Real-world Study of Darafenib or Trametinib and Clofarabine for High-risk/Recurrent/Refractory Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis in Children
NCT ID: NCT07022834
Last Updated: 2025-06-15
Study Results
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Basic Information
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RECRUITING
PHASE2
20 participants
INTERVENTIONAL
2025-06-01
2030-06-01
Brief Summary
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Except combination of prednisone and vinblastine, cladribine (introduced in 1998) and MAPK inhibitors (introduced in 2014), have lowered the mortality rate of LCH in children. Cladribine, a nucleoside analogue, is used for treating recurrent acute myeloid leukemia in children by disrupting DNA synthesis. In the LCH-98-S regimen, low-risk children with LCH responded well to moderate doses of cladribine, but 44% of high-risk children still faced disease progression. Later studies showed that high-dose cladribine with medium-dose cytarabine increased survival in refractory LCH from 30% to 85%, but also raised chemotherapy toxicity, with some cases experiencing severe hematological toxicity and half of the deaths resulting from chemotherapy complications. Clofarabine, a nucleoside analogue, inhibits ribonucleotide reductase and DNA polymerase, offering stronger anti-tumor effects and fewer side effects than cladribine and fludarabine in treating refractory leukemia. Case reports show that LCH patients unresponsive to cladribine improve with clofarabine treatment at moderate doses (25mg/m2/day). A retrospective study of 58 LCH patients using clofarabine (25mg/m2/day) showed an 87% progression-free survival rate after one year. While the main side effect was grade 3 or higher hematological toxicity, 98.3% of patients tolerated it and completed treatment. Further prospective studies are needed to determine the optimal dose, duration, long-term efficacy, and complications of clofarabine in children with LCH.
Research indicates that childhood LCH is often linked to mutations in MAPK pathway genes, with over half of cases involving BRAFV600E mutations. MAPK inhibitors, like vemurafenib, dabrafenib and trametinib, are effective for relapsed and refractory LCH, but they don't eliminate malignant clones, leading to disease reactivation after stopping treatment. Some BRAF-deficient mutation LCH patients resist vemurafenib and dabrafenib, but trametinib can manage the disease in these cases. Activation of the MAPK pathway increases BCL2L1 expression in LCH cells, and rapamycin fails to induce apoptosis in BRAFV600E+ LCH cells, enhancing resistance to cell death. MAPK inhibitors combined with chemotherapy are theoretically more effective at inducing apoptosis in LCH cells and resetting the immune environment to eliminate malignant clones. Two clinical studies confirm their safety and efficacy in treating refractory recurrent LCH. In a follow-up of 10 LCH cases treated with nucleotide analogues and MAPK inhibitors, only 2 patients relapsed after a short treatment duration. Additionally, 19 children with BRAFV600E mutation LCH were treated with cladribine, cytarabine, and vemurafenib, achieving a 100% response rate. Nearly 80% completed treatment without recurrence, and no increase in side effects was observed.
Since 2020, our center treated nearly 40 LCH patients with MAPK inhibitors, including 14 combined with LCH-III chemotherapy. Follow-ups show no severe toxic side effects, aligning with literature. However, most high-risk patients, especially those who stopped oral MAPK inhibitors, had disease reactivation. Two high-risk patients with liver involvement achieved complete liver lesion regression with cladribine. This clinical study aims to assess the efficacy and safety of dabrafenib or trametinib and clofarabine for high-risk/recurrent/refractory LCH in children.
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Detailed Description
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Conditions
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Study Design
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NA
SINGLE_GROUP
TREATMENT
NONE
Study Groups
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Dabrafenib or Trametinib and Clofarabine
Dabrafenib or Trametinib and Clofarabine
Drug: Dabrafenib or Trametinib Dabrafenib: 3-5 mg/kg/day; Trametinib: 0.025mg/kg/day
Drug: Clofarabine Consolidation therapy: 25 mg/m2/d, days 1-5 Maintenance therapy: 25 mg/m2/d, days 1-2
Interventions
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Dabrafenib or Trametinib and Clofarabine
Drug: Dabrafenib or Trametinib Dabrafenib: 3-5 mg/kg/day; Trametinib: 0.025mg/kg/day
Drug: Clofarabine Consolidation therapy: 25 mg/m2/d, days 1-5 Maintenance therapy: 25 mg/m2/d, days 1-2
Eligibility Criteria
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Inclusion Criteria
2. Initial LCH diagnosis with hematopoietic, liver, or spleen involvement;
3. LCH patients with disease progression or reactivation after chemotherapy (e.g., prednisone, vincristine, cytarabine, clarithromycin) or targeted therapy;
4. Consent to treatment and follow-up;
5. ECOG score ≥ 2, Lansky score ≥ 50, organ function suitable for chemotherapy.
Exclusion Criteria
2. Secondary tumor;
3. Recent chemotherapy, radiotherapy, or MAPK inhibitor use with lingering adverse effects;
4. Ongoing nephrotoxic drug use;
5. Refusal to consent.
Exit Criteria:
1. Allergies to dabrafenib or trametinib and clofarabine;
2. Disease progression after 3 months on dabrafenib or trametinib;
3. Severe toxic side effects from clofarabine (grade 4 non-infectious non-hematological toxicity, SIRS, capillary leak syndrome); 4)The doctor recommends halting the current treatment plan for the patient's benefit.
0 Years
18 Years
ALL
No
Sponsors
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West China Second University Hospital
OTHER
Responsible Party
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Ju Gao
Professor
Principal Investigators
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Ju Gao, MD
Role: STUDY_CHAIR
West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Sichuan, China
Locations
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Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
Chengdu, Sichuan, China
Countries
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Central Contacts
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Facility Contacts
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References
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Evseev D, Osipova D, Kalinina I, Raykina E, Ignatova A, Lyudovskikh E, Baidildina D, Popov A, Zhogov V, Semchenkova A, Litvin E, Kotskaya N, Cherniak E, Voronin K, Burtsev E, Bronin G, Vlasova I, Purbueva B, Fink O, Pristanskova E, Dzhukaeva I, Erega E, Novichkova G, Maschan A, Maschan M. Vemurafenib combined with cladribine and cytarabine results in durable remission of pediatric BRAF V600E-positive LCH. Blood Adv. 2023 Sep 26;7(18):5246-5257. doi: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2022009067.
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Cournoyer E, Ferrell J, Sharp S, Ray A, Jordan M, Dandoy C, Grimley M, Roy S, Lorsbach R, Merrow AC, Nelson A, Bartlett A, Picarsic J, Kumar A. Dabrafenib and trametinib in Langerhans cell histiocytosis and other histiocytic disorders. Haematologica. 2024 Apr 1;109(4):1137-1148. doi: 10.3324/haematol.2023.283295.
Donadieu J, Larabi IA, Tardieu M, Visser J, Hutter C, Sieni E, Kabbara N, Barkaoui M, Miron J, Chalard F, Milne P, Haroche J, Cohen F, Helias-Rodzewicz Z, Simon N, Jehanne M, Kolenova A, Pagnier A, Aladjidi N, Schneider P, Plat G, Lutun A, Sonntagbauer A, Lehrnbecher T, Ferster A, Efremova V, Ahlmann M, Blanc L, Nicholson J, Lambilliote A, Boudiaf H, Lissat A, Svojgr K, Bernard F, Elitzur S, Golan M, Evseev D, Maschan M, Idbaih A, Slater O, Minkov M, Taly V, Collin M, Alvarez JC, Emile JF, Heritier S. Vemurafenib for Refractory Multisystem Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis in Children: An International Observational Study. J Clin Oncol. 2019 Nov 1;37(31):2857-2865. doi: 10.1200/JCO.19.00456. Epub 2019 Sep 12.
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Haupt R, Nanduri V, Calevo MG, Bernstrand C, Braier JL, Broadbent V, Rey G, McClain KL, Janka-Schaub G, Egeler RM. Permanent consequences in Langerhans cell histiocytosis patients: a pilot study from the Histiocyte Society-Late Effects Study Group. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2004 May;42(5):438-44. doi: 10.1002/pbc.20021.
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Other Identifiers
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WCSH-LCH-2025
Identifier Type: -
Identifier Source: org_study_id
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