Trial Outcomes & Findings for Climate Impact Label Design and Fast-Food Meal Selection (NCT NCT06678178)

Last Updated: 2026-01-06

Results Overview

The primary outcome measure will be the healthfulness of the fast-food meal selections, measured with a modified Nutrient Profile Index (NPI) score. NPI scores are based on the United Kingdom (UK) Ofcom Nutrient Profiling Model, which is used to score individual foods in the UK to determine which ones can be marketed to children. The NPI is a 0 to 100-point score for foods; scores \>=64 are considered healthy. NPI awards points from nutrients to encourage (e.g., fiber, protein) and nutrients of concern (e.g., sodium, sugar) per 100 grams. The investigators will generate a modified NPI score to evaluate the healthfulness of full meals comprised of multiple food items. This measure will be determined by calculating the weighted mean NPI score of all food items selected per meal, with each item's NPI score weighted by its proportionate contribution of mass in grams to the total mass of the meal.

Recruitment status

COMPLETED

Study phase

Target enrollment

6622 participants

Primary outcome timeframe

approximately 1 minute

Results posted on

2026-01-06

Participant Flow

Participant milestones

Participant milestones
Measure	Control (QR) Labels A black label featuring a QR code and white text that reads "SCAN HERE" will be placed beneath all main menu items. Explanatory text describing the label's meaning will be displayed at the top of the menu.	Warning High Climate Impact Labels A red icon-plus-text label that reads "WARNING: HIGH CLIMATE IMPACT" in white text will be placed beneath main menu items with a high climate impact using a predetermined threshold of estimated greenhouse gas emissions set at \>=9.2 kgCO2e. Labels will include a white globe icon directly preceding the label text. Explanatory text describing the label's meaning will be displayed at the top of the menu.	Traffic Light Labels Traffic Light labels will be placed beneath all main menu items. Using predetermined estimated greenhouse gas emission thresholds, each item will be assigned one of three icon-plus-text labels within this scheme: low-, medium-, or high-impact label, set in kgCO2e at \<2.6, \>=2.6 \& \<9.2, and \>=9.2, respectively. Each will read, "HIGH CLIMATE IMPACT" within a red label, "MED. CLIMATE IMPACT" in a yellow label, and "LOW CLIMATE IMPACT" in a green label. Text for all labels written in white, and a white globe icon will precede the text. Explanatory text describing the meaning of the labels will be displayed at the top of the menu.	Climate Grade Labels Climate Grade labels will be placed beneath all main menu items, using predetermined estimated greenhouse gas emission thresholds to assign one of five icon-plus-text labels which indicate a specific climate impact grade (A, B, C, D, and F). Thresholds are set in kgCO2e as follows: \[A\] \<1.7, \[B\] \>=1.7 \& \<2.6, \[C\] \>=2.6 \& \<9.2, \[D\] \>=9.2 \& \<28, \[F\] \>=28. All labels are solid black with a white globe icon followed by white text which reads "CLIMATE GRADE". On the left side of each label, a grade is displayed, capitalized and in a white font within a solid-colored box. The color of the box corresponds with each letter grade: A = dark green, B = light green, C = yellow, D = orange, F = red. Beneath the letter grade, a gradient of all possible grades is displayed horizontally in smaller font, each grade atop a small solid box in the respective grade color. Explanatory text describing the meaning of the labels will be displayed at the top of the menu.	Numeric Carbon Footprint Labels Numeric Carbon Footprint labels will be placed beneath all main menu items and display the estimated greenhouse gas emissions in kilograms of carbon dioxide equivalents (kgCO2e) for each item. All labels have a solid black background and an icon-plus-text design. A white globe icon is followed by text stating the value of the items estimated emissions and the unit "kgCO2e". Explanatory text describing the meaning of the labels will be displayed at the top of the menu.
Overall Study STARTED	1320	1339	1332	1305	1326
Overall Study COMPLETED	1245	1245	1257	1229	1245
Overall Study NOT COMPLETED	75	94	75	76	81

Reasons for withdrawal

Withdrawal data not reported

Baseline Characteristics

Climate Impact Label Design and Fast-Food Meal Selection

Baseline characteristics by cohort

Baseline characteristics by cohort
Measure	Control (QR) Labels n=1245 Participants A black label featuring a QR code and white text that reads "SCAN HERE" will be placed beneath all main menu items. Explanatory text describing the label's meaning will be displayed at the top of the menu.	Warning High Climate Impact Labels n=1245 Participants A red icon-plus-text label that reads "WARNING: HIGH CLIMATE IMPACT" in white text will be placed beneath main menu items with a high climate impact using a predetermined threshold of estimated greenhouse gas emissions set at \>=9.2 kgCO2e. Labels will include a white globe icon directly preceding the label text. Explanatory text describing the label's meaning will be displayed at the top of the menu.	Traffic Light Labels n=1257 Participants Traffic Light labels will be placed beneath all main menu items. Using predetermined estimated greenhouse gas emission thresholds, each item will be assigned one of three icon-plus-text labels within this scheme: low-, medium-, or high-impact label, set in kgCO2e at \<2.6, \>=2.6 \& \<9.2, and \>=9.2, respectively. Each will read, "HIGH CLIMATE IMPACT" within a red label, "MED. CLIMATE IMPACT" in a yellow label, and "LOW CLIMATE IMPACT" in a green label. Text for all labels written in white, and a white globe icon will precede the text. Explanatory text describing the meaning of the labels will be displayed at the top of the menu.	Climate Grade Labels n=1229 Participants Climate Grade labels will be placed beneath all main menu items, using predetermined estimated greenhouse gas emission thresholds to assign one of five icon-plus-text labels which indicate a specific climate impact grade (A, B, C, D, and F). Thresholds are set in kgCO2e as follows: \[A\] \<1.7, \[B\] \>=1.7 \& \<2.6, \[C\] \>=2.6 \& \<9.2, \[D\] \>=9.2 \& \<28, \[F\] \>=28. All labels are solid black with a white globe icon followed by white text which reads "CLIMATE GRADE". On the left side of each label, a grade is displayed, capitalized and in a white font within a solid-colored box. The color of the box corresponds with each letter grade: A = dark green, B = light green, C = yellow, D = orange, F = red. Beneath the letter grade, a gradient of all possible grades is displayed horizontally in smaller font, each grade atop a small solid box in the respective grade color. Explanatory text describing the meaning of the labels will be displayed at the top of the menu.	Numeric Carbon Footprint Labels n=1245 Participants Numeric Carbon Footprint labels will be placed beneath all main menu items and display the estimated greenhouse gas emissions in kilograms of carbon dioxide equivalents (kgCO2e) for each item. All labels have a solid black background and an icon-plus-text design. A white globe icon is followed by text stating the value of the items estimated emissions and the unit "kgCO2e". Explanatory text describing the meaning of the labels will be displayed at the top of the menu.	Total n=6221 Participants Total of all reporting groups
Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) Unknown or Not Reported	0 Participants n=37 Participants	0 Participants n=56 Participants	0 Participants n=82 Participants	1 Participants n=31 Participants	0 Participants n=5 Participants	1 Participants n=25 Participants
Age, Continuous	48 Years STANDARD_DEVIATION 17 • n=37 Participants	47 Years STANDARD_DEVIATION 17 • n=56 Participants	48 Years STANDARD_DEVIATION 17 • n=82 Participants	46 Years STANDARD_DEVIATION 17 • n=31 Participants	47 Years STANDARD_DEVIATION 17 • n=5 Participants	47 Years STANDARD_DEVIATION 17 • n=25 Participants
Sex: Female, Male Female	629 Participants n=37 Participants	633 Participants n=56 Participants	670 Participants n=82 Participants	658 Participants n=31 Participants	643 Participants n=5 Participants	3233 Participants n=25 Participants
Sex: Female, Male Male	616 Participants n=37 Participants	612 Participants n=56 Participants	587 Participants n=82 Participants	571 Participants n=31 Participants	602 Participants n=5 Participants	2988 Participants n=25 Participants
Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) Hispanic or Latino	174 Participants n=37 Participants	177 Participants n=56 Participants	188 Participants n=82 Participants	168 Participants n=31 Participants	171 Participants n=5 Participants	878 Participants n=25 Participants
Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) Not Hispanic or Latino	1071 Participants n=37 Participants	1068 Participants n=56 Participants	1069 Participants n=82 Participants	1060 Participants n=31 Participants	1074 Participants n=5 Participants	5342 Participants n=25 Participants
Race (NIH/OMB) American Indian or Alaska Native	19 Participants n=37 Participants	18 Participants n=56 Participants	26 Participants n=82 Participants	19 Participants n=31 Participants	23 Participants n=5 Participants	105 Participants n=25 Participants
Race (NIH/OMB) Asian	56 Participants n=37 Participants	57 Participants n=56 Participants	46 Participants n=82 Participants	56 Participants n=31 Participants	55 Participants n=5 Participants	270 Participants n=25 Participants
Race (NIH/OMB) Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander	0 Participants n=37 Participants	0 Participants n=56 Participants	0 Participants n=82 Participants	0 Participants n=31 Participants	0 Participants n=5 Participants	0 Participants n=25 Participants
Race (NIH/OMB) Black or African American	171 Participants n=37 Participants	160 Participants n=56 Participants	166 Participants n=82 Participants	156 Participants n=31 Participants	165 Participants n=5 Participants	818 Participants n=25 Participants
Race (NIH/OMB) White	956 Participants n=37 Participants	980 Participants n=56 Participants	981 Participants n=82 Participants	965 Participants n=31 Participants	966 Participants n=5 Participants	4848 Participants n=25 Participants
Race (NIH/OMB) More than one race	0 Participants n=37 Participants	0 Participants n=56 Participants	0 Participants n=82 Participants	0 Participants n=31 Participants	0 Participants n=5 Participants	0 Participants n=25 Participants
Race (NIH/OMB) Unknown or Not Reported	43 Participants n=37 Participants	30 Participants n=56 Participants	38 Participants n=82 Participants	33 Participants n=31 Participants	36 Participants n=5 Participants	180 Participants n=25 Participants
Political Affiliation Republican	422 Participants n=37 Participants	437 Participants n=56 Participants	432 Participants n=82 Participants	434 Participants n=31 Participants	447 Participants n=5 Participants	2172 Participants n=25 Participants
Political Affiliation Democrat	424 Participants n=37 Participants	443 Participants n=56 Participants	453 Participants n=82 Participants	424 Participants n=31 Participants	425 Participants n=5 Participants	2169 Participants n=25 Participants
Political Affiliation Independent	399 Participants n=37 Participants	365 Participants n=56 Participants	372 Participants n=82 Participants	371 Participants n=31 Participants	373 Participants n=5 Participants	1880 Participants n=25 Participants
Climate Concern Not at all	184 Participants n=37 Participants	127 Participants n=56 Participants	156 Participants n=82 Participants	133 Participants n=31 Participants	160 Participants n=5 Participants	760 Participants n=25 Participants
Climate Concern A little bit	169 Participants n=37 Participants	157 Participants n=56 Participants	162 Participants n=82 Participants	176 Participants n=31 Participants	158 Participants n=5 Participants	822 Participants n=25 Participants
Climate Concern Somewhat	371 Participants n=37 Participants	360 Participants n=56 Participants	354 Participants n=82 Participants	341 Participants n=31 Participants	380 Participants n=5 Participants	1806 Participants n=25 Participants
Climate Concern Quite a bit	257 Participants n=37 Participants	286 Participants n=56 Participants	300 Participants n=82 Participants	291 Participants n=31 Participants	262 Participants n=5 Participants	1396 Participants n=25 Participants
Climate Concern A great deal	264 Participants n=37 Participants	315 Participants n=56 Participants	285 Participants n=82 Participants	288 Participants n=31 Participants	285 Participants n=5 Participants	1437 Participants n=25 Participants
Special Diet No special diet	1031 Participants n=37 Participants	1010 Participants n=56 Participants	1044 Participants n=82 Participants	1034 Participants n=31 Participants	1022 Participants n=5 Participants	5141 Participants n=25 Participants
Special Diet Vegan	9 Participants n=37 Participants	14 Participants n=56 Participants	16 Participants n=82 Participants	13 Participants n=31 Participants	10 Participants n=5 Participants	62 Participants n=25 Participants
Special Diet Vegetarian	29 Participants n=37 Participants	21 Participants n=56 Participants	25 Participants n=82 Participants	24 Participants n=31 Participants	28 Participants n=5 Participants	127 Participants n=25 Participants
Special Diet Pescatarian	30 Participants n=37 Participants	38 Participants n=56 Participants	36 Participants n=82 Participants	24 Participants n=31 Participants	30 Participants n=5 Participants	158 Participants n=25 Participants
Special Diet Gluten free	49 Participants n=37 Participants	55 Participants n=56 Participants	45 Participants n=82 Participants	33 Participants n=31 Participants	47 Participants n=5 Participants	229 Participants n=25 Participants
Special Diet Other	97 Participants n=37 Participants	107 Participants n=56 Participants	91 Participants n=82 Participants	101 Participants n=31 Participants	108 Participants n=5 Participants	504 Participants n=25 Participants

PRIMARY outcome

Timeframe: approximately 1 minute

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Control (QR) Labels n=1245 Participants A black label featuring a QR code and white text that reads "SCAN HERE" will be placed beneath all main menu items. Explanatory text describing the label's meaning will be displayed at the top of the menu.	Warning High Climate Impact Labels n=1245 Participants A red icon-plus-text label that reads "WARNING: HIGH CLIMATE IMPACT" in white text will be placed beneath main menu items with a high climate impact using a predetermined threshold of estimated greenhouse gas emissions set at \>=9.2 kgCO2e. Labels will include a white globe icon directly preceding the label text. Explanatory text describing the label's meaning will be displayed at the top of the menu.	Traffic Light Labels n=1257 Participants Traffic Light labels will be placed beneath all main menu items. Using predetermined estimated greenhouse gas emission thresholds, each item will be assigned one of three icon-plus-text labels within this scheme: low-, medium-, or high-impact label, set in kgCO2e at \<2.6, \>=2.6 \& \<9.2, and \>=9.2, respectively. Each will read, "HIGH CLIMATE IMPACT" within a red label, "MED. CLIMATE IMPACT" in a yellow label, and "LOW CLIMATE IMPACT" in a green label. Text for all labels written in white, and a white globe icon will precede the text. Explanatory text describing the meaning of the labels will be displayed at the top of the menu.	Climate Grade Labels n=1229 Participants Climate Grade labels will be placed beneath all main menu items, using predetermined estimated greenhouse gas emission thresholds to assign one of five icon-plus-text labels which indicate a specific climate impact grade (A, B, C, D, and F). Thresholds are set in kgCO2e as follows: \[A\] \<1.7, \[B\] \>=1.7 \& \<2.6, \[C\] \>=2.6 \& \<9.2, \[D\] \>=9.2 \& \<28, \[F\] \>=28. All labels are solid black with a white globe icon followed by white text which reads "CLIMATE GRADE". On the left side of each label, a grade is displayed, capitalized and in a white font within a solid-colored box. The color of the box corresponds with each letter grade: A = dark green, B = light green, C = yellow, D = orange, F = red. Beneath the letter grade, a gradient of all possible grades is displayed horizontally in smaller font, each grade atop a small solid box in the respective grade color. Explanatory text describing the meaning of the labels will be displayed at the top of the menu.	Numeric Carbon Footprint Labels n=1245 Participants Numeric Carbon Footprint labels will be placed beneath all main menu items and display the estimated greenhouse gas emissions in kilograms of carbon dioxide equivalents (kgCO2e) for each item. All labels have a solid black background and an icon-plus-text design. A white globe icon is followed by text stating the value of the items estimated emissions and the unit "kgCO2e". Explanatory text describing the meaning of the labels will be displayed at the top of the menu.
Modified Nutrient Profile Index Score	50.6 score on a scale Standard Error 0.28	51.3 score on a scale Standard Error 0.28	51.3 score on a scale Standard Error 0.28	50.8 score on a scale Standard Error 0.28	51.0 score on a scale Standard Error 0.28

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: approximately 1 minute

Cumulative total kilograms of carbon equivalent (kgCO2e) per kilogram of food for all meal items.

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Control (QR) Labels n=1245 Participants A black label featuring a QR code and white text that reads "SCAN HERE" will be placed beneath all main menu items. Explanatory text describing the label's meaning will be displayed at the top of the menu.	Warning High Climate Impact Labels n=1245 Participants A red icon-plus-text label that reads "WARNING: HIGH CLIMATE IMPACT" in white text will be placed beneath main menu items with a high climate impact using a predetermined threshold of estimated greenhouse gas emissions set at \>=9.2 kgCO2e. Labels will include a white globe icon directly preceding the label text. Explanatory text describing the label's meaning will be displayed at the top of the menu.	Traffic Light Labels n=1257 Participants Traffic Light labels will be placed beneath all main menu items. Using predetermined estimated greenhouse gas emission thresholds, each item will be assigned one of three icon-plus-text labels within this scheme: low-, medium-, or high-impact label, set in kgCO2e at \<2.6, \>=2.6 \& \<9.2, and \>=9.2, respectively. Each will read, "HIGH CLIMATE IMPACT" within a red label, "MED. CLIMATE IMPACT" in a yellow label, and "LOW CLIMATE IMPACT" in a green label. Text for all labels written in white, and a white globe icon will precede the text. Explanatory text describing the meaning of the labels will be displayed at the top of the menu.	Climate Grade Labels n=1229 Participants Climate Grade labels will be placed beneath all main menu items, using predetermined estimated greenhouse gas emission thresholds to assign one of five icon-plus-text labels which indicate a specific climate impact grade (A, B, C, D, and F). Thresholds are set in kgCO2e as follows: \[A\] \<1.7, \[B\] \>=1.7 \& \<2.6, \[C\] \>=2.6 \& \<9.2, \[D\] \>=9.2 \& \<28, \[F\] \>=28. All labels are solid black with a white globe icon followed by white text which reads "CLIMATE GRADE". On the left side of each label, a grade is displayed, capitalized and in a white font within a solid-colored box. The color of the box corresponds with each letter grade: A = dark green, B = light green, C = yellow, D = orange, F = red. Beneath the letter grade, a gradient of all possible grades is displayed horizontally in smaller font, each grade atop a small solid box in the respective grade color. Explanatory text describing the meaning of the labels will be displayed at the top of the menu.	Numeric Carbon Footprint Labels n=1245 Participants Numeric Carbon Footprint labels will be placed beneath all main menu items and display the estimated greenhouse gas emissions in kilograms of carbon dioxide equivalents (kgCO2e) for each item. All labels have a solid black background and an icon-plus-text design. A white globe icon is followed by text stating the value of the items estimated emissions and the unit "kgCO2e". Explanatory text describing the meaning of the labels will be displayed at the top of the menu.
Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions as Assessed by Cumulative Total Kilograms of Carbon Equivalent (kgCO2e) Per Kilogram	27.5 kgCO2e/kilogram Standard Error 0.97	23.9 kgCO2e/kilogram Standard Error 0.97	22.6 kgCO2e/kilogram Standard Error 0.97	24.6 kgCO2e/kilogram Standard Error 0.98	24.7 kgCO2e/kilogram Standard Error 0.97

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: approximately 1 minute

The 3-item University of North Carolina (UNC)-PME scale measures how much the label placed beneath high climate impact menu items, discouraged consumption or evoked concern or unpleasantness about consumption of high climate impact foods. Responses to all questions will be measured on a 5-point unipolar Likert scale from 1=Not at all to 5= A great deal. Preceding the questions, participants will view the assigned label demonstrating high climate impact and the following prompt: "Considering this label, how much do you agree or disagree with the following statements." The exact text for each question is: "This label discourages me from wanting to eat foods with a high climate impact." " This label makes eating foods with a high climate impact seem unpleasant." " This label makes me concerned about eating foods with a high climate impact." The mean likert scale choice is reported. The scale choice range is between 1 and 5, with higher scores interpreted as better.

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Control (QR) Labels n=1245 Participants A black label featuring a QR code and white text that reads "SCAN HERE" will be placed beneath all main menu items. Explanatory text describing the label's meaning will be displayed at the top of the menu.	Warning High Climate Impact Labels n=1245 Participants A red icon-plus-text label that reads "WARNING: HIGH CLIMATE IMPACT" in white text will be placed beneath main menu items with a high climate impact using a predetermined threshold of estimated greenhouse gas emissions set at \>=9.2 kgCO2e. Labels will include a white globe icon directly preceding the label text. Explanatory text describing the label's meaning will be displayed at the top of the menu.	Traffic Light Labels n=1257 Participants Traffic Light labels will be placed beneath all main menu items. Using predetermined estimated greenhouse gas emission thresholds, each item will be assigned one of three icon-plus-text labels within this scheme: low-, medium-, or high-impact label, set in kgCO2e at \<2.6, \>=2.6 \& \<9.2, and \>=9.2, respectively. Each will read, "HIGH CLIMATE IMPACT" within a red label, "MED. CLIMATE IMPACT" in a yellow label, and "LOW CLIMATE IMPACT" in a green label. Text for all labels written in white, and a white globe icon will precede the text. Explanatory text describing the meaning of the labels will be displayed at the top of the menu.	Climate Grade Labels n=1229 Participants Climate Grade labels will be placed beneath all main menu items, using predetermined estimated greenhouse gas emission thresholds to assign one of five icon-plus-text labels which indicate a specific climate impact grade (A, B, C, D, and F). Thresholds are set in kgCO2e as follows: \[A\] \<1.7, \[B\] \>=1.7 \& \<2.6, \[C\] \>=2.6 \& \<9.2, \[D\] \>=9.2 \& \<28, \[F\] \>=28. All labels are solid black with a white globe icon followed by white text which reads "CLIMATE GRADE". On the left side of each label, a grade is displayed, capitalized and in a white font within a solid-colored box. The color of the box corresponds with each letter grade: A = dark green, B = light green, C = yellow, D = orange, F = red. Beneath the letter grade, a gradient of all possible grades is displayed horizontally in smaller font, each grade atop a small solid box in the respective grade color. Explanatory text describing the meaning of the labels will be displayed at the top of the menu.	Numeric Carbon Footprint Labels n=1245 Participants Numeric Carbon Footprint labels will be placed beneath all main menu items and display the estimated greenhouse gas emissions in kilograms of carbon dioxide equivalents (kgCO2e) for each item. All labels have a solid black background and an icon-plus-text design. A white globe icon is followed by text stating the value of the items estimated emissions and the unit "kgCO2e". Explanatory text describing the meaning of the labels will be displayed at the top of the menu.
Perceived Message Effectiveness (PME) as Assessed by the University of North Carolina (UNC) PME Scale	1.8 score on a scale Standard Error 0.05	2.7 score on a scale Standard Error 0.05	2.6 score on a scale Standard Error 0.05	2.5 score on a scale Standard Error 0.05	2.3 score on a scale Standard Error 0.05

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: approximately 1 minute

The total number of calories in participants' hypothetical meal orders, calculated as the sum of calories across all menu items selected. Higher values indicate more calories selected.

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Control (QR) Labels n=1245 Participants A black label featuring a QR code and white text that reads "SCAN HERE" will be placed beneath all main menu items. Explanatory text describing the label's meaning will be displayed at the top of the menu.	Warning High Climate Impact Labels n=1245 Participants A red icon-plus-text label that reads "WARNING: HIGH CLIMATE IMPACT" in white text will be placed beneath main menu items with a high climate impact using a predetermined threshold of estimated greenhouse gas emissions set at \>=9.2 kgCO2e. Labels will include a white globe icon directly preceding the label text. Explanatory text describing the label's meaning will be displayed at the top of the menu.	Traffic Light Labels n=1257 Participants Traffic Light labels will be placed beneath all main menu items. Using predetermined estimated greenhouse gas emission thresholds, each item will be assigned one of three icon-plus-text labels within this scheme: low-, medium-, or high-impact label, set in kgCO2e at \<2.6, \>=2.6 \& \<9.2, and \>=9.2, respectively. Each will read, "HIGH CLIMATE IMPACT" within a red label, "MED. CLIMATE IMPACT" in a yellow label, and "LOW CLIMATE IMPACT" in a green label. Text for all labels written in white, and a white globe icon will precede the text. Explanatory text describing the meaning of the labels will be displayed at the top of the menu.	Climate Grade Labels n=1229 Participants Climate Grade labels will be placed beneath all main menu items, using predetermined estimated greenhouse gas emission thresholds to assign one of five icon-plus-text labels which indicate a specific climate impact grade (A, B, C, D, and F). Thresholds are set in kgCO2e as follows: \[A\] \<1.7, \[B\] \>=1.7 \& \<2.6, \[C\] \>=2.6 \& \<9.2, \[D\] \>=9.2 \& \<28, \[F\] \>=28. All labels are solid black with a white globe icon followed by white text which reads "CLIMATE GRADE". On the left side of each label, a grade is displayed, capitalized and in a white font within a solid-colored box. The color of the box corresponds with each letter grade: A = dark green, B = light green, C = yellow, D = orange, F = red. Beneath the letter grade, a gradient of all possible grades is displayed horizontally in smaller font, each grade atop a small solid box in the respective grade color. Explanatory text describing the meaning of the labels will be displayed at the top of the menu.	Numeric Carbon Footprint Labels n=1245 Participants Numeric Carbon Footprint labels will be placed beneath all main menu items and display the estimated greenhouse gas emissions in kilograms of carbon dioxide equivalents (kgCO2e) for each item. All labels have a solid black background and an icon-plus-text design. A white globe icon is followed by text stating the value of the items estimated emissions and the unit "kgCO2e". Explanatory text describing the meaning of the labels will be displayed at the top of the menu.
Total Energy (Calories) Selected	1579.3 Calories Standard Error 17.72	1540.6 Calories Standard Error 25.06	1552.5 Calories Standard Error 25.00	1556.8 Calories Standard Error 25.15	1535.3 Calories Standard Error 25.06

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: approximately 1 minute

Measured as a dichotomous variable (yes/no) indicating whether participants' hypothetical meal orders include a sugar-sweetened beverage.