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Clinical Trials
NCT07290127

A Computer Game for Postpartum Mental Health After Emergency Cesarean Birth

Last Updated: 2025-12-18

Study Results

Results pending

The study team has not published outcome measurements, participant flow, or safety data for this trial yet. Check back later for updates.

Basic Information

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Recruitment Status

ENROLLING_BY_INVITATION

Clinical Phase

Total Enrollment

120 participants

Study Classification

INTERVENTIONAL

Study Start Date

2025-12-13

Study Completion Date

2027-03-31

Brief Summary

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This study aims to explore whether playing the computer game Tetris can reduce PTSD symptoms in women who have undergone emergency caesarean births. Additionally, as a feasibility study, it seeks to provide essential data and insights that will guide the design and implementation of future larger-scale RCTs examining the effects of Tetris in this context.

The specific objectives are to explore:

1. Whether playing Tetris within 24 hours of an emergency C-section help to reduce symptoms of PTSD.
2. Clinical feasibility and acceptability for an intervention (ie. game Tetris) immediately after a cesarean section.
3. Issues arising from the research design, including requitement and sample size.

Participants in the intervention group will play Tetris for at least 10 minutes, but no more than 15 minutes within 24 hours of a C-section.

For outcomes, all participants will complete the questionnaires on the fifth day after the C-section and one month postpartum.

Detailed Description

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Recent research suggests that adverse events related to childbirth and pregnancy, such as emergency caesarean births, can trigger post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Although therapeutic and preventive interventions like trauma-focused cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) are available, the effectiveness of interventions that do not require specialist expertise remains unclear.

This randomised controlled trial (RCT) aims to determine whether playing the computer game Tetris can reduce the PTSD symptom severity in postpartum women who have undergone emergency caesarean births, a group at higher risk of developing PTSD compared to those who have had spontaneous deliveries. Additionally, this study serves as a feasibility test, establishing a foundation for future larger RCTs examining the effects of Tetris.

Conditions

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Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) Postpartum Mental Health

Keywords

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post-traumatic stress disorder PTSD postpartum mental health emergency caesarean birth randomised controlled trial computer game Tetris pilot study feasibility study

Study Design

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Allocation Method

RANDOMIZED

Intervention Model

PARALLEL

Primary Study Purpose

PREVENTION

Blinding Strategy

NONE

Study Groups

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Intervention group

Group Type EXPERIMENTAL

implementation of a brief computer-based intervention "Tetris"

Intervention Type BEHAVIORAL

Within 24 hours of emergency caesarean birth, the participants played Tetris (TetrisⓇ99), a cognitive task, for at least 10 and up to 15 minutes on a Nintendo Switch Lite game console.

Usual care group

Group Type NO_INTERVENTION

No interventions assigned to this group

Interventions

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implementation of a brief computer-based intervention "Tetris"

Within 24 hours of emergency caesarean birth, the participants played Tetris (TetrisⓇ99), a cognitive task, for at least 10 and up to 15 minutes on a Nintendo Switch Lite game console.

Intervention Type BEHAVIORAL

Eligibility Criteria

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Inclusion Criteria

* Women aged 20 years or older
* Women who have undergone an emergency caesarean birth within the previous 24 hours
* Must be able to understand instructions and respond to the questionnaire in Japanese

Exclusion Criteria

* Undergoing treatment for psychiatric disorders such as PTSD, depression, anxiety disorders or schizophrenia.
* Undergoing intensive care after surgery .
* The physician does not approve participation for any physical or mental reasons .

Minimum Eligible Age

20 Years

Eligible Sex

FEMALE

Accepts Healthy Volunteers

Yes

Responsible Party

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Sachiko Asada

Principal Investigator

Responsibility Role PRINCIPAL_INVESTIGATOR

Principal Investigators

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Sachiko Asada, Master's degree

Role: PRINCIPAL_INVESTIGATOR

Perinatal epidemiology Department of Human Health Sciences Graduate School of Medicine Kyoto University

Marie Furuta, Ph.D.

Role: STUDY_CHAIR

Perinatal epidemiology Department of Human Health Sciences Graduate School of Medicine Kyoto University

Locations

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Perinatal epidemiology Department of Human Health Sciences Graduate School of Medicine Kyoto University

Kyoto, Sakyo-ku, Japan

Site Status

Countries

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Japan

References

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Paul IM, Downs DS, Schaefer EW, Beiler JS, Weisman CS. Postpartum anxiety and maternal-infant health outcomes. Pediatrics. 2013 Apr;131(4):e1218-24. doi: 10.1542/peds.2012-2147. Epub 2013 Mar 4.

Reference Type RESULT

PMID: 23460682 (View on PubMed)

Turkstra E, Creedy DK, Fenwick J, Buist A, Scuffham PA, Gamble J. Health services utilization of women following a traumatic birth. Arch Womens Ment Health. 2015 Dec;18(6):829-32. doi: 10.1007/s00737-014-0495-7. Epub 2015 Jan 11.

Reference Type RESULT

PMID: 25577338 (View on PubMed)

Dias CC, Figueiredo B. Breastfeeding and depression: a systematic review of the literature. J Affect Disord. 2015 Jan 15;171:142-54. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2014.09.022. Epub 2014 Sep 28.

Reference Type RESULT

PMID: 25305429 (View on PubMed)

Cook N, Ayers S, Horsch A. Maternal posttraumatic stress disorder during the perinatal period and child outcomes: A systematic review. J Affect Disord. 2018 Jan 1;225:18-31. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2017.07.045. Epub 2017 Jul 27.

Reference Type RESULT

PMID: 28777972 (View on PubMed)

World Health Organization(2008）: Indicators for assessing infant and young child feeding practices : conclusions of a consensus meeting held 6-8 November 2007 in Washington D.C. ,USA.

Reference Type RESULT

Furukawa TA, Harai H, Hirai T, Kitamura T, Takahashi K. Social Support Questionnaire among psychiatric patients with various diagnoses and normal controls. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 1999 Apr;34(4):216-22. doi: 10.1007/s001270050136.

Reference Type RESULT

PMID: 10365628 (View on PubMed)

Sarason IG, Levine HM, Basham RB, Sarason BR(1983): Assessing Social Support: The Social Support Questionnaire. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 44(1)127-139.

Reference Type RESULT

Gurber S, Baumeler L, Grob A, Surbek D, Stadlmayr W. Antenatal depressive symptoms and subjective birth experience in association with postpartum depressive symptoms and acute stress reaction in mothers and fathers: A longitudinal path analysis. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2017 Aug;215:68-74. doi: 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2017.05.021. Epub 2017 May 30.

Reference Type RESULT

PMID: 28601730 (View on PubMed)

毛利多恵子（1994）：産婦の身体拘束が陣痛体験に及ぼす影響．1993年度聖路加看護大学大学院修士論文

Reference Type RESULT

Hodnett ED, Simmons-Tropea DA. The Labour Agentry Scale: psychometric properties of an instrument measuring control during childbirth. Res Nurs Health. 1987 Oct;10(5):301-10. doi: 10.1002/nur.4770100503.

Reference Type RESULT

PMID: 3671777 (View on PubMed)

岡野禎, 村田真, 増地聡, 他（1996）日本版エジンバラ産後うつ病自己評価票(EPDS)の信頼性と妥当性. 精神科診断学. 7(4):525-533.

Reference Type RESULT

Cox JL, Holden JM, Sagovsky R. Detection of postnatal depression. Development of the 10-item Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale. Br J Psychiatry. 1987 Jun;150:782-6. doi: 10.1192/bjp.150.6.782.

Reference Type RESULT

PMID: 3651732 (View on PubMed)

Asukai N, Kato H, Kawamura N, Kim Y, Yamamoto K, Kishimoto J, Miyake Y, Nishizono-Maher A. Reliability and validity of the Japanese-language version of the impact of event scale-revised (IES-R-J): four studies of different traumatic events. J Nerv Ment Dis. 2002 Mar;190(3):175-82. doi: 10.1097/00005053-200203000-00006.

Reference Type RESULT

PMID: 11923652 (View on PubMed)

Weiss DS(2004): The Impact of Event Scale-Revised. In: Wilson, J.P., Keane T.M. eds., Assessing psychological trauma and PTSD（Second Edition）. The Guilford Press, New York, 168-189.

Reference Type RESULT

Ayers S, Rados SN, Balouch S. Narratives of traumatic birth: Quality and changes over time. Psychol Trauma. 2015 May;7(3):234-42. doi: 10.1037/a0039044.

Reference Type RESULT

PMID: 25961868 (View on PubMed)

Adshead G. Psychological therapies for post-traumatic stress disorder. Br J Psychiatry. 2000 Aug;177:144-8. doi: 10.1192/bjp.177.2.144.

Reference Type RESULT

PMID: 11026954 (View on PubMed)

Horsch A, Vial Y, Favrod C, Harari MM, Blackwell SE, Watson P, Iyadurai L, Bonsall MB, Holmes EA. Reducing intrusive traumatic memories after emergency caesarean section: A proof-of-principle randomized controlled study. Behav Res Ther. 2017 Jul;94:36-47. doi: 10.1016/j.brat.2017.03.018. Epub 2017 Apr 6.

Reference Type RESULT

PMID: 28453969 (View on PubMed)

Monfils MH, Cowansage KK, Klann E, LeDoux JE. Extinction-reconsolidation boundaries: key to persistent attenuation of fear memories. Science. 2009 May 15;324(5929):951-5. doi: 10.1126/science.1167975. Epub 2009 Apr 2.

Reference Type RESULT

PMID: 19342552 (View on PubMed)

Krans J, Naring G, Holmes EA, Becker ES. Motion effects on intrusion development. J Trauma Dissociation. 2010;11(1):73-82. doi: 10.1080/15299730903318483.

Reference Type RESULT

PMID: 20063249 (View on PubMed)

Lilley SA, Andrade J, Turpin G, Sabin-Farrell R, Holmes EA. Visuospatial working memory interference with recollections of trauma. Br J Clin Psychol. 2009 Sep;48(Pt 3):309-21. doi: 10.1348/014466508X398943. Epub 2009 Jan 30.

Reference Type RESULT

PMID: 19187579 (View on PubMed)

James EL, Bonsall MB, Hoppitt L, Tunbridge EM, Geddes JR, Milton AL, Holmes EA. Computer Game Play Reduces Intrusive Memories of Experimental Trauma via Reconsolidation-Update Mechanisms. Psychol Sci. 2015 Aug;26(8):1201-15. doi: 10.1177/0956797615583071. Epub 2015 Jul 1.

Reference Type RESULT

PMID: 26133572 (View on PubMed)

Kida S. Reconsolidation/destabilization, extinction and forgetting of fear memory as therapeutic targets for PTSD. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2019 Jan;236(1):49-57. doi: 10.1007/s00213-018-5086-2. Epub 2018 Oct 29.

Reference Type RESULT

PMID: 30374892 (View on PubMed)

Abel T, Lattal KM. Molecular mechanisms of memory acquisition, consolidation and retrieval. Curr Opin Neurobiol. 2001 Apr;11(2):180-7. doi: 10.1016/s0959-4388(00)00194-x.

Reference Type RESULT

PMID: 11301237 (View on PubMed)

McGaugh JL. Memory--a century of consolidation. Science. 2000 Jan 14;287(5451):248-51. doi: 10.1126/science.287.5451.248.

Reference Type RESULT

PMID: 10634773 (View on PubMed)

Gentile M a,b, Lieto A(2022): The role of mental rotation in TetrisTM gameplay: An ACT-R computational cognitive model. Cognitive Systems Research 73 1-11.

Reference Type RESULT

Walker MP, Brakefield T, Hobson JA, Stickgold R. Dissociable stages of human memory consolidation and reconsolidation. Nature. 2003 Oct 9;425(6958):616-20. doi: 10.1038/nature01930.

Reference Type RESULT

PMID: 14534587 (View on PubMed)

Brewin CR. Episodic memory, perceptual memory, and their interaction: foundations for a theory of posttraumatic stress disorder. Psychol Bull. 2014 Jan;140(1):69-97. doi: 10.1037/a0033722. Epub 2013 Aug 5.

Reference Type RESULT

PMID: 23914721 (View on PubMed)

Astill Wright L, Horstmann L, Holmes EA, Bisson JI. Consolidation/reconsolidation therapies for the prevention and treatment of PTSD and re-experiencing: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Transl Psychiatry. 2021 Sep 3;11(1):453. doi: 10.1038/s41398-021-01570-w.

Reference Type RESULT

PMID: 34480016 (View on PubMed)

Iyadurai L, Blackwell SE, Meiser-Stedman R, Watson PC, Bonsall MB, Geddes JR, Nobre AC, Holmes EA. Preventing intrusive memories after trauma via a brief intervention involving Tetris computer game play in the emergency department: a proof-of-concept randomized controlled trial. Mol Psychiatry. 2018 Mar;23(3):674-682. doi: 10.1038/mp.2017.23. Epub 2017 Mar 28.

Reference Type RESULT

PMID: 28348380 (View on PubMed)

Kanstrup M, Singh L, Goransson KE, Widoff J, Taylor RS, Gamble B, Iyadurai L, Moulds ML, Holmes EA. Reducing intrusive memories after trauma via a brief cognitive task intervention in the hospital emergency department: an exploratory pilot randomised controlled trial. Transl Psychiatry. 2021 Jan 11;11(1):30. doi: 10.1038/s41398-020-01124-6.

Reference Type RESULT

PMID: 33431807 (View on PubMed)

Slade PP, Molyneux DR, Watt DA. A systematic review of clinical effectiveness of psychological interventions to reduce post traumatic stress symptoms following childbirth and a meta-synthesis of facilitators and barriers to uptake of psychological care. J Affect Disord. 2021 Feb 15;281:678-694. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2020.11.092. Epub 2020 Nov 11.

Reference Type RESULT

PMID: 33220947 (View on PubMed)

de Graaff LF, Honig A, van Pampus MG, Stramrood CAI. Preventing post-traumatic stress disorder following childbirth and traumatic birth experiences: a systematic review. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2018 Jun;97(6):648-656. doi: 10.1111/aogs.13291. Epub 2018 Mar 2.

Reference Type RESULT

PMID: 29336486 (View on PubMed)

Furuta M, Horsch A, Ng ESW, Bick D, Spain D, Sin J. Effectiveness of Trauma-Focused Psychological Therapies for Treating Post-traumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms in Women Following Childbirth: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Front Psychiatry. 2018 Nov 20;9:591. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00591. eCollection 2018.

Reference Type RESULT

PMID: 30515108 (View on PubMed)

Takeda S, Takeda J, Murakami K, Kubo T, Hamada H, Murakami M, Makino S, Itoh H, Ohba T, Naruse K, Tanaka H, Kanayama N, Matsubara S, Sameshima H, Ikeda T. Annual Report of the Perinatology Committee, Japan Society of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 2015: Proposal of urgent measures to reduce maternal deaths. J Obstet Gynaecol Res. 2017 Jan;43(1):5-7. doi: 10.1111/jog.13184.

Reference Type RESULT

PMID: 28074548 (View on PubMed)

Gradus JL, Qin P, Lincoln AK, Miller M, Lawler E, Sorensen HT, Lash TL. Posttraumatic stress disorder and completed suicide. Am J Epidemiol. 2010 Mar 15;171(6):721-7. doi: 10.1093/aje/kwp456. Epub 2010 Feb 16.

Reference Type RESULT

PMID: 20160171 (View on PubMed)

Yildiz PD, Ayers S, Phillips L. The prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder in pregnancy and after birth: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Affect Disord. 2017 Jan 15;208:634-645. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2016.10.009. Epub 2016 Oct 27.

Reference Type RESULT

PMID: 27865585 (View on PubMed)

Grisbrook MA, Dewey D, Cuthbert C, McDonald S, Ntanda H, Giesbrecht GF, Letourneau N. Associations among Caesarean Section Birth, Post-Traumatic Stress, and Postpartum Depression Symptoms. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022 Apr 18;19(8):4900. doi: 10.3390/ijerph19084900.

Reference Type RESULT

PMID: 35457767 (View on PubMed)

Carter J, Bick D, Gallacher D, Chang YS. Mode of birth and development of maternal postnatal post-traumatic stress disorder: A mixed-methods systematic review and meta-analysis. Birth. 2022 Dec;49(4):616-627. doi: 10.1111/birt.12649. Epub 2022 May 13.

Reference Type RESULT

PMID: 35561055 (View on PubMed)

Williams C, Patricia Taylor E, Schwannauer M. A WEB-BASED SURVEY OF MOTHER-INFANT BOND, ATTACHMENT EXPERIENCES, AND METACOGNITION IN POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS FOLLOWING CHILDBIRTH. Infant Ment Health J. 2016 May;37(3):259-73. doi: 10.1002/imhj.21564. Epub 2016 Apr 19.

Reference Type RESULT

PMID: 27090507 (View on PubMed)

Ayers S, Bond R, Bertullies S, Wijma K. The aetiology of post-traumatic stress following childbirth: a meta-analysis and theoretical framework. Psychol Med. 2016 Apr;46(6):1121-34. doi: 10.1017/S0033291715002706. Epub 2016 Feb 16.

Reference Type RESULT

PMID: 26878223 (View on PubMed)

Dekel S, Stuebe C, Dishy G. Childbirth Induced Posttraumatic Stress Syndrome: A Systematic Review of Prevalence and Risk Factors. Front Psychol. 2017 Apr 11;8:560. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00560. eCollection 2017.

Reference Type RESULT

PMID: 28443054 (View on PubMed)

Howard LM, Molyneaux E, Dennis CL, Rochat T, Stein A, Milgrom J. Non-psychotic mental disorders in the perinatal period. Lancet. 2014 Nov 15;384(9956):1775-88. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61276-9. Epub 2014 Nov 14.

Reference Type RESULT

PMID: 25455248 (View on PubMed)

Other Identifiers

Review additional registry numbers or institutional identifiers associated with this trial.

C1606

Identifier Type: -

Identifier Source: org_study_id

A Computer Game for Postpartum Mental Health After Emergency Cesarean Birth

Study Results

Basic Information

Brief Summary

Detailed Description

Conditions

Keywords

Study Design

Study Groups

Intervention group

implementation of a brief computer-based intervention "Tetris"

Usual care group

Interventions

implementation of a brief computer-based intervention "Tetris"

Eligibility Criteria

Inclusion Criteria

Exclusion Criteria

Sponsors

Kyoto University, Graduate School of Medicine

Responsible Party

Sachiko Asada

Principal Investigators

Sachiko Asada, Master's degree

Marie Furuta, Ph.D.

Locations

Perinatal epidemiology Department of Human Health Sciences Graduate School of Medicine Kyoto University

Countries

References

Paul IM, Downs DS, Schaefer EW, Beiler JS, Weisman CS. Postpartum anxiety and maternal-infant health outcomes. Pediatrics. 2013 Apr;131(4):e1218-24. doi: 10.1542/peds.2012-2147. Epub 2013 Mar 4.

Turkstra E, Creedy DK, Fenwick J, Buist A, Scuffham PA, Gamble J. Health services utilization of women following a traumatic birth. Arch Womens Ment Health. 2015 Dec;18(6):829-32. doi: 10.1007/s00737-014-0495-7. Epub 2015 Jan 11.

Dias CC, Figueiredo B. Breastfeeding and depression: a systematic review of the literature. J Affect Disord. 2015 Jan 15;171:142-54. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2014.09.022. Epub 2014 Sep 28.

Cook N, Ayers S, Horsch A. Maternal posttraumatic stress disorder during the perinatal period and child outcomes: A systematic review. J Affect Disord. 2018 Jan 1;225:18-31. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2017.07.045. Epub 2017 Jul 27.

World Health Organization(2008）: Indicators for assessing infant and young child feeding practices : conclusions of a consensus meeting held 6-8 November 2007 in Washington D.C. ,USA.

Furukawa TA, Harai H, Hirai T, Kitamura T, Takahashi K. Social Support Questionnaire among psychiatric patients with various diagnoses and normal controls. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 1999 Apr;34(4):216-22. doi: 10.1007/s001270050136.

Sarason IG, Levine HM, Basham RB, Sarason BR(1983): Assessing Social Support: The Social Support Questionnaire. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 44(1)127-139.

毛利多恵子（1994）：産婦の身体拘束が陣痛体験に及ぼす影響．1993年度聖路加看護大学大学院修士論文

Hodnett ED, Simmons-Tropea DA. The Labour Agentry Scale: psychometric properties of an instrument measuring control during childbirth. Res Nurs Health. 1987 Oct;10(5):301-10. doi: 10.1002/nur.4770100503.

岡野 禎, 村田 真, 増地 聡, 他（1996） 日本版エジンバラ産後うつ病自己評価票(EPDS)の信頼性と妥当性. 精神科診断学. 7(4):525-533.

Cox JL, Holden JM, Sagovsky R. Detection of postnatal depression. Development of the 10-item Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale. Br J Psychiatry. 1987 Jun;150:782-6. doi: 10.1192/bjp.150.6.782.

Weiss DS(2004): The Impact of Event Scale-Revised. In: Wilson, J.P., Keane T.M. eds., Assessing psychological trauma and PTSD（Second Edition）. The Guilford Press, New York, 168-189.

Ayers S, Rados SN, Balouch S. Narratives of traumatic birth: Quality and changes over time. Psychol Trauma. 2015 May;7(3):234-42. doi: 10.1037/a0039044.

Adshead G. Psychological therapies for post-traumatic stress disorder. Br J Psychiatry. 2000 Aug;177:144-8. doi: 10.1192/bjp.177.2.144.

Monfils MH, Cowansage KK, Klann E, LeDoux JE. Extinction-reconsolidation boundaries: key to persistent attenuation of fear memories. Science. 2009 May 15;324(5929):951-5. doi: 10.1126/science.1167975. Epub 2009 Apr 2.

Krans J, Naring G, Holmes EA, Becker ES. Motion effects on intrusion development. J Trauma Dissociation. 2010;11(1):73-82. doi: 10.1080/15299730903318483.

Lilley SA, Andrade J, Turpin G, Sabin-Farrell R, Holmes EA. Visuospatial working memory interference with recollections of trauma. Br J Clin Psychol. 2009 Sep;48(Pt 3):309-21. doi: 10.1348/014466508X398943. Epub 2009 Jan 30.

James EL, Bonsall MB, Hoppitt L, Tunbridge EM, Geddes JR, Milton AL, Holmes EA. Computer Game Play Reduces Intrusive Memories of Experimental Trauma via Reconsolidation-Update Mechanisms. Psychol Sci. 2015 Aug;26(8):1201-15. doi: 10.1177/0956797615583071. Epub 2015 Jul 1.

Kida S. Reconsolidation/destabilization, extinction and forgetting of fear memory as therapeutic targets for PTSD. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2019 Jan;236(1):49-57. doi: 10.1007/s00213-018-5086-2. Epub 2018 Oct 29.

Abel T, Lattal KM. Molecular mechanisms of memory acquisition, consolidation and retrieval. Curr Opin Neurobiol. 2001 Apr;11(2):180-7. doi: 10.1016/s0959-4388(00)00194-x.

McGaugh JL. Memory--a century of consolidation. Science. 2000 Jan 14;287(5451):248-51. doi: 10.1126/science.287.5451.248.

Gentile M a,b, Lieto A(2022): The role of mental rotation in TetrisTM gameplay: An ACT-R computational cognitive model. Cognitive Systems Research 73 1-11.

Walker MP, Brakefield T, Hobson JA, Stickgold R. Dissociable stages of human memory consolidation and reconsolidation. Nature. 2003 Oct 9;425(6958):616-20. doi: 10.1038/nature01930.

Brewin CR. Episodic memory, perceptual memory, and their interaction: foundations for a theory of posttraumatic stress disorder. Psychol Bull. 2014 Jan;140(1):69-97. doi: 10.1037/a0033722. Epub 2013 Aug 5.

Astill Wright L, Horstmann L, Holmes EA, Bisson JI. Consolidation/reconsolidation therapies for the prevention and treatment of PTSD and re-experiencing: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Transl Psychiatry. 2021 Sep 3;11(1):453. doi: 10.1038/s41398-021-01570-w.

de Graaff LF, Honig A, van Pampus MG, Stramrood CAI. Preventing post-traumatic stress disorder following childbirth and traumatic birth experiences: a systematic review. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2018 Jun;97(6):648-656. doi: 10.1111/aogs.13291. Epub 2018 Mar 2.

Gradus JL, Qin P, Lincoln AK, Miller M, Lawler E, Sorensen HT, Lash TL. Posttraumatic stress disorder and completed suicide. Am J Epidemiol. 2010 Mar 15;171(6):721-7. doi: 10.1093/aje/kwp456. Epub 2010 Feb 16.

Yildiz PD, Ayers S, Phillips L. The prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder in pregnancy and after birth: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Affect Disord. 2017 Jan 15;208:634-645. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2016.10.009. Epub 2016 Oct 27.

Grisbrook MA, Dewey D, Cuthbert C, McDonald S, Ntanda H, Giesbrecht GF, Letourneau N. Associations among Caesarean Section Birth, Post-Traumatic Stress, and Postpartum Depression Symptoms. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022 Apr 18;19(8):4900. doi: 10.3390/ijerph19084900.

Carter J, Bick D, Gallacher D, Chang YS. Mode of birth and development of maternal postnatal post-traumatic stress disorder: A mixed-methods systematic review and meta-analysis. Birth. 2022 Dec;49(4):616-627. doi: 10.1111/birt.12649. Epub 2022 May 13.

Williams C, Patricia Taylor E, Schwannauer M. A WEB-BASED SURVEY OF MOTHER-INFANT BOND, ATTACHMENT EXPERIENCES, AND METACOGNITION IN POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS FOLLOWING CHILDBIRTH. Infant Ment Health J. 2016 May;37(3):259-73. doi: 10.1002/imhj.21564. Epub 2016 Apr 19.

Ayers S, Bond R, Bertullies S, Wijma K. The aetiology of post-traumatic stress following childbirth: a meta-analysis and theoretical framework. Psychol Med. 2016 Apr;46(6):1121-34. doi: 10.1017/S0033291715002706. Epub 2016 Feb 16.

Dekel S, Stuebe C, Dishy G. Childbirth Induced Posttraumatic Stress Syndrome: A Systematic Review of Prevalence and Risk Factors. Front Psychol. 2017 Apr 11;8:560. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00560. eCollection 2017.

Howard LM, Molyneaux E, Dennis CL, Rochat T, Stein A, Milgrom J. Non-psychotic mental disorders in the perinatal period. Lancet. 2014 Nov 15;384(9956):1775-88. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61276-9. Epub 2014 Nov 14.

Other Identifiers

C1606

岡野禎, 村田真, 増地聡, 他（1996）日本版エジンバラ産後うつ病自己評価票(EPDS)の信頼性と妥当性. 精神科診断学. 7(4):525-533.