Pushing Using Real-time Sonographic Ultrasound Education

Study Results

Results pending

The study team has not published outcome measurements, participant flow, or safety data for this trial yet. Check back later for updates.

Basic Information

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Recruitment Status

RECRUITING

Clinical Phase

NA

Total Enrollment

136 participants

Study Classification

INTERVENTIONAL

Study Start Date

2025-07-19

Study Completion Date

2026-05-27

Brief Summary

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The study aims to assess whether the use of ultrasound during a pushing lesson can facilitate easier and safer childbirth. The research will be conducted at a single hospital and will involve pregnant women in their second trimester who enroll in an online childbirth course. Participants will be randomly assigned to one of two groups:

One group will receive standard pushing instructions from a midwife.

The other group will receive the same instructions along with a brief ultrasound session to visually support correct pushing techniques.

The primary outcome is a potential reduction in the duration of the second stage of labor (when the baby is being delivered). Secondary outcomes include improved coordination of pelvic floor muscles, fewer perineal tears, a higher rate of vaginal births, reduced postnatal urinary incontinence, and greater maternal satisfaction.

Approximately 136 women will be enrolled in the study (accounting for potential dropouts). The expectation is that this integrated teaching approach will enhance the effectiveness, safety, and overall experience of pushing during labor for both mothers and their newborns.

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Detailed Description

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This single-center, open-label, parallel-group randomized controlled trial aims to evaluate whether integrating transperineal ultrasound into a midwife-led pushing training program can reduce pelvic floor muscle coactivation during childbirth. Pregnant women in their second trimester, recruited from an online pre-childbirth course at Fondazione Policlinico Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, will be randomized to receive either standard midwife-led training or additional ultrasound-guided instruction. The primary outcome is the reduction in the duraction of the second stage of labour, with secondary outcomes including coactivation rates of pelvic floor muscles at delivery, maternal satisfaction, perineal tear rates, vaginal delivery rates, and postpartum urinary incontinence. With an estimated sample size of 136 participants accounting for a 15% dropout, the study anticipates that ultrasound-guided training will improve pushing efficiency, decrease pelvic trauma, and enhance delivery outcomes.

Conditions

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Transperineal Ultrasound Midwife-led Pushing Training Program Duration of the Second Stage Coactivation Rates of Pelvic Floor Muscles Maternal Satisfaction Perineal Tear Rates

Study Design

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Allocation Method

RANDOMIZED

Intervention Model

PARALLEL

Primary Study Purpose

TREATMENT

Blinding Strategy

SINGLE

Outcome Assessors

Study Groups

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Midwife-led pushing training only group

The pushing training program consists of a two-hour in-person session, structured as follows:

* 30 minutes of theoretical instruction, covering the physiological mechanisms of labor, the role of the levator ani muscle (LAM) during pushing, and optimal pushing techniques.
* 30 minutes of practical exercises, during which women will be guided through breathing techniques, pushing strategies, and perineal relaxation.

Group Type ACTIVE_COMPARATOR

Midwife-led pushing training only group

Intervention Type OTHER

The pushing training program consists of a two-hour in-person session, structured as follows:

* 30 minutes of theoretical instruction, covering the physiological mechanisms of labor, the role of the levator ani muscle (LAM) during pushing, and optimal pushing techniques.
* 30 minutes of practical exercises, during which women will be guided through breathing techniques, pushing strategies, and perineal relaxation.

Midwife-led ultrasound-guided pushing training group

The pushing training program consists of a two-hour in-person session, structured as follows:

* 30 minutes of theoretical instruction, covering the physiological mechanisms of labor, the role of the levator ani muscle (LAM) during pushing, and optimal pushing techniques.
* 30 minutes of practical exercises, during which women will be guided through breathing techniques, pushing strategies, and perineal relaxation.

Women randomized to the ultrasound-guided pushing training group will receive additional transperineal ultrasound (TPU) evaluations during practical exercises, performed by a midwife trained in ultrasound imaging. These assessments will ensure effective LAM relaxation during pushing practices and provide real-time visual feedback to optimize muscle coordination.

Group Type EXPERIMENTAL

Midwife-led ultrasound-guided pushing training group

Intervention Type OTHER

The pushing training program consists of a two-hour in-person session, structured as follows:

* 30 minutes of theoretical instruction, covering the physiological mechanisms of labor, the role of the levator ani muscle (LAM) during pushing, and optimal pushing techniques.
* 30 minutes of practical exercises, during which women will be guided through breathing techniques, pushing strategies, and perineal relaxation.

Women randomized to the ultrasound-guided pushing training group will receive additional transperineal ultrasound (TPU) evaluations during practical exercises, performed by a midwife trained in ultrasound imaging. These assessments will ensure effective LAM relaxation during pushing practices and provide real-time visual feedback to optimize muscle coordination.

Interventions

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Midwife-led ultrasound-guided pushing training group

The pushing training program consists of a two-hour in-person session, structured as follows:

* 30 minutes of theoretical instruction, covering the physiological mechanisms of labor, the role of the levator ani muscle (LAM) during pushing, and optimal pushing techniques.
* 30 minutes of practical exercises, during which women will be guided through breathing techniques, pushing strategies, and perineal relaxation.

Women randomized to the ultrasound-guided pushing training group will receive additional transperineal ultrasound (TPU) evaluations during practical exercises, performed by a midwife trained in ultrasound imaging. These assessments will ensure effective LAM relaxation during pushing practices and provide real-time visual feedback to optimize muscle coordination.

Intervention Type OTHER

Midwife-led pushing training only group

The pushing training program consists of a two-hour in-person session, structured as follows:

* 30 minutes of theoretical instruction, covering the physiological mechanisms of labor, the role of the levator ani muscle (LAM) during pushing, and optimal pushing techniques.
* 30 minutes of practical exercises, during which women will be guided through breathing techniques, pushing strategies, and perineal relaxation.

Intervention Type OTHER

Eligibility Criteria

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Inclusion Criteria

1. Nulliparous women in their second trimester (approximately 14-28 weeks of gestation).
2. Willingness to participate in the preparation training program on pushing techniques.
3. Singleton pregnancy.
4. Age 18 years or older.
5. Ability to understand and provide informed consent in Italian.
6. Plan to deliver at the Fondazione Policlinico Agostino Gemelli IRCCS.

Exclusion Criteria

1. Multifetal (e.g., twins, triplets) pregnancies.
2. Known obstetric complications or conditions that contraindicate a vaginal delivery (e.g., placenta previa).
3. Medical or psychiatric conditions that would prevent participation in the educational program or adherence to study protocols.
4. History of pelvic floor surgery or severe pelvic floor dysfunction that might affect participation or outcomes.
5. Inability to understand study requirements or provide informed consent.
6. Participants already enrolled in conflicting clinical trials or interventions that could influence the study's outcomes.

Minimum Eligible Age

18 Years

Eligible Sex

FEMALE

Accepts Healthy Volunteers

No