Establishing Effectiveness of Daily Co-trimoxazole Prophylaxis For Prevention of Malaria in Pregnancy
NCT ID: NCT01053325
Last Updated: 2013-10-24
Study Results
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Basic Information
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COMPLETED
PHASE3
848 participants
INTERVENTIONAL
2010-09-30
2013-02-28
Brief Summary
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HIV in pregnancy increases the risks of malaria, and it seems that the efficacy of IPT with the drug sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine (SP) is decreased in HIV+ pregnant women.
Malaria prevention in pregnancy in Zambia relies on ITNs and IPT with SP. Daily prophylaxis with cotrimoxazole (CTX) effectively reduces mortality and morbidity in HIV+ individuals, and antibiotic therapy during pregnancy might help to decrease adverse pregnancy outcomes. CTX prophylaxis improves birth outcomes in HIV+ women with CD4\<200/µl: a study concluded that antenatal provision of CTX was beneficial for HIV+ pregnant women with low CD4 but not in women with ≥200/µl (however, this study was carried out in an area with very low risk of malaria , and CTX may have a different effect depending on endemic conditions). The WHO recommends daily CTX in addition to ARVs, to prevent opportunistic infections in all HIV+ patients.
Concurrent administration of SP and CTX may increase the incidence of severe adverse reactions in HIV+ patients, so WHO has promoted CTX prophylaxis as an alternative to SP for the IPT in immuno-compromised pregnant women. Unfortunately, there is insufficient information on the effectiveness of daily CTX for preventing malaria infection in pregnancy: so, SP is still the only antimalarial recommended by WHO for this purpose. With the increase in SP resistance and with the newer antimalarials still being studied for safety and efficacy in pregnancy, CTX could be an alternative for SP in reducing malaria and malaria-related morbidity and mortality in pregnancy.
This study will try to to see if in HIV- and HIV+ pregnant women, CTX is not inferior to SP in reducing placental parasitaemia. Such information is needed to issue updated, effective guidelines on malaria prevention in pregnancy
Detailed Description
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HIV-1 infection in pregnancy increases the risks of malaria. In HIV+ pregnant women, in addition, the efficacy of IPT with sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine (SP) appears decreased.
In Zambia, the malaria incidence rate increased from 121.5/1000 in 1976 to 482.0/1000 in 2003. The high rates were predominantly evident among pregnant women and children \<five. Malaria prevention in pregnancy in Zambia relies on ITNs and IPT with SP.
Several studies in Zambia and Uganda demonstrated that daily cotrimoxazole (CTX) prophylaxis is effective in reducing mortality and morbidity in HIV+ individuals and that antibiotic therapy during pregnancy might impact positively to the reduction of adverse pregnancy outcomes. CTX prophylaxis significantly improves birth outcomes in HIV+ women with CD4\<200/µl. A recent study in Zambia concluded that antenatal provision of CTX was beneficial for HIV+ pregnant women with low CD4 but not in women with ≥200/µl. However, this study was carried out in an area with an extremely low risk of malaria infection; CTX may have had a different impact if malaria transmission was either holo or hyperendemic. Today, WHO recommends daily CTX in addition to ARVs, to prevent opportunistic infections in HIV+, regardless of the background prevalence of CTX microbial resistance.
Concurrent administration of SP and CTX has been associated with increased incidence of severe adverse reactions in HIV+ patients. Therefore, WHO has promoted CTX prophylaxis as an alternative to SP for the IPT in immuno-compromised (CD4 \< 350/µl)pregnant women. Unfortunately, there is insufficient information on the effectiveness of daily CTX for preventing malaria infection (placental parasitaemia) and its consequences (maternal anaemia and low birth weight) in pregnancy: so, presently, SP is the only antimalarial treatment for which data on efficacy and safety for IPT is available, and the WHO recommends that at least 2 doses of SP are given after the first trimester. With the documented increase in SP resistance and with the newer antimalarials still being studied for safety and efficacy in pregnancy, CTX could be an alternative for SP in reducing malaria and malaria related morbidity and mortality in pregnancy.
The focus of this study is the malaria related outcome in pregnancy: we will target both HIV negative and HIV positive pregnant women, assuming that CTX is not inferior to SP in reducing placental parasitaemia. Such information is urgently needed in order to issue updated, effective guidelines on intermittent preventive treatment in pregnant women.
An open label clinical trial is the best design to assess the research question and its consequences on the offspring, both in HIV negative pregnant women and in HIV positive pregnant women with CD4 count ≥350/µl. The parallel design was chosen evaluate to each group separately, as HIV might interact with CTX efficacy. Offsets for efficacy were based on literature review.
Conditions
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Keywords
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Study Design
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RANDOMIZED
PARALLEL
PREVENTION
NONE
Study Groups
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CTX in HIV-negative women
CTX daily prophylaxis in HIV-negative pregnant women
Cotrimoxazole prophylaxis
Daily prophylaxis with cotrimoxazole
CTX in HIV-positive women
CTX daily prophylaxis in pregnant women who are infected with HIV
Cotrimoxazole prophylaxis
Daily prophylaxis with cotrimoxazole
SP IPT in HIV-negative women
Intermittent Preventive Treatment with SP in HIV-negative pregnant women
SP IPT
Intermittent preventive treatment with sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine
IPT SP in HIV-positive women
Intermittent Preventive Treatment with SP in HIV-positive pregnant women
SP IPT
Intermittent preventive treatment with sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine
CTX in HIV-positive pregnant women with CD4<350
Daily prophylaxis with cotrimoxazole in HIV-positive pregnant women with CD4\<350
Cotrimoxazole prophylaxis
Daily prophylaxis with cotrimoxazole
Interventions
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Cotrimoxazole prophylaxis
Daily prophylaxis with cotrimoxazole
SP IPT
Intermittent preventive treatment with sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine
Other Intervention Names
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Eligibility Criteria
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Inclusion Criteria
* Gestational age between 16 and 28 weeks
* Hb \> 7 g/dl, by Hemocue
* No symptoms consistent with malaria
* Residence within the health facility catchment's area
* Willingness to deliver at the health facility
* Willingness to adhere to all requirements of the study (including HIV-1 voluntary counselling and testing)
* Ability to provide written informed consent. If the woman is a minor of age/not emancipated, the consent must be given by a parent or legal guardian according to national law (however, in this case, also the minor woman will sign the consent form, to document that she is freely giving her assent to take part in the study).
Exclusion Criteria
* History or presence of major illnesses likely to influence pregnancy outcome including diabetes mellitus, severe renal or heart disease, or active tuberculosis
* Any significant illness at the time of screening that requires hospitalization
* Intent to move out of the study's catchment area before delivery or deliver at relative's home out of the catchment's area;
* Prior enrolment in the study or concurrent enrolment in another study
* Severe anaemia (Hb\<7 g/dl)
* Previous history of unfavourable pregnancy outcome: pre-eclampsia, caesarean section, stillbirth.
* Eligible HIV-positive women who, following the National guidelines, have to be put on CTX prophylaxis (e.g. having a CD4 count \<350/µl) or already on CTX and/or ARV treatment will be excluded from the RCT but included in a prospective observational cohort and receive 2 tablets of CTX daily
FEMALE
No
Sponsors
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Tropical Diseases Research Centre, Zambia
OTHER_GOV
Institute of Tropical Medicine, Belgium
OTHER
Responsible Party
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Principal Investigators
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Christine Manyando, MD
Role: PRINCIPAL_INVESTIGATOR
Tropical Diseases Research Centre, Zambia
Umberto D'Alessandro, MD, PhD
Role: STUDY_DIRECTOR
Insitute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
Locations
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Kabuta Health Centre
Kabuta, Nchelenge District, Luapula Province of, Zambia
Countries
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Other Identifiers
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ITMP0409
Identifier Type: -
Identifier Source: org_study_id