Frequency of Visual Impairment Among School Children and Effectiveness of mHealth Referral Reminder on Uptake of Referral Services

Study Results

Results pending

The study team has not published outcome measurements, participant flow, or safety data for this trial yet. Check back later for updates.

Basic Information

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Recruitment Status

COMPLETED

Clinical Phase

NA

Total Enrollment

320 participants

Study Classification

INTERVENTIONAL

Study Start Date

2024-10-21

Study Completion Date

2024-12-30

Brief Summary

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This study tested whether mobile health (mHealth) tools can affect referral uptake among schoolchildren with vision problems.Visual impairment in children often goes untreated in low- and middle-income countries, even when detected during school screenings, because parents do not follow up on referral advice.

In this randomized controlled trial, children aged 5-15 years from two government schools in Rawalpindi, Pakistan, were screened for vision problems using a smartphone-based application. Those identified with possible impairment were randomly assigned to one of two groups. The control group received the usual printed referral form, while the intervention group received the printed referral plus automated, multicomponent SMS reminders in the local language. These reminders included health promotion messages, a visual depiction of the child's vision, and practical instructions about how to reach the hospital.

The main outcome was the proportion of referred children who attended the hospital within eight weeks. Secondary analysis examined whether referral uptake was linked with child and family characteristics such as age, sex, and parental education.

This was a minimal-risk, school-based trial with 80 participants. The study was ethically approved by the Army Medical College Ethics Review Committee (NUMS). Findings are expected to provide new evidence on the usefulness of mobile phone-based reminders for improving eye health care among children in resource-limited settings.

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Detailed Description

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This randomized controlled trial was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of a mobile health (mHealth)-based vision screening and automated multicomponent SMS reminder system in improving referral uptake among schoolchildren in a low-resource setting.

Background:

Childhood visual impairment is common in low- and middle-income countries, but referral uptake after school-based vision screening remains poor. Mobile phone penetration and parents' use of messaging platforms provide an opportunity to use SMS-based interventions to improve follow-up care.

Objectives:

To assess the effectiveness of mHealth-based vision screening and SMS reminders on referral uptake among visually impaired children.

To explore the association of referral uptake with sociodemographic characteristics of children.

Methods:

This was a concurrent, parallel-group, single-blinded randomized controlled trial conducted in two Federal Government schools in Rawalpindi District, Pakistan. Children aged 5-15 years were screened for visual impairment using the validated Peek Acuity mobile application. Eligible children were randomized (school-level allocation, individual-level analysis) into two groups:

Intervention group: Received a printed referral form plus multicomponent SMS reminders (including health messages, visual depiction, practical action plan, and directions to hospital).

Control group: Received only the printed referral form (usual care).

Enrollment began on 21 October 2024 and was completed on 26 October 2024. Follow-up assessments continued for 8 weeks, with the last follow-up completed on 30 December 2024.

Sample size:

A total of 80 participants were enrolled, based on sample size calculations with adjustment for 10% expected dropout. Pilot testing on 8 additional participants (not included in the main analysis) ensured feasibility.

Blinding:

Due to the nature of the intervention, participants and field staff could not be blinded. However, outcome assessment (via weekly telephone follow-up) and data analysis were performed by independent researchers who were blinded to group assignment.

Outcomes:

Primary outcome: Proportion of referred children attending the hospital within 8 weeks.

Secondary outcome: Association of referral uptake with sociodemographic characteristics (e.g., age, sex, parental education).

Data collection and analysis:

Data were collected using the Peek-powered data collection platform, entered into encrypted devices, and analyzed with SPSS v27. An intention-to-treat approach was followed.

Ethics:

Ethical approval was obtained from the Ethical Review Committee, Army Medical College (NUMS). Permission to conduct the trial was provided by the FG Education Institutions Directorate, Rawalpindi. Written informed parental consent and child assent were required prior to participation.

Expected impact:

This trial is the first in Pakistan to evaluate the use of automated SMS reminders for improving referral uptake after school-based vision screening. Results will inform policymakers on how digital health interventions can strengthen child vision health services in resource-limited settings.

Conditions

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Visual Impairment Refractive Error

Study Design

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Allocation Method

RANDOMIZED

Intervention Model

PARALLEL

This study is a Concurrent parallel group, single blinded Randomized Control Trial with 1:1 allocation ratio.

Primary Study Purpose

SCREENING

Blinding Strategy

SINGLE

Outcome Assessors

The individual responsible for follow-up contacts will remain blinded to group allocation by working from a coded participant list that does not identify arm membership and will record outcomes using participant IDs only. The data analyst will receive a de-identified dataset with intervention arm masked to permit unbiased analysis.

Study Groups

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Intervention arm

Parents or guardians in the intervention group will receive a multicomponent SMS reminder in addition to printed referral forms. These reminders will be delivered every Sunday, Tuesday and Thursday for a duration of eight weeks, or until the child attends the hospital. Research team has already developed an automated text message reminder system for this study, taking into account the local context. The content of the messages was designed with input from a panel of public health consultants and research supervisors, drawing on resources from the WHO Health Promotion and Disease Prevention Messages Library \[21\].

Messages will be sent in Urdu, the native language, and will not require a reply. Each message will include four elements: Health promotion message, visual depiction of a child's vision, a customized action plan detailing how to get to the hospital including the location, how much money is needed and what to carry with them.

Group Type EXPERIMENTAL

Multicomponent SMS reminder

Intervention Type OTHER

SMS reminder will be delivered every Sunday, Tuesday and Thursday for a duration of eight weeks, or until the child attends the hospital. Research team has already developed an automated text message reminder system for this study, taking into account the local context. The messages was designed with input from a panel of public health consultants and research supervisors, drawing on resources from the WHO Health Promotion and Disease Prevention Messages Library \[21\].

It will comprise two main components: a) web-based application for children registration and automated reminder scheduling, and b) an SMS application for text messaging that is sent automatically. Messages will be sent in Urdu, the native language, and will not require a reply. Each message will include four elements: Health promotion message, visual depiction of a child's vision, a customized action plan detailing how to get to the hospital including the location, how much money is needed and what to carry with them.

Control arm

Among control arm, the participants screened positive for visual impairment in the control group will receive a referral form. There will be no mHealth referral reminder sent to the identified visual impaired children.

Group Type NO_INTERVENTION

No interventions assigned to this group

Interventions

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Multicomponent SMS reminder

SMS reminder will be delivered every Sunday, Tuesday and Thursday for a duration of eight weeks, or until the child attends the hospital. Research team has already developed an automated text message reminder system for this study, taking into account the local context. The messages was designed with input from a panel of public health consultants and research supervisors, drawing on resources from the WHO Health Promotion and Disease Prevention Messages Library \[21\].

It will comprise two main components: a) web-based application for children registration and automated reminder scheduling, and b) an SMS application for text messaging that is sent automatically. Messages will be sent in Urdu, the native language, and will not require a reply. Each message will include four elements: Health promotion message, visual depiction of a child's vision, a customized action plan detailing how to get to the hospital including the location, how much money is needed and what to carry with them.

Intervention Type OTHER

Eligibility Criteria

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Inclusion Criteria

Participants will only be enrolled if they meet all eligibility criteria:

* Age 5 to 15 years
* Detected with visual impairment on screening,
* Parent in possession of or have access to smartphone
* Parents have ability to receive, read and understand an SMS

Children may not enter the study if any of the following apply:

* Children with known refractive error (myopia)
* Children with spectacles
* Children with apparent eye diseases (e.g. conjunctivitis, red eye, ocular trauma, trachoma, etc.)
* Plan to travel outside the city in the next two months following enrollment

Minimum Eligible Age

5 Years

Maximum Eligible Age

15 Years

Eligible Sex

ALL

Accepts Healthy Volunteers

Yes