PDMC Implementation Trial in Kenya

NCT ID: NCT06624631

Last Updated: 2025-11-21

Study Results

Results pending

The study team has not published outcome measurements, participant flow, or safety data for this trial yet. Check back later for updates.

Basic Information

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Recruitment Status

RECRUITING

Clinical Phase

PHASE4

Total Enrollment

600 participants

Study Classification

INTERVENTIONAL

Study Start Date

2025-09-05

Study Completion Date

2026-09-30

Brief Summary

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The goal of this implementation trial is to evaluate at least two alternative delivery strategies and adherence support for malaria chemoprevention with dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine in the post-discharge management of children hospitalised with severe anaemia or severe malaria to optimise adherence in Kenya.

The actual interventions to be evaluated have been co-designed with national stakeholders during an initial formative research stage.

Detailed Description

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Study design:

A multi-centre, 2-arm, cluster-randomised trial evaluating two health system delivery strategies and a 3-arm nested individually randomised trial evaluating two new intervention strategies to enhance end-user adherence to post discharge malaria chemoprevention (PDMC) with dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine compared to the standard of care without adherence strategies.

Study sites: Health facilities with blood transfusion services in malaria-endemic areas in western Kenya.

Study Population:

Cluster inclusion criteria: health facilities with blood transfusion services offering in-patient care for children with severe anaemia and severe malaria. Exclusion criteria: primary health facilities without subservient lower-level health facilities.

Individual inclusion criteria: convalescent children aged \<10 years, weighing ≥5 kg admitted with severe anaemia (haemoglobin\<5g/dL) or severe malaria; clinically stable, able to take or switch to oral medication; post-transfusion Hb \>5g/dL. Exclusion criteria: blood loss due to trauma, malignancy, known bleeding disorders or sickle cell disease, known hypersensitivity to study drug, known heart conditions, non-resident in the study area, previous participation in the study, known need at enrolment for prohibited medication and scheduled surgery during the 4-month course of the study. HIV infection and cotrimoxazole prophylaxis are not exclusion criteria.

Study Interventions:

Cluster randomised trial: Hospitals will be randomised to one of two delivery platforms for PDMC (A or B). In delivery platform A, the initial course of PDMC will be delivered at discharge at the admitting facility. Subsequent courses will be dispensed during monthly visits to the health facility of their choice.In strategy B, all 3 courses will be dispensed at discharge.

Individually randomised trial: Three different adherence support strategies, including: SMS reminders to caregivers (arm a), Community Health Promoter (CHP) support through home visits (arm b), and a control arm comprising of no additional adherence support (arm c).

All participating children will receive standard in-hospital care for severe anaemia or severe malaria (blood transfusion, often combined parenteral artesunate, followed by a 3-day course of AL (whether they initially had malaria or not), which will be started in-hospital as soon as they are able to take oral medication. Many children are likely to receive parenteral antibiotics as well as part of the standard of care.

Primary endpoints:

Cluster randomised trial: The proportion of eligible participants who were not prescribed the full 3 courses of PDMC.

Individually randomised trial: The proportion of children with incomplete adherence to the 9 doses of PDMC (three courses of 3-day treatments 3x3=9).

Secondary endpoints:

1. Clinical effectiveness (all-cause and malaria-specific sick-child clinic visits, all-cause and cause-specific readmissions and all-cause mortality by the end of week 14 after discharge.
2. Safety (incidence of serious adverse events).
3. Cost-effectiveness.
4. Acceptability and feasibility.

Follow-up procedures:

Children will be followed for 14 weeks (i.e., four weeks after the last PDMC course) through passive surveillance of clinic visits and hospitalisations. Each child will then be seen for an end-of-study visit towards the end of week 14. Children will also be visited at home for unannounced home visits one to three days from the last day of the last dose of each 3-day course of PDMC medication to assess adherence.

Sample size:

Cluster randomised trial: A sample size of 51 participants with complete follow-up recruited in 5 control and 5 intervention clusters (300 per arm) provides over 80% power to detect a risk difference of 20% from 35% in the control arm to 15% in the intervention clusters (RR=0.43), using a two-sided alpha of 0.05, and assuming an intra-cluster correlation coefficient (ICC) of 0.03,a coefficient of variation of 0.39 and a small-sample correction at the analysis stage, thus the t-distribution is assumed implying an adjustment in the degrees of freedom. Similarly, the same size would provide over 90% power to detect a risk difference of 23% from 35.0% to 12% (alpha = 0.05) (RR=0.34). To allow for a 15% loss to follow-up and enough power at the individual-level, we aim to recruit approximately 60 participants per cluster, or approximately 600 participants (300 per arm).

Individually randomised trial: A sample size of 147 participants in the control arm (c) and 147 in each of the two intervention arms (a and b), totalling 441 participants, would provide 90% power to detect a 50% reduction in the primary endpoint (proportion of children with incomplete adherence to the 9 doses of PDMC) from 36.8% in the control arm to 18.4% (RR=0.50) in any of the two intervention arms using a 1:1:1 allocation after accounting for the multiple comparisons (α = 0.025). A total of 519 participants (173 per arm) will be recruited to allow for a 15% loss to follow-up.

Data Analysis:

Risk ratios and corresponding 95% confidence intervals will be computed to compare treatment effects using multi-level mixed models accounting for clustering effects.

Conditions

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Severe Malaria Severe Anemia

Study Design

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Allocation Method

RANDOMIZED

Intervention Model

PARALLEL

A multi-centre, 2-arm, cluster-randomised trial evaluating two health system delivery strategies and a 3-arm nested individually randomised trial evaluating two new intervention strategies to enhance end-user adherence to post-discharge malaria chemoprevention (PDMC) with dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine compared to the standard of care without adherence strategies
Primary Study Purpose

PREVENTION

Blinding Strategy

NONE

Study Groups

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Decentralized, monthly delivery of Post Discharge Malaria Chemoprevention (PDMC) drugs (Arm A)

Delivery of initial course of PDMC at discharge from the admitting facility. Referral to caregiver's peripheral facility of choice for delivery of subsequent monthly courses

Group Type EXPERIMENTAL

SMS reminders; adherence support strategy a

Intervention Type OTHER

Monthly SMS reminders sent to participants allocated to this adherence support intervention in both drug delivery arms (Centralized and decentralized arms)

Community Health Promoters (CHP) home visits; adherence support strategy b

Intervention Type OTHER

Community Health Promoters' (CHPs) monthly reminder home visits conducted for participants allocated to this adherence support intervention in both drug delivery arms (Centralized and Decentralized arms)

No reminders; adherence support strategy c

Intervention Type OTHER

No monthly reminders sent for participants allocated to this control adherence support intervention group in both drug delivery arms (Centralized and Decentralized arms)

Centralised delivery of Post Discharge Malaria Chemoprevention (PDMC) drugs at discharge (Arm B)

Delivery of all three courses of Post Discharge Malaria Chemoprevention (PDMC) drugs at discharge from the admitting facility.

Group Type ACTIVE_COMPARATOR

SMS reminders; adherence support strategy a

Intervention Type OTHER

Monthly SMS reminders sent to participants allocated to this adherence support intervention in both drug delivery arms (Centralized and decentralized arms)

Community Health Promoters (CHP) home visits; adherence support strategy b

Intervention Type OTHER

Community Health Promoters' (CHPs) monthly reminder home visits conducted for participants allocated to this adherence support intervention in both drug delivery arms (Centralized and Decentralized arms)

No reminders; adherence support strategy c

Intervention Type OTHER

No monthly reminders sent for participants allocated to this control adherence support intervention group in both drug delivery arms (Centralized and Decentralized arms)

Interventions

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SMS reminders; adherence support strategy a

Monthly SMS reminders sent to participants allocated to this adherence support intervention in both drug delivery arms (Centralized and decentralized arms)

Intervention Type OTHER

Community Health Promoters (CHP) home visits; adherence support strategy b

Community Health Promoters' (CHPs) monthly reminder home visits conducted for participants allocated to this adherence support intervention in both drug delivery arms (Centralized and Decentralized arms)

Intervention Type OTHER

No reminders; adherence support strategy c

No monthly reminders sent for participants allocated to this control adherence support intervention group in both drug delivery arms (Centralized and Decentralized arms)

Intervention Type OTHER

Eligibility Criteria

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Inclusion Criteria

CLUSTERS

* Health facilities with blood transfusion services offering in-patient care for children with severe anaemia and severe malaria.
* \>=40 children per year admitted with severe anaemia or severe malaria
* Agreement to participate by facility management
* Located in areas with moderate to high malaria transmission

INDIVIDUAL PARTICIPANTS

* Aged \<10 years of both sexes
* Hospitalised with severe anaemia or severe malaria: Initially hospitalised with haemoglobin \<5.0 g/dl or PCV \<15%, or requirement for blood transfusion for other clinical reasons on or during admission to the hospital, or severe malaria, defined as a requirement for parenteral artesunate in the opinion of the treating clinician and/or the presence of microscopy or RDT confirmed Plasmodium infection

Exclusion Criteria

CLUSTERS

\- Health facilities without subservient lower-level health facilities

INDIVIDUAL PARTICIPANTS

* Recognised specific other causes of severe anaemia (i.e., trauma, haematological malignancy, known bleeding disorders, such as haemophilia)
* Sickle cell anaemia/sickle cell disease
* Body weight \<5 kg
Maximum Eligible Age

9 Years

Eligible Sex

ALL

Accepts Healthy Volunteers

No

Sponsors

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Kenya Medical Research Institute

OTHER

Sponsor Role collaborator

Institut de Recherche Clinique du Benin (IRCB), Benin

UNKNOWN

Sponsor Role collaborator

Epicentre, Paris, France.

UNKNOWN

Sponsor Role collaborator

Institute of Research for Development, France

OTHER_GOV

Sponsor Role collaborator

Training Research Unit of Excellence, Blantyre, Malawi

UNKNOWN

Sponsor Role collaborator

Makerere University

OTHER

Sponsor Role collaborator

Centres for Disease Control and Prevention, Kenya.

OTHER

Sponsor Role collaborator

Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine

OTHER

Sponsor Role lead

Responsible Party

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Responsibility Role SPONSOR

Principal Investigators

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Feiko ter Kuile, MD, PhD

Role: PRINCIPAL_INVESTIGATOR

LSTM

Locations

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Kemri, Cghr

Kisumu, , Kenya

Site Status RECRUITING

Countries

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Kenya

Central Contacts

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Jenny Hill, MSc, PhD

Role: CONTACT

+44 7732 161 353

Juliet Otieno, MD, PhD

Role: CONTACT

+254 721432548

Facility Contacts

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Juliet Otieno, PhD

Role: primary

+254721432548

Simon Kariuki, PhD

Role: backup

+254725389246

Other Identifiers

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24-023

Identifier Type: -

Identifier Source: org_study_id

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