study
Prospective Randomized Trial
Comparative Effectiveness
Glycemic Variability
insulin glargine
exenatide
basal insulin
bolus insulin
Study Design
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Allocation Method
RANDOMIZED
Intervention Model
PARALLEL
Primary Study Purpose
TREATMENT
Blinding Strategy
DOUBLE
Participants
Caregivers
Study Groups
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Insulin Glargine, metformin, exenatide
Approximately 60 Type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) participants will be instructed on an American Heart Association/American Diabetes Association (AHA/ADA) meal plan. Insulin Glargine, metformin and exenatide will used as a combination strategy to control individual glycosylated hemoglobin level (HbA1Cs) between 6.7 and 7.3% throughout the trial. The use of exenatide makes this the intervention arm
Group Type
EXPERIMENTAL
Insulin Glargine
Intervention Type
DRUG
Glargine-injectable, variable, once daily (QD), 6 months
Metformin
Intervention Type
DRUG
Metformin-oral, up to 1000mg, twice daily (BID), 6 months
Exenatide
Intervention Type
DRUG
Injectable, 5mcg, twice daily (BID), 6 months
glargine, metformin, prandial insulin
Approximately 60 type 2 DM participants will be instructed in AHA/ADA meal plan. Insulin Glargine, metformin and one of 3 prandial insulins will be used as combination strategy to control individual HbA1Cs between 6.7 and 7.3%. Prandial Insulins (aspart, glulisine or lispro). The use of the short acting insulins make this the control arm
Group Type
ACTIVE_COMPARATOR
Insulin Glargine
Intervention Type
DRUG
Glargine-injectable, variable, once daily (QD), 6 months
Metformin
Intervention Type
DRUG
Metformin-oral, up to 1000mg, twice daily (BID), 6 months
Prandial insulin
Intervention Type
DRUG
Aspart or glulisine or lispro
Interventions
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Insulin Glargine
Glargine-injectable, variable, once daily (QD), 6 months
Intervention Type
DRUG
Metformin
Metformin-oral, up to 1000mg, twice daily (BID), 6 months
Intervention Type
DRUG
Prandial insulin
Aspart or glulisine or lispro
Intervention Type
DRUG
Exenatide
Injectable, 5mcg, twice daily (BID), 6 months
Intervention Type
DRUG
Other Intervention Names
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Basal insulin
Generic metformin
Aspart or glulisine or lispro
Glucagon-like polypeptide-1-agonist (GLP-1-agonist)
Byetta
Eligibility Criteria
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Inclusion Criteria
1. T2DM for \>12 months defined according to current ADA criteria
2. C-peptide \>0.5 ng/mL-after informed consent has been signed, samples will be drawn fasting and sent to a central lab
3. Participants must be on insulin therapy. Diabetes, Blood Pressure \& Lipid therapy must be stable (in both dose and agent) for ≥3 months (dose of any 1 drug has not changed by more than 2-fold, \& new agents not been added within the previous 3 months)
4. HbA1c 7.5-8.5% for enrollment
5. Age at enrollment (screening): 40-75 years (inclusive) when there is a history of cardiovascular disease (defined in 'a'), or 55 to 75 years (inclusive) when there is not a history of cardiovascular disease but 2 or more risk factors (with or without treatment) are present (defined in 'b')
a) Established cardiovascular disease defined as presence of one of the following: i. Previous myocardial infarction (MI). (most recent must be \> 3 months prior enrollment) ii. Previous stroke. (most recent must be \>3 months prior enrollment) iii. History of coronary revascularization (e.g., coronary artery bypass graft surgery, stent placement, percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty, or laser atherectomy)(most recent must be \> 3 months prior enrollment) iv. History of carotid or peripheral revascularization (e.g., carotid endarterectomy, lower extremity atherosclerotic disease atherectomy, repair of abdominal aortic aneurysm, femoral or popliteal bypass). (most recent must be \>3 months prior enrollment) v. Angina with either ischemic changes on a resting ECG, or ECG changes on a graded exercise test (GXT), or positive cardiac imaging study vi. Ankle/brachial index \<0.9 vii. LVH with strain by ECG or ECHO viii. \>50% stenosis of a coronary, carotid, renal or lower extremity artery. ix. Urine albumin to urine creatinine ratio of \>30 mg albumin/g creatinine in 2 samples, separated by at least 7 days, within past 12 months) \[Target of 50% of study cohort\] or b) Increased CVD risk defined as presence of 2 or more of the following: i. Untreated LDL-C \>130 mg/dL or on lipid treatment ii. Low HDL-C (\<40 mg/dL for men and \<50 mg/dL for women) iii. Untreated systolic BP \>140 mm Hg, or on antihypertensive treatment iv. Current cigarette smoking v. Body mass index 25-45 (Asian populations 23-45) kg/m2
6. No expectation that participant will move out of clinical center area during the next 8 months, unless move will be to an area served by another trial center
7. Ability to speak \& read English
2. C-peptide \>0.5 ng/mL-after informed consent has been signed, samples will be drawn fasting and sent to a central lab
3. Participants must be on insulin therapy. Diabetes, Blood Pressure \& Lipid therapy must be stable (in both dose and agent) for ≥3 months (dose of any 1 drug has not changed by more than 2-fold, \& new agents not been added within the previous 3 months)
4. HbA1c 7.5-8.5% for enrollment
5. Age at enrollment (screening): 40-75 years (inclusive) when there is a history of cardiovascular disease (defined in 'a'), or 55 to 75 years (inclusive) when there is not a history of cardiovascular disease but 2 or more risk factors (with or without treatment) are present (defined in 'b')
a) Established cardiovascular disease defined as presence of one of the following: i. Previous myocardial infarction (MI). (most recent must be \> 3 months prior enrollment) ii. Previous stroke. (most recent must be \>3 months prior enrollment) iii. History of coronary revascularization (e.g., coronary artery bypass graft surgery, stent placement, percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty, or laser atherectomy)(most recent must be \> 3 months prior enrollment) iv. History of carotid or peripheral revascularization (e.g., carotid endarterectomy, lower extremity atherosclerotic disease atherectomy, repair of abdominal aortic aneurysm, femoral or popliteal bypass). (most recent must be \>3 months prior enrollment) v. Angina with either ischemic changes on a resting ECG, or ECG changes on a graded exercise test (GXT), or positive cardiac imaging study vi. Ankle/brachial index \<0.9 vii. LVH with strain by ECG or ECHO viii. \>50% stenosis of a coronary, carotid, renal or lower extremity artery. ix. Urine albumin to urine creatinine ratio of \>30 mg albumin/g creatinine in 2 samples, separated by at least 7 days, within past 12 months) \[Target of 50% of study cohort\] or b) Increased CVD risk defined as presence of 2 or more of the following: i. Untreated LDL-C \>130 mg/dL or on lipid treatment ii. Low HDL-C (\<40 mg/dL for men and \<50 mg/dL for women) iii. Untreated systolic BP \>140 mm Hg, or on antihypertensive treatment iv. Current cigarette smoking v. Body mass index 25-45 (Asian populations 23-45) kg/m2
6. No expectation that participant will move out of clinical center area during the next 8 months, unless move will be to an area served by another trial center
7. Ability to speak \& read English
Exclusion Criteria
1. The presence of a physical disability, significant medical or psychiatric disorder; substance abuse or use of a medication that in the judgment of the investigator will affect the use of CGM, wearing of the sensors, Holter or Telemetry monitor, complex medication regimen, or completion of any aspect of the protocol
2. Cannot have had any cardiovascular event or interventional procedure, (MI, Stroke or revascularization) or been hospitalized for unstable angina within the last 3 months
3. Inability or unwillingness to discontinue use of acetaminophen products during CGM use
4. Inability or unwillingness to discontinue use of all other diabetes agents other than insulin \& metformin during trial (including insulin pump participants who will need to convert to BBI)
5. Intolerance of metformin dose \<500 mg/day
6. Inability or unwillingness to perform blood glucose testing a minimum of 3 times/per day
7. Creatinine level ≥1.5 for males or 1.4 for females
8. ALT level ≥ 3 times upper limit of normal
9. Current symptomatic heart failure, history of NYHA Class III or IV congestive heart failure at any time, or ejection fraction (by any method) \< 25%
10. Inpatient psychiatric treatment in the past 6 months
11. Currently participating in an intervention trial
12. Chronic inflammatory diseases, such as collagen vascular diseases or inflammatory bowel disease
13. History of pancreatitis
14. BMI \>45kg/m2
15. For females, pregnant or intending to become pregnant during the next 7 months
2. Cannot have had any cardiovascular event or interventional procedure, (MI, Stroke or revascularization) or been hospitalized for unstable angina within the last 3 months
3. Inability or unwillingness to discontinue use of acetaminophen products during CGM use
4. Inability or unwillingness to discontinue use of all other diabetes agents other than insulin \& metformin during trial (including insulin pump participants who will need to convert to BBI)
5. Intolerance of metformin dose \<500 mg/day
6. Inability or unwillingness to perform blood glucose testing a minimum of 3 times/per day
7. Creatinine level ≥1.5 for males or 1.4 for females
8. ALT level ≥ 3 times upper limit of normal
9. Current symptomatic heart failure, history of NYHA Class III or IV congestive heart failure at any time, or ejection fraction (by any method) \< 25%
10. Inpatient psychiatric treatment in the past 6 months
11. Currently participating in an intervention trial
12. Chronic inflammatory diseases, such as collagen vascular diseases or inflammatory bowel disease
13. History of pancreatitis
14. BMI \>45kg/m2
15. For females, pregnant or intending to become pregnant during the next 7 months
Minimum Eligible Age
40 Years
Maximum Eligible Age
75 Years
Eligible Sex
ALL
Accepts Healthy Volunteers
No
Sponsors
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Eli Lilly and Company
INDUSTRY
Sponsor Role
collaborator
Sanofi
INDUSTRY
Sponsor Role
collaborator
Astra Zeneca, Bristol-Myers Squibb
OTHER
Sponsor Role
collaborator
DexCom, Inc.
INDUSTRY
Sponsor Role
collaborator
Bayer
INDUSTRY
Sponsor Role
collaborator
Becton, Dickinson and Company
INDUSTRY
Sponsor Role
collaborator
Medicomp
UNKNOWN
Sponsor Role
collaborator
University of Texas
OTHER
Sponsor Role
collaborator
US Department of Veterans Affairs
FED
Sponsor Role
collaborator
Biomedical Research Institute of New Mexico
OTHER
Sponsor Role
collaborator
University of Washington
OTHER
Sponsor Role
lead
Responsible Party
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Jeff Probstfield
Professor
Responsibility Role
PRINCIPAL_INVESTIGATOR
Principal Investigators
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Jeffrey L Probstfield, MD
Role: PRINCIPAL_INVESTIGATOR
Professor of Medicine, University of Washington
Locations
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So Calif. Permanente Medical Group
San Diego, California, United States
Site Status
University of Miami
Miami, Florida, United States
Site Status
Atlanta Diabetes Associates
Atlanta, Georgia, United States
Site Status
Joslin Diabetes Center
Boston, Massachusetts, United States
Site Status
International Diabetes Center
Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States
Site Status
Washington University
St Louis, Missouri, United States
Site Status
Kaledia Health of Western New York
Buffalo, New York, United States
Site Status
Diabetes Care Center
Durham, North Carolina, United States
Site Status
Oregon Health and Science University
Portland, Oregon, United States
Site Status
University of Vermont
Colchester, Vermont, United States
Site Status
University of Washington
Seattle, Washington, United States
Site Status
Washington State University Spokane, College of Pharmacy Spokane WA 99202 USA
Spokane, Washington, United States
Site Status
Countries
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United States
References
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Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation Continuous Glucose Monitoring Study Group; Tamborlane WV, Beck RW, Bode BW, Buckingham B, Chase HP, Clemons R, Fiallo-Scharer R, Fox LA, Gilliam LK, Hirsch IB, Huang ES, Kollman C, Kowalski AJ, Laffel L, Lawrence JM, Lee J, Mauras N, O'Grady M, Ruedy KJ, Tansey M, Tsalikian E, Weinzimer S, Wilson DM, Wolpert H, Wysocki T, Xing D. Continuous glucose monitoring and intensive treatment of type 1 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2008 Oct 2;359(14):1464-76. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa0805017. Epub 2008 Sep 8.
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Clarke W, Kovatchev B. Statistical tools to analyze continuous glucose monitor data. Diabetes Technol Ther. 2009 Jun;11 Suppl 1(Suppl 1):S45-54. doi: 10.1089/dia.2008.0138.
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Kovatchev BP, Clarke WL, Breton M, Brayman K, McCall A. Quantifying temporal glucose variability in diabetes via continuous glucose monitoring: mathematical methods and clinical application. Diabetes Technol Ther. 2005 Dec;7(6):849-62. doi: 10.1089/dia.2005.7.849.
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Rodbard D. New and improved methods to characterize glycemic variability using continuous glucose monitoring. Diabetes Technol Ther. 2009 Sep;11(9):551-65. doi: 10.1089/dia.2009.0015.
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Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation Continuous Glucose Monitoring Study Group; Beck RW, Hirsch IB, Laffel L, Tamborlane WV, Bode BW, Buckingham B, Chase P, Clemons R, Fiallo-Scharer R, Fox LA, Gilliam LK, Huang ES, Kollman C, Kowalski AJ, Lawrence JM, Lee J, Mauras N, O'Grady M, Ruedy KJ, Tansey M, Tsalikian E, Weinzimer SA, Wilson DM, Wolpert H, Wysocki T, Xing D. The effect of continuous glucose monitoring in well-controlled type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2009 Aug;32(8):1378-83. doi: 10.2337/dc09-0108. Epub 2009 May 8.
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Hirsch IB, Brownlee M. Beyond hemoglobin A1c--need for additional markers of risk for diabetic microvascular complications. JAMA. 2010 Jun 9;303(22):2291-2. doi: 10.1001/jama.2010.785. No abstract available.
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Basevi V, Di Mario S, Morciano C, Nonino F, Magrini N. Comment on: American Diabetes Association. Standards of medical care in diabetes--2011. Diabetes Care 2011;34(Suppl. 1):S11-S61. Diabetes Care. 2011 May;34(5):e53; author reply e54. doi: 10.2337/dc11-0174. No abstract available.
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BACKGROUND
FLAT-SUGAR Trial Investigators. Glucose Variability in a 26-Week Randomized Comparison of Mealtime Treatment With Rapid-Acting Insulin Versus GLP-1 Agonist in Participants With Type 2 Diabetes at High Cardiovascular Risk. Diabetes Care. 2016 Jun;39(6):973-81. doi: 10.2337/dc15-2782. Epub 2016 Apr 19.
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FLAT-SUGAR Trial Investigators; Probstfield JL, Hirsch I, O'Brien K, Davis B, Bergenstal R, Kingry C, Khakpour D, Pressel S, Branch KR, Riddle M. Design of FLAT-SUGAR: Randomized Trial of Prandial Insulin Versus Prandial GLP-1 Receptor Agonist Together With Basal Insulin and Metformin for High-Risk Type 2 Diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2015 Aug;38(8):1558-66. doi: 10.2337/dc14-2689. Epub 2015 Jun 11.
Reference Type
DERIVED
Other Identifiers
Review additional registry numbers or institutional identifiers associated with this trial.
42178
Identifier Type: -
Identifier Source: org_study_id