Study Results
The study team has not published outcome measurements, participant flow, or safety data for this trial yet. Check back later for updates.
Basic Information
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COMPLETED
NA
3796 participants
INTERVENTIONAL
2007-09-30
2025-05-31
Brief Summary
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Detailed Description
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Education has been suggested as a "social vaccine" to prevent the spread of HIV (Jukes, Simmons, and Bundy, 2008), but almost all of the evidence we have on the link between school attendance (or attainment) and the risk of HIV infection comes from cross-sectional studies. Furthermore, the role of income (especially that of women's poverty) has been hypothesized as a significant factor in the spread of HIV in SSA, but again there is no credible evidence showing a causal link between income and HIV risk. A randomized intervention, such as the one proposed here, that provides randomly varied amounts of cash transfers to young individuals and their guardians is the perfect setting to examine the possible existence of such causal relationships.
Objectives:
The objective of the proposed study here is to provide credible evidence on issues about which we still know very little. Specifically, the main questions the study will try to answer are the following:
1. Are the observed effects of a CCT associated with the transfer or the conditionality imposed on the recipient?
2. Do the outcomes of interest improve with increased benefit levels set by the program?
3. Do CCT programs for schooling have any positive health impacts, including prevention of STIs such as HIV/AIDS among young people?
Conditions
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Study Design
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RANDOMIZED
PARALLEL
PREVENTION
NONE
Study Groups
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Unconditional cash transfers
Monthly cash transfers given to households with school aged girls with no strings attached. Transfer amounts randomized within this arm.
Zomba Cash Transfer Program
Cash transfers were provided monthly to a randomly selected sample of school aged girls. Amounts were also varied in both treatment arms.
Conditional Cash Transfer
Monthly cash transfers given to households with school aged girls conditional on regular school attendance (80%). Transfer amounts randomized within this arm.
Zomba Cash Transfer Program
Cash transfers were provided monthly to a randomly selected sample of school aged girls. Amounts were also varied in both treatment arms.
Control Group
No cash transfer program implemented in this group.
No interventions assigned to this group
Interventions
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Zomba Cash Transfer Program
Cash transfers were provided monthly to a randomly selected sample of school aged girls. Amounts were also varied in both treatment arms.
Eligibility Criteria
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Inclusion Criteria
* 13-22 years old
* never married
13 Years
22 Years
FEMALE
No
Sponsors
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World Bank
OTHER
University of California, San Diego
OTHER
University of Malawi
OTHER
George Washington University
OTHER
Responsible Party
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Sarah Baird
Assistant Professor
Principal Investigators
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Berk Ozler, PhD
Role: PRINCIPAL_INVESTIGATOR
World Bank
Craig T McIntosh, PhD
Role: PRINCIPAL_INVESTIGATOR
University of California, San Diego
Sarah J Baird, PhD
Role: PRINCIPAL_INVESTIGATOR
George Washington University
Ephraim Chirwa, PhD
Role: PRINCIPAL_INVESTIGATOR
University of Malawi
Richard S Garfein, PhD
Role: PRINCIPAL_INVESTIGATOR
University of California, San Diego
Locations
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Zomba District, Malawi
Zomba, , Malawi
Countries
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References
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Baird S, Chirwa E, McIntosh C, Ozler B. The short-term impacts of a schooling conditional cash transfer program on the sexual behavior of young women. Health Econ. 2010 Sep;19 Suppl:55-68. doi: 10.1002/hec.1569.
Baird SJ, Garfein RS, McIntosh CT, Ozler B. Effect of a cash transfer programme for schooling on prevalence of HIV and herpes simplex type 2 in Malawi: a cluster randomised trial. Lancet. 2012 Apr 7;379(9823):1320-9. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(11)61709-1. Epub 2012 Feb 15.
Other Identifiers
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RSB: RF-P109215-RESE-BBRSB
Identifier Type: OTHER_GRANT
Identifier Source: secondary_id
KCP: RF-P109215-RESE-TF090932
Identifier Type: -
Identifier Source: org_study_id
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