Trial Outcomes & Findings for Developing a Virtual Reality Training Tool for Exposure Therapy: Simulated Exposure Trainer (SET) (NCT NCT06706245)
NCT ID: NCT06706245
Last Updated: 2025-06-19
Results Overview
The Therapist Negative Beliefs about Exposure Scale (TBES) assesses the extent to which therapists agree with 21 negative beliefs about exposure therapy (e.g., "most clients have difficulty tolerating the distress exposure therapy evokes"). Items are rated on a 5-point scale from 0 ("disagree strongly") to 4 ( "agree strongly"). Possible scores range from 0 to 84, with a higher score indicating more negative beliefs about exposure.
COMPLETED
NA
42 participants
Before workshop starts (Baseline); immediately after 4-hour didactic portion of training (Post-didactic), immediately after remaining workshop activities (End of workshop), one month after workshop (Follow-up)
2025-06-19
Participant Flow
Participant milestones
| Measure |
Low-immersion (Mobile Device)
SET-VR (computer): Low-immersive version of the SET-VR program
|
High-immersion (Head-mounted Display)
SET-VR (headset): High-immersive version of the SET-VR program
|
|---|---|---|
|
Overall Study
STARTED
|
21
|
20
|
|
Overall Study
COMPLETED
|
21
|
20
|
|
Overall Study
NOT COMPLETED
|
0
|
0
|
Reasons for withdrawal
Withdrawal data not reported
Baseline Characteristics
2 participants did not report gender.
Baseline characteristics by cohort
| Measure |
Low-immersion (Mobile Device)
n=21 Participants
SET-VR (computer): Low-immersive version of the SET-VR program
|
High-immersion (Head-mounted Display)
n=20 Participants
SET-VR (headset): High-immersive version of the SET-VR program
|
Total
n=41 Participants
Total of all reporting groups
|
|---|---|---|---|
|
Age, Continuous
|
42 years
n=21 Participants
|
37 years
n=20 Participants
|
40 years
n=41 Participants
|
|
Sex: Female, Male
Female
|
17 Participants
n=20 Participants • 2 participants did not report gender.
|
17 Participants
n=19 Participants • 2 participants did not report gender.
|
34 Participants
n=39 Participants • 2 participants did not report gender.
|
|
Sex: Female, Male
Male
|
3 Participants
n=20 Participants • 2 participants did not report gender.
|
2 Participants
n=19 Participants • 2 participants did not report gender.
|
5 Participants
n=39 Participants • 2 participants did not report gender.
|
|
Ethnicity (NIH/OMB)
Hispanic or Latino
|
1 Participants
n=21 Participants
|
1 Participants
n=20 Participants
|
2 Participants
n=41 Participants
|
|
Ethnicity (NIH/OMB)
Not Hispanic or Latino
|
20 Participants
n=21 Participants
|
19 Participants
n=20 Participants
|
39 Participants
n=41 Participants
|
|
Ethnicity (NIH/OMB)
Unknown or Not Reported
|
0 Participants
n=21 Participants
|
0 Participants
n=20 Participants
|
0 Participants
n=41 Participants
|
PRIMARY outcome
Timeframe: Before workshop starts (Baseline); immediately after 4-hour didactic portion of training (Post-didactic), immediately after remaining workshop activities (End of workshop), one month after workshop (Follow-up)The Therapist Negative Beliefs about Exposure Scale (TBES) assesses the extent to which therapists agree with 21 negative beliefs about exposure therapy (e.g., "most clients have difficulty tolerating the distress exposure therapy evokes"). Items are rated on a 5-point scale from 0 ("disagree strongly") to 4 ( "agree strongly"). Possible scores range from 0 to 84, with a higher score indicating more negative beliefs about exposure.
Outcome measures
| Measure |
Low-immersion (Mobile Device)
n=21 Participants
SET-VR (computer): Low-immersive version of the SET-VR program
|
High-immersion (Head-mounted Display)
n=20 Participants
SET-VR (headset): High-immersive version of the SET-VR program
|
|---|---|---|
|
Therapist Negative Beliefs About Exposure Scale (TBES)
Baseline
|
28.76 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 8.96
|
30.9 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 10.49
|
|
Therapist Negative Beliefs About Exposure Scale (TBES)
Post-Didactic
|
21.19 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 10.94
|
21.2 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 10.03
|
|
Therapist Negative Beliefs About Exposure Scale (TBES)
Post-Experiential
|
16.33 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 9.06
|
16.65 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 10.50
|
|
Therapist Negative Beliefs About Exposure Scale (TBES)
Follow Up
|
14.71 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 10.23
|
15.95 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 10.61
|
SECONDARY outcome
Timeframe: Before workshop starts (Baseline); immediately after 4-hour didactic portion of training (Post-didactic), immediately after remaining workshop activities (End of workshop), one month after workshop (Follow-up)This is a 27-item measure of therapists' confidence in delivering exposure therapy. The first 8 items are about the therapist's ability to help patients learn skills related to exposure (e.g., "I feel confident in my ability to help my clients identify how avoidance is maintaining their fear"), and the remaining 19 items assess the therapist's confidence with implementing exposure various aspects of exposure (e.g., "I feel confident in my ability to conduct imaginal exposure"). Items are rated scale ranging from 1 ("not confident") to 5 ("very confident"). This measure has demonstrated high internal consistency and predictive validity in determining the frequency of self-reported clinical use of exposure therapy.
Outcome measures
Outcome data not reported
SECONDARY outcome
Timeframe: Before workshop starts (Baseline); immediately after 4-hour didactic portion of training (Post-didactic), immediately after remaining workshop activities (End of workshop), one month after workshop (Follow-up)We condensed the original 49-item Exposure Knowledge measure into 12 multiple-choice items that best fit the didactic content of the training (e.g., "Why is it important to block avoidance during exposure tasks?"). The total score is the percentage out of 100 of correct answers.
Outcome measures
| Measure |
Low-immersion (Mobile Device)
n=21 Participants
SET-VR (computer): Low-immersive version of the SET-VR program
|
High-immersion (Head-mounted Display)
n=20 Participants
SET-VR (headset): High-immersive version of the SET-VR program
|
|---|---|---|
|
Exposure Knowledge
Baseline
|
42.46 percentage of correct answers
Standard Deviation 15.34
|
34.17 percentage of correct answers
Standard Deviation 15.50
|
|
Exposure Knowledge
Post-Didactic
|
50.79 percentage of correct answers
Standard Deviation 18.80
|
45.83 percentage of correct answers
Standard Deviation 16.11
|
|
Exposure Knowledge
Post-Experiential
|
51.98 percentage of correct answers
Standard Deviation 16.44
|
45.42 percentage of correct answers
Standard Deviation 13.91
|
|
Exposure Knowledge
Follow Up
|
53.57 percentage of correct answers
Standard Deviation 18.92
|
45.83 percentage of correct answers
Standard Deviation 16.11
|
Adverse Events
Low-immersion (Mobile Device)
High-immersion (Head-mounted Display)
Serious adverse events
Adverse event data not reported
Other adverse events
Adverse event data not reported
Additional Information
Results disclosure agreements
- Principal investigator is a sponsor employee
- Publication restrictions are in place