POLish Registry of CArdioneuroablation and CArdioneuromodulation

NCT ID: NCT07196397

Last Updated: 2025-09-29

Study Results

Results pending

The study team has not published outcome measurements, participant flow, or safety data for this trial yet. Check back later for updates.

Basic Information

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Recruitment Status

RECRUITING

Total Enrollment

1000 participants

Study Classification

OBSERVATIONAL

Study Start Date

2024-11-21

Study Completion Date

2031-12-31

Brief Summary

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The multicentre observational study POL-CA involves a wide spectrum of patients with a history of syncopy. The study recruits patients with diagnosed vasovagal syndrome, cardioinhibitory carotid sinus syndrome, symptomatic sinus bradycardia or atrioventricular block, postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome, orthostatic hypotension, and inappropriate sinus tachycardia syndrome. This is an observational, controlled study with retrospective, clinical data analysis of previously treated patients and the analysis of syncopal patients prospectively recruited into the study. The aim of the POL-CA registry is to create a platform for physicians to record treatment data for patients undergoing procedures that affect innervation or modify cardiovascular reflexes (cardioneuroablation, cardioneuromodulation) in order to provide a multicentre summary of population characteristics and treatment outcomes based on a standardized POL-CA questionnaire and methodology for various arrhythmias.

Detailed Description

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The study aims to include a group of at least 1,000 individuals, taking into account subgroups of patients with rare diseases involving fewer than 50 individuals (e.g., carotid sinus hypersensitivity or familial sinus bradycardia). Participants will be divided into three age groups: 18-40 years, 41-60 years, and over 60 years. These individuals will undergo procedures affecting innervation or modifying cardiovascular reflexes (cardioneuroablation or neuromodulation) due to ineffective pharmacological treatment or training methods. This group will also include patients who, according to guidelines, qualify for pacemaker implantation but declined the procedure.

The clinical trial protocol specifies inclusion and exclusion criteria. The protocol outlines the collection of various data, including traditional medical history (including contact information) and data related to the interventional treatment performed (including assessment of treatment efficacy and the occurrence of both perioperative and long-term complications). Additionally, the protocol includes the use of scales and questionnaires to evaluate patient symptoms and well-being, as well as an analysis of standard and non-standard verbal and non-verbal behaviors of patients. Scales and questionnaires used to assess patient symptoms and well-being: EQ-5D, SF-36, VASIS for bradycardia symptoms (daytime, before sleep, nighttime, and morning), and MALMO scoring test.

Patients will also routinely undergo physical performance evaluations (assessment using the Borg scale, HRR analysis, correlation of heart rate values during exercise before and after the procedure, 6MWT walk tests, and analysis of tele-rehabilitation outcomes).

Patient follow-up will be conducted at 1, 6, and 12 months post-procedure and then annually from 2024 to 2030, with ECG evaluations. The primary endpoint of the study is the spontaneous recurrence of symptoms that were present before the procedure affecting innervation and/or cardiovascular reflexes.

Enrolment in the POL-CA registry does not involve performing any additional invasive medical procedures on the patients.

The Single POL-CA Registry for a specific treatment technique will be managed by an appointed project leader. The project leader will be responsible for preparing a literature review, inclusion criteria, and clinical and electrophysiological characteristics of the given treatment technique. The project leader either becomes the first author of the publication or designates one. Physicians' participation in the project will be voluntary, with acceptance of audits or data verification at local centres. Patient personal data will only be accessible to the local investigator and will remain protected. The order of authorship for the publication will be determined based on the contributions of the other project participants (e.g., number of patients, manuscript preparation, data analysis).

The POL-CA online platform will include a standardized data creation panel for the project leader and the study's website. Data collection will comply with standard encryption, protection procedures, and the requirements of bioethics and scientific committees.

Conditions

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Vasovagal Syndrome VVS Cardioinhibitory Carotid Sinus Syndrome CSS Symptomatic Sinus Bradycardia SB or Atrioventricular Block AV Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome POTS Orthostatic Hypotension Inappropriate Sinus Tachycardia Syndrome IST Vasospastic Angina Microvascular Angina Ventricular Arrythmia Raynaud Phenomena Autonomic Dysfunction Autonomic Diseases

Study Design

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Observational Model Type

COHORT

Study Time Perspective

OTHER

Study Groups

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vagally mediated bradycardia

This cohort includes patients with vagally mediated bradycardia, including cardioinhibitory vasovagal syncope, carotid sinus syndrome, or functional sinus node dysfunction related to excessive parasympathetic activation. Patients are referred for interventional treatment due to recurrent syncope or symptomatic bradycardia refractory to conservative management. Interventions include cardioneuroablation or autonomic modulation procedures aimed at reducing vagal influence on the sinus and atrioventricular nodes while preserving physiological autonomic balance. Diagnosis is confirmed based on tilt-table testing, ECG documentation, and symptom correlation.

cardioneuroablation

Intervention Type PROCEDURE

Cardioneuroablation and related autonomic interventions aim to modulate parasympathetic and/or sympathetic inputs to the heart in order to treat functional bradycardia, inappropriate sinus tachycardia, vasovagal syncope, and other reflex arrhythmias. Techniques include catheter-based ablation of ganglionated plexi, thoracoscopic sinus node-sparing ablation, cardiac sympathetic denervation, and percutaneous stellate ganglion blockade. These procedures are tailored to each patient's autonomic profile and diagnosis.

Hybrid Cardiac Rehabilitation Program

Intervention Type BEHAVIORAL

A two-phase program combining supervised inpatient exercise, respiratory training, psychological support, and education with a home-based telerehabilitation phase (Nordic walking, remote ECG and vital sign monitoring). The aim is to restore functional capacity, reduce symptoms, and improve autonomic balance.

IST/POTS

This cohort includes patients diagnosed with inappropriate sinus tachycardia (IST) or postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome (POTS) who are undergoing interventional treatment due to insufficient response to pharmacological or behavioral therapy. Interventions include sinus node-sparing thoracoscopic ablation aimed at improving symptoms and quality of life. Autonomic dysfunction is confirmed based on standardized testing, and the interventions target neural pathways involved in excessive sympathetic or inadequate parasympathetic control of heart rate and vascular tone.

SN sparing hybrid ablation

Intervention Type PROCEDURE

Sinus node-sparing hybrid ablation is a minimally invasive surgical procedure that modulates autonomic inputs to the sinoatrial node while preserving its intrinsic function. The intervention is performed via video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) and targets the epicardial autonomic ganglia and neural connections responsible for inappropriate sinus tachycardia or autonomic dysfunction. Unlike traditional sinus node modification, this approach avoids direct ablation of the sinus node and focuses on surrounding autonomic structures. The goal is to reduce pathologic chronotropic activity and improve symptom control without inducing iatrogenic bradycardia.

Hybrid Cardiac Rehabilitation Program

Intervention Type BEHAVIORAL

A two-phase program combining supervised inpatient exercise, respiratory training, psychological support, and education with a home-based telerehabilitation phase (Nordic walking, remote ECG and vital sign monitoring). The aim is to restore functional capacity, reduce symptoms, and improve autonomic balance.

Transcutaneous Vagus Nerve Stimulation (tVNS)

Intervention Type DEVICE

Transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation (tVNS) is a non-invasive neuromodulation technique in which the vagus nerve is stimulated via surface electrodes placed on the skin, most commonly in the auricular region (e.g., tragus or cymba conchae). The intervention is performed using a certified external stimulation device that delivers mild electrical impulses to activate afferent vagal fibers. tVNS is used in the treatment of various conditions, including depression, epilepsy, migraine, chronic pain, and disorders of the autonomic nervous system such as postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome (POTS) and inappropriate sinus tachycardia (IST). In this study, tVNS is applied as a supportive neuromodulatory therapy with individualized stimulation parameters and session duration based on clinical response and patient tolerance.

Cardiac sympathetic denervation

Patients with clinical indications for stand-alone or concomittant, hybrid cardiac sympathetic denervation. This cohort includes patients with arrhythmias driven by excessive sympathetic activation, such as congenital long QT syndrome (LQTS), catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (CPVT), and refractory ventricular tachyarrhythmias. Patients are referred for cardiac sympathetic denervation (CSD) due to high arrhythmic burden despite optimal pharmacologic treatment or recurrent implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) shocks. CSD is performed via thoracoscopic access and involves ablation or removal of the stellate ganglion and thoracic sympathetic chain (typically T2-T4). The goal is to reduce sympathetic drive, stabilize cardiac electrophysiology, and prevent life-threatening arrhythmias.

Cardiac sympathetic denervation

Intervention Type PROCEDURE

Cardiac sympathetic denervation is an interventional procedure aimed at reducing excessive sympathetic drive to the heart by ablating or removing components of the sympathetic nervous system. It is typically performed via a thoracoscopic approach and involves bilateral or left-sided denervation of the stellate ganglion and thoracic sympathetic chain (usually T2-T4). CSD is used in patients with arrhythmias associated with sympathetic overactivity, such as long QT syndrome, catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (CPVT), or autonomic dysfunction-related tachyarrhythmias. The procedure helps reduce arrhythmic burden, modulate autonomic tone, and improve symptom control.

Hybrid Cardiac Rehabilitation Program

Intervention Type BEHAVIORAL

A two-phase program combining supervised inpatient exercise, respiratory training, psychological support, and education with a home-based telerehabilitation phase (Nordic walking, remote ECG and vital sign monitoring). The aim is to restore functional capacity, reduce symptoms, and improve autonomic balance.

other rare subgroups and neuromodulation intervention

This cohort includes patients with rare autonomic or electrophysiological syndromes undergoing neuromodulatory interventions as part of individualized treatment strategies. Interventions may include transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation (tVNS), structured cardiac rehabilitation programs with autonomic modulation components, and other non-invasive or minimally invasive techniques aimed at improving autonomic balance and symptom burden. This group is characterized by heterogeneous diagnoses, including overlapping or atypical forms of autonomic dysfunction, and is managed with a personalized, multidisciplinary approach integrating physiologic monitoring, rehabilitation, and neuromodulation.

cardioneuroablation

Intervention Type PROCEDURE

Cardioneuroablation and related autonomic interventions aim to modulate parasympathetic and/or sympathetic inputs to the heart in order to treat functional bradycardia, inappropriate sinus tachycardia, vasovagal syncope, and other reflex arrhythmias. Techniques include catheter-based ablation of ganglionated plexi, thoracoscopic sinus node-sparing ablation, cardiac sympathetic denervation, and percutaneous stellate ganglion blockade. These procedures are tailored to each patient's autonomic profile and diagnosis.

SN sparing hybrid ablation

Intervention Type PROCEDURE

Sinus node-sparing hybrid ablation is a minimally invasive surgical procedure that modulates autonomic inputs to the sinoatrial node while preserving its intrinsic function. The intervention is performed via video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) and targets the epicardial autonomic ganglia and neural connections responsible for inappropriate sinus tachycardia or autonomic dysfunction. Unlike traditional sinus node modification, this approach avoids direct ablation of the sinus node and focuses on surrounding autonomic structures. The goal is to reduce pathologic chronotropic activity and improve symptom control without inducing iatrogenic bradycardia.

Cardiac sympathetic denervation

Intervention Type PROCEDURE

Cardiac sympathetic denervation is an interventional procedure aimed at reducing excessive sympathetic drive to the heart by ablating or removing components of the sympathetic nervous system. It is typically performed via a thoracoscopic approach and involves bilateral or left-sided denervation of the stellate ganglion and thoracic sympathetic chain (usually T2-T4). CSD is used in patients with arrhythmias associated with sympathetic overactivity, such as long QT syndrome, catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (CPVT), or autonomic dysfunction-related tachyarrhythmias. The procedure helps reduce arrhythmic burden, modulate autonomic tone, and improve symptom control.

Hybrid Cardiac Rehabilitation Program

Intervention Type BEHAVIORAL

A two-phase program combining supervised inpatient exercise, respiratory training, psychological support, and education with a home-based telerehabilitation phase (Nordic walking, remote ECG and vital sign monitoring). The aim is to restore functional capacity, reduce symptoms, and improve autonomic balance.

Transcutaneous Vagus Nerve Stimulation (tVNS)

Intervention Type DEVICE

Transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation (tVNS) is a non-invasive neuromodulation technique in which the vagus nerve is stimulated via surface electrodes placed on the skin, most commonly in the auricular region (e.g., tragus or cymba conchae). The intervention is performed using a certified external stimulation device that delivers mild electrical impulses to activate afferent vagal fibers. tVNS is used in the treatment of various conditions, including depression, epilepsy, migraine, chronic pain, and disorders of the autonomic nervous system such as postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome (POTS) and inappropriate sinus tachycardia (IST). In this study, tVNS is applied as a supportive neuromodulatory therapy with individualized stimulation parameters and session duration based on clinical response and patient tolerance.

Interventions

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cardioneuroablation

Cardioneuroablation and related autonomic interventions aim to modulate parasympathetic and/or sympathetic inputs to the heart in order to treat functional bradycardia, inappropriate sinus tachycardia, vasovagal syncope, and other reflex arrhythmias. Techniques include catheter-based ablation of ganglionated plexi, thoracoscopic sinus node-sparing ablation, cardiac sympathetic denervation, and percutaneous stellate ganglion blockade. These procedures are tailored to each patient's autonomic profile and diagnosis.

Intervention Type PROCEDURE

SN sparing hybrid ablation

Sinus node-sparing hybrid ablation is a minimally invasive surgical procedure that modulates autonomic inputs to the sinoatrial node while preserving its intrinsic function. The intervention is performed via video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) and targets the epicardial autonomic ganglia and neural connections responsible for inappropriate sinus tachycardia or autonomic dysfunction. Unlike traditional sinus node modification, this approach avoids direct ablation of the sinus node and focuses on surrounding autonomic structures. The goal is to reduce pathologic chronotropic activity and improve symptom control without inducing iatrogenic bradycardia.

Intervention Type PROCEDURE

Cardiac sympathetic denervation

Cardiac sympathetic denervation is an interventional procedure aimed at reducing excessive sympathetic drive to the heart by ablating or removing components of the sympathetic nervous system. It is typically performed via a thoracoscopic approach and involves bilateral or left-sided denervation of the stellate ganglion and thoracic sympathetic chain (usually T2-T4). CSD is used in patients with arrhythmias associated with sympathetic overactivity, such as long QT syndrome, catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (CPVT), or autonomic dysfunction-related tachyarrhythmias. The procedure helps reduce arrhythmic burden, modulate autonomic tone, and improve symptom control.

Intervention Type PROCEDURE

Hybrid Cardiac Rehabilitation Program

A two-phase program combining supervised inpatient exercise, respiratory training, psychological support, and education with a home-based telerehabilitation phase (Nordic walking, remote ECG and vital sign monitoring). The aim is to restore functional capacity, reduce symptoms, and improve autonomic balance.

Intervention Type BEHAVIORAL

Transcutaneous Vagus Nerve Stimulation (tVNS)

Transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation (tVNS) is a non-invasive neuromodulation technique in which the vagus nerve is stimulated via surface electrodes placed on the skin, most commonly in the auricular region (e.g., tragus or cymba conchae). The intervention is performed using a certified external stimulation device that delivers mild electrical impulses to activate afferent vagal fibers. tVNS is used in the treatment of various conditions, including depression, epilepsy, migraine, chronic pain, and disorders of the autonomic nervous system such as postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome (POTS) and inappropriate sinus tachycardia (IST). In this study, tVNS is applied as a supportive neuromodulatory therapy with individualized stimulation parameters and session duration based on clinical response and patient tolerance.

Intervention Type DEVICE

Eligibility Criteria

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Inclusion Criteria

* Age ≥ 18 years
* Diagnosis of at least one of the following conditions:

* Inappropriate sinus tachycardia (IST)
* Postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome (POTS)
* Vasovagal syncope (VVS)
* Cardioinhibitory carotid sinus syndrome (CSS)
* Symptomatic sinus bradycardia or functional AV block
* Orthostatic hypotension (OH)
* History of recurrent autonomic symptoms (e.g., syncope, bradycardia, palpitations, orthostatic intolerance)
* Undergoing or previously underwent interventional treatment affecting cardiac autonomic innervation (e.g., cardioneuroablation, SN-sparing ablation, cardiac sympathetic denervation)
* Provided written informed consent (for prospective arm)

Exclusion Criteria

* Structural heart disease requiring surgical intervention
* Permanent pacemaker or ICD implanted prior to enrollment
* Inability to complete follow-up assessments or questionnaires
* Severe psychiatric comorbidities impairing participation
* Participation in another interventional clinical trial
Minimum Eligible Age

18 Years

Eligible Sex

ALL

Accepts Healthy Volunteers

No

Sponsors

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SABAMED Medical Center Ltd.

NETWORK

Sponsor Role lead

Responsible Party

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Responsibility Role SPONSOR

Principal Investigators

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Sebastian Stec, Prof., MD, PhD

Role: PRINCIPAL_INVESTIGATOR

SABAMED Medical Center Ltd.

Marta Kornaszewska, MD

Role: STUDY_DIRECTOR

SABAMED Medical Center Ltd.

Locations

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SabaMed

Rzeszów, , Poland

Site Status RECRUITING

Countries

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Poland

Central Contacts

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Sebastian Stec, Prof., MD, PhD

Role: CONTACT

+48600298022

Marta Kornaszewska, MD

Role: CONTACT

+48881340342

Facility Contacts

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Daker Al Soori, MD

Role: primary

+4817 85 06 280

References

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Ahmed A, Charate R, Bawa D, Ghazal R, Garg J, Pothineni NVK, Kabra R, Della Rocca DG, Atkins D, Lakkireddy P, Bommana S, Al-Ahmad A, Shenthar J, Padmanabhan D, Narasimhan C, DiBiase L, Romeya A, Gopinathannair R, Natale A, Lakkireddy D. Bilateral Cardiac Sympathetic Denervation for Refractory Multifocal Premature Ventricular Contractions in Patients With Nonischemic Cardiomyopathy. JACC Clin Electrophysiol. 2024 Jan;10(1):31-39. doi: 10.1016/j.jacep.2023.09.014. Epub 2023 Nov 8.

Reference Type BACKGROUND
PMID: 37943190 (View on PubMed)

Stec, S., Kuteszko, R., Sulik, A., & Kornaszewska, M. (2025). Double trouble: Hybrid management of inappropriate sinus tachycardia and sinus bradycardia in the era of cardioneuromodulation. HeartRhythm Case Reports. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrcr.2025.08.012

Reference Type BACKGROUND

Kornaszewska M, Wilczek-Banc A, Ratajska A, Piotrowicz E, Szkaradek B, Kowalewski M, Suwalski P, Ogorzelec N, Wileczek A, Zajac M, Pastyrzak M, Stec S. Implementation of a Hybrid Cardiac Rehabilitation and Symptom Scoring System in Patients with Inappropriate or Postural Sinus Tachycardia Referred for Sinus Node Sparing Hybrid Ablation. J Clin Med. 2025 Aug 20;14(16):5879. doi: 10.3390/jcm14165879.

Reference Type BACKGROUND
PMID: 40869705 (View on PubMed)

Stec S, Suwalski P, de Asmundis C, La Meir M, Reichert A, Wilczek-Banc A, Szkaradek B, Kowalewski M. EP-Heart Team approach with sinus node sparing ablation for complex inappropriate sinus tachycardia and postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome: A first experience in Central Europe. Kardiol Pol. 2025;83(3):342-344. doi: 10.33963/v.phj.103819. Epub 2025 Jan 2. No abstract available.

Reference Type BACKGROUND
PMID: 39743902 (View on PubMed)

de Asmundis C, Pannone L, Lakkireddy D, Beaver TM, Brodt CR, Lee RJ, Frazier K, Chierchia GB, La Meir M. Hybrid epicardial and endocardial sinus node-sparing ablation therapy for inappropriate sinus tachycardia: Rationale and design of the multicenter HEAL-IST IDE trial. Heart Rhythm O2. 2023 Jan 31;4(4):275-282. doi: 10.1016/j.hroo.2023.01.005. eCollection 2023 Apr.

Reference Type BACKGROUND
PMID: 37124558 (View on PubMed)

Lakkireddy D, Garg J, DeAsmundis C, LaMeier M, Romeya A, Vanmeetren J, Park P, Tummala R, Koerber S, Vasamreddy C, Shah A, Shivamurthy P, Frazier K, Awasthi Y, Chierchia GB, Atkins D, Bommana S, Di Biase L, Al-Ahmad A, Natale A, Gopinathannair R. Sinus Node Sparing Hybrid Thoracoscopic Ablation Outcomes in Patients with Inappropriate Sinus Tachycardia (SUSRUTA-IST) Registry. Heart Rhythm. 2022 Jan;19(1):30-38. doi: 10.1016/j.hrthm.2021.07.010. Epub 2021 Jul 30.

Reference Type BACKGROUND
PMID: 34339847 (View on PubMed)

Aksu T, Brignole M, Calo L, Debruyne P, Di Biase L, Deharo JC, Fanciulli A, Fedorowski A, Kulakowski P, Morillo C, Moya A, Piotrowski R, Stec S, Sutton R, van Dijk JG, Wichterle D, Tse HF, Yao Y, Sheldon RS, Vaseghi M, Pachon JC, Scanavacca M, Meyer C, Amin R, Gupta D, Magnano M, Malik V, Schauerte P, Shen WK, Acosta JCZ. Cardioneuroablation for the treatment of reflex syncope and functional bradyarrhythmias: A Scientific Statement of the European Heart Rhythm Association (EHRA) of the ESC, the Heart Rhythm Society (HRS), the Asia Pacific Heart Rhythm Society (APHRS) and the Latin American Heart Rhythm Society (LAHRS). Europace. 2024 Aug 3;26(8):euae206. doi: 10.1093/europace/euae206.

Reference Type BACKGROUND
PMID: 39082698 (View on PubMed)

Kulakowski P, Baran J, Sikorska A, Krynski T, Niedzwiedz M, Soszynska M, Piotrowski R. Cardioneuroablation for reflex asystolic syncope: Mid-term safety, efficacy, and patient's acceptance. Heart Rhythm. 2024 Mar;21(3):282-291. doi: 10.1016/j.hrthm.2023.11.022. Epub 2023 Nov 29.

Reference Type BACKGROUND
PMID: 38036236 (View on PubMed)

Piotrowski R, Baran J, Sikorska A, Krynski T, Kulakowski P. Cardioneuroablation for Reflex Syncope: Efficacy and Effects on Autonomic Cardiac Regulation-A Prospective Randomized Trial. JACC Clin Electrophysiol. 2023 Jan;9(1):85-95. doi: 10.1016/j.jacep.2022.08.011. Epub 2022 Aug 28.

Reference Type BACKGROUND
PMID: 36114133 (View on PubMed)

Pachon JC, Pachon EI, Pachon JC, Lobo TJ, Pachon MZ, Vargas RN, Jatene AD. "Cardioneuroablation"--new treatment for neurocardiogenic syncope, functional AV block and sinus dysfunction using catheter RF-ablation. Europace. 2005 Jan;7(1):1-13. doi: 10.1016/j.eupc.2004.10.003.

Reference Type BACKGROUND
PMID: 15670960 (View on PubMed)

Tomasiewicz K, Woron J, Kobayashi A, Krasinski Z, Rydzewska G, Szymanski FM. Post-COVID-19 syndrome in everyday clinical practice: interdisciplinary expert position statement endorsed by the Polish Society of Civilization Diseases. Pol Arch Intern Med. 2024 May 28;134(5):16728. doi: 10.20452/pamw.16728. Epub 2024 Apr 15.

Reference Type BACKGROUND
PMID: 38619233 (View on PubMed)

Spahic JM, Hamrefors V, Johansson M, Ricci F, Melander O, Sutton R, Fedorowski A. Malmo POTS symptom score: Assessing symptom burden in postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome. J Intern Med. 2023 Jan;293(1):91-99. doi: 10.1111/joim.13566. Epub 2022 Sep 16.

Reference Type BACKGROUND
PMID: 36111700 (View on PubMed)

Kusumoto FM, Schoenfeld MH, Barrett C, Edgerton JR, Ellenbogen KA, Gold MR, Goldschlager NF, Hamilton RM, Joglar JA, Kim RJ, Lee R, Marine JE, McLeod CJ, Oken KR, Patton KK, Pellegrini CN, Selzman KA, Thompson A, Varosy PD. 2018 ACC/AHA/HRS Guideline on the Evaluation and Management of Patients With Bradycardia and Cardiac Conduction Delay: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines and the Heart Rhythm Society. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2019 Aug 20;74(7):e51-e156. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2018.10.044. Epub 2018 Nov 6. No abstract available.

Reference Type BACKGROUND
PMID: 30412709 (View on PubMed)

Brignole M, Moya A, de Lange FJ, Deharo JC, Elliott PM, Fanciulli A, Fedorowski A, Furlan R, Kenny RA, Martin A, Probst V, Reed MJ, Rice CP, Sutton R, Ungar A, van Dijk JG; ESC Scientific Document Group. Practical Instructions for the 2018 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of syncope. Eur Heart J. 2018 Jun 1;39(21):e43-e80. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehy071. No abstract available.

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Ajijola OA, Aksu T, Arora R, Biaggioni I, Chen PS, De Ferrari G, Dusi V, Fudim M, Goldberger JJ, Green AL, Herring N, Khalsa SS, Kumar R, Lakatta E, Mehra R, Meyer C, Po S, Stavrakis S, Somers VK, Tan AY, Valderrabano M, Shivkumar K. Clinical neurocardiology: defining the value of neuroscience-based cardiovascular therapeutics - 2024 update. J Physiol. 2025 Mar;603(7):1781-1839. doi: 10.1113/JP284741. Epub 2025 Mar 8.

Reference Type BACKGROUND
PMID: 40056025 (View on PubMed)

Other Identifiers

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51/2024/В

Identifier Type: -

Identifier Source: org_study_id

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