PROVOCATION Trial

Study Results

Results pending

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Basic Information

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Recruitment Status

COMPLETED

Clinical Phase

PHASE2/PHASE3

Total Enrollment

258 participants

Study Classification

INTERVENTIONAL

Study Start Date

2005-06-30

Study Completion Date

2009-12-31

Brief Summary

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Contrast nephropathy (CN) remains a common complication of radiographic procedures and an important cause of hospital-acquired acute renal failure. Only hydration with saline is uniformly accepted and used in clinical practice as a cornerstone for the prevention of CN. But the optimal preventive strategy for CN is not known. Sodium bicarbonate might be even more effective than hydration with sodium chloride for prophylaxis of CN. Therefore the aim of the study is to evaluate the efficacy of two regimens of sodium bicarbonate compared with a prolonged infusion of sodium chloride in the prevention of CN.

Primary endpoint: Decrease in glomerular filtration rate (GFR) within 48 hours.

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Detailed Description

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Background: Contrast nephropathy (CN) remains a common complication of radiographic procedures and an important cause of hospital-acquired acute renal failure, which contributes to morbidity and mortality during hospitalization, as well as costs of health care. Many previous strategies to prevent CN (such as N-acetylcysteine, aminophylline, fenoldopam, hemofiltration) have been unsuccessful or at least controversial. Only hydration with saline is uniformly accepted and used in clinical practice as cornerstone for the prevention of CN. But the optimal preventive strategy for CN is not known. According to a recent study, periprocedural hydration with sodium bicarbonate might be even more effective than hydration with sodium chloride for prophylaxis of CN. Such a preventive hydration with sodium bicarbonate should be compared with the gold standard of hydration with saline (24-h hydration period). This has not been evaluated so far. Given its high oral bioavailability, sodium bicarbonate could be administered even orally instead of a prolonged infusion. An effective short-term regimen would be highly attractive in clinical practice including outpatient procedures.

Aim: To evaluate the efficacy of two regimens of sodium bicarbonate compared with a prolonged infusion of sodium chloride in the prevention of CN.

Primary endpoint: Decrease in glomerular filtration rate (GFR) within 48 hours. GFR is calculated using the abbreviated Modification of Diet in Renal Disease Study equation. Secondary endpoints: Development of contrast nephropathy defined by increase in serum creatinine concentration of at least 44umol/l within 48 hours, an increase \>=25% in the baseline serum creatinine concentration within 48 hours, or defined as an increase \>=25% in the baseline serum cystatin C concentration or an increase \>=0.35mg/l in serum cystatin C concentration within 48 hours; increase in serum cystatin C level at day 1 and 2, in-hospital morbidity (nonfatal myocardial infarction) and mortality, dialysis, length of stay, total costs of hospitalization, 3-/12-month mortality, 3-/12-month hospitalization for cardiac causes, and GFR at 3 and 12 months.

Patients and Methods: This randomized, controlled open-label trial is designed to enroll 258 patients at increased risk for CN because of renal dysfunction undergoing intraarterial or intravenous radiographic contrast procedures. Patients will be randomly assigned 1:1:1 with the use of sealed envelopes into 3 groups (block randomisation for intraarterial and intravenous radiographic contrast procedures) :

1. a control group: patients receive a preventive hydration with 154mEq/l saline at an ongoing rate of 1ml/kg per hour of at least 12 hours prior and after the procedure.
2. a group with 7h-sodium bicarbonate (according to the regimen used in a recently published study (slightly modified)14): before contrast a bolus of 3ml/kg NaHCO3 166mEq/l for one hour, followed by an infusion of NaHCO3 166mEq/l with a rate of 1ml/kg per hour until 6h after contrast.
3. a group with short-term sodium bicarbonate: NaHCO3 166mEq/l (3ml/kg; patients with a body weight above 100kg 300ml) as a bolus 20 minutes before contrast; additionally ingestion of Nephrotrans® (500mg NaHCO3/capsule: 1 capsule/10kg) with 1-2 dl of San Pellegrino® non-sparkling mineral water at the start of the infusion. Ingestion of 500ml San Pellegrino® non-sparkling mineral water in the first 6 hours after contrast.

Expected results: It is the researchers' hypothesis that a short-term periprocedural preventive hydration with sodium bicarbonate will be non-inferior to the regimen of long-term hydration with sodium bicarbonate. The long-term regimen with sodium bicarbonate is expected to be superior to the standard i.v. regimen with sodium chloride.

Significance: Given the significant morbidity and mortality associated with acute renal failure due to contrast media as well as the widespread use of contrast media in an ambulant setting for diagnostic and therapeutical procedures, preventive short-term hydration with sodium bicarbonate could represent a major advance in clinical medicine.

Conditions

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Kidney Failure, Acute

Study Design

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Allocation Method

RANDOMIZED

Intervention Model

PARALLEL

Primary Study Purpose

PREVENTION

Blinding Strategy

NONE

Study Groups

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1

control group: patients receive a preventive hydration with 154mEq/l saline at an ongoing rate of 1ml/kg per hour of at least 12 hours prior and after the procedure.

Group Type ACTIVE_COMPARATOR

NaCl 0.9% i.v. or NaBic 1.4% i.v. or NaBic 1.4% i.v. + NaBic p.o. (Nephrotrans®)

Intervention Type DRUG

control group: preventive hydration with 154mEq/l saline at 1ml/kg per hour of 12 hours prior and after the procedure.

7h-sodium bicarbonate: before contrast 3ml/kg NaHCO3 166mEq/l for one hour, followed by NaHCO3 166mEq/l (1ml/kg per hour until 6h after contrast).

short-term sodium bicarbonate: NaHCO3 166mEq/l (3ml/kg) as a bolus 20 minutes before contrast; ingestion of Nephrotrans® (500mg NaHCO3/capsule: 1 capsule/10kg) with 1-2 dl non-sparkling mineral water at the start of the infusion. Ingestion of non-sparkling mineral water in the first 6 hours after contrast.

2

7h-sodium bicarbonate (according to the regimen used in a recently published study (slightly modified)14): before contrast a bolus of 3ml/kg NaHCO3 166mEq/l for one hour, followed by an infusion of NaHCO3 166mEq/l with a rate of 1ml/kg per hour until 6h after contrast.

Group Type ACTIVE_COMPARATOR

NaCl 0.9% i.v. or NaBic 1.4% i.v. or NaBic 1.4% i.v. + NaBic p.o. (Nephrotrans®)

Intervention Type DRUG

control group: preventive hydration with 154mEq/l saline at 1ml/kg per hour of 12 hours prior and after the procedure.

7h-sodium bicarbonate: before contrast 3ml/kg NaHCO3 166mEq/l for one hour, followed by NaHCO3 166mEq/l (1ml/kg per hour until 6h after contrast).

short-term sodium bicarbonate: NaHCO3 166mEq/l (3ml/kg) as a bolus 20 minutes before contrast; ingestion of Nephrotrans® (500mg NaHCO3/capsule: 1 capsule/10kg) with 1-2 dl non-sparkling mineral water at the start of the infusion. Ingestion of non-sparkling mineral water in the first 6 hours after contrast.

3

short-term sodium bicarbonate: NaHCO3 166mEq/l (3ml/kg; patients with a body weight above 100kg 300ml) as a bolus 20 minutes before contrast; additionally ingestion of Nephrotrans® (500mg NaHCO3/capsule: 1 capsule/10kg) with 1-2 dl of San Pellegrino® non-sparkling mineral water at the start of the infusion. Ingestion of 500ml San Pellegrino® non-sparkling mineral water in the first 6 hours after contrast.

Group Type ACTIVE_COMPARATOR

NaCl 0.9% i.v. or NaBic 1.4% i.v. or NaBic 1.4% i.v. + NaBic p.o. (Nephrotrans®)

Intervention Type DRUG

control group: preventive hydration with 154mEq/l saline at 1ml/kg per hour of 12 hours prior and after the procedure.

7h-sodium bicarbonate: before contrast 3ml/kg NaHCO3 166mEq/l for one hour, followed by NaHCO3 166mEq/l (1ml/kg per hour until 6h after contrast).

short-term sodium bicarbonate: NaHCO3 166mEq/l (3ml/kg) as a bolus 20 minutes before contrast; ingestion of Nephrotrans® (500mg NaHCO3/capsule: 1 capsule/10kg) with 1-2 dl non-sparkling mineral water at the start of the infusion. Ingestion of non-sparkling mineral water in the first 6 hours after contrast.

Interventions

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NaCl 0.9% i.v. or NaBic 1.4% i.v. or NaBic 1.4% i.v. + NaBic p.o. (Nephrotrans®)

control group: preventive hydration with 154mEq/l saline at 1ml/kg per hour of 12 hours prior and after the procedure.

7h-sodium bicarbonate: before contrast 3ml/kg NaHCO3 166mEq/l for one hour, followed by NaHCO3 166mEq/l (1ml/kg per hour until 6h after contrast).

short-term sodium bicarbonate: NaHCO3 166mEq/l (3ml/kg) as a bolus 20 minutes before contrast; ingestion of Nephrotrans® (500mg NaHCO3/capsule: 1 capsule/10kg) with 1-2 dl non-sparkling mineral water at the start of the infusion. Ingestion of non-sparkling mineral water in the first 6 hours after contrast.

Intervention Type DRUG

Other Intervention Names

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NaCl 0.9% Braun® NaBic 1.4% Bichsel® Nephrotrans®

Eligibility Criteria

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Inclusion Criteria

* All patients admitted with renal dysfunction (baseline serum creatinine level above the upper limit of normal of the serum creatinine \[\>93umol/l for women and \>117umol/l for men\] or GFR \<60ml/min \[GFR calculated using the abbreviated MDRD study equation\]) scheduled to undergo an intraarterial or intravenous radiographic contrast procedure within the next 24 hours.

Exclusion Criteria

* Age \<18 years
* Preexisting dialysis
* Allergy to radiographic contrast
* Pregnancy (women \< 50 years: pregnancy test required)
* Severe heart failure (New York Heart Association \[NYHA\] III-IV)
* N-acetylcysteine \</= 24 hours before contrast
* Clinically vulnerable condition requiring continuous fluid therapy e.g. severe sepsis

Minimum Eligible Age

18 Years

Eligible Sex

ALL

Accepts Healthy Volunteers

No