Effect of Flax in Yogurt on Blood Cyanide Levels

NCT ID: NCT06491095

Last Updated: 2024-12-02

Study Results

Results pending

The study team has not published outcome measurements, participant flow, or safety data for this trial yet. Check back later for updates.

Basic Information

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Recruitment Status

NOT_YET_RECRUITING

Clinical Phase

NA

Total Enrollment

12 participants

Study Classification

INTERVENTIONAL

Study Start Date

2025-01-16

Study Completion Date

2026-03-28

Brief Summary

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A randomized, controlled, cross-over post-prandial trial in healthy human volunteers will be conducted at the IH Asper Institute to determine the effect whole ground flaxseed, roasted then ground whole flaxseed, whole intact flaxseed and flaxseed hulls mixed into yogurt on blood cyanide levels.

Detailed Description

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Participants will receive yogurt containing the following flaxseed products in a random order:

1. 40 g ground flaxseed, untreated;
2. 40 g ground flaxseed, roasted before grinding;
3. 40 g intact whole flaxseed;
4. 28 g flaxseed hulls;
5. 0 g flaxseed.

Venous blood will be collected at the following time points: 0 (before consumption of test product), 15, 30, 45, 60, 75, 90, 120, 150, 180 min.

Urine will be collected prior to consumption of test product and 180 min.

Primary endpoints: 1) Peak blood level of cyanide and incremental area under the curve (iAUC) for cyanide in blood over a 3h postprandial period. Secondary endpoint: 1) cyanogenic glycoside and thiocyanate concentrations in plasma and urine over a 3h postprandial period.

Tertiary endpoints: 1) metabolic profile in plasma and urine over 3 h postprandial period.

Conditions

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Healthy

Study Design

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Allocation Method

RANDOMIZED

Intervention Model

CROSSOVER

Primary Study Purpose

PREVENTION

Blinding Strategy

NONE

Study Groups

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No Flax Product

175 g yogurt containing no flax product

Group Type OTHER

0 g Flax

Intervention Type DIETARY_SUPPLEMENT

175 g yogurt with no flax product

40 g whole ground flaxseed

175 g yogurt with 40 g whole ground flaxseed

Group Type EXPERIMENTAL

40 g whole ground flaxseed

Intervention Type DIETARY_SUPPLEMENT

175 g yogurt with 40 g whole ground flaxseed

40 g roasted then ground whole flaxseed

175 g yogurt with 40 g roasted then ground whole flaxseed

Group Type EXPERIMENTAL

40 g roasted then ground whole flaxseed

Intervention Type DIETARY_SUPPLEMENT

175 g yogurt with 40 g roasted then ground whole flaxseed

40 g of whole intact flaxseeds

175 g yogurt with 40 g of whole intact flaxseeds

Group Type EXPERIMENTAL

40 g of whole intact flaxseeds

Intervention Type DIETARY_SUPPLEMENT

175 g yogurt with 40 g of whole intact flaxseeds

28 g flax hulls

175 g yogurt with 28 g flax hulls

Group Type EXPERIMENTAL

28 g flax hulls

Intervention Type DIETARY_SUPPLEMENT

175 g yogurt with 28 g flax hulls

Interventions

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0 g Flax

175 g yogurt with no flax product

Intervention Type DIETARY_SUPPLEMENT

40 g whole ground flaxseed

175 g yogurt with 40 g whole ground flaxseed

Intervention Type DIETARY_SUPPLEMENT

40 g roasted then ground whole flaxseed

175 g yogurt with 40 g roasted then ground whole flaxseed

Intervention Type DIETARY_SUPPLEMENT

40 g of whole intact flaxseeds

175 g yogurt with 40 g of whole intact flaxseeds

Intervention Type DIETARY_SUPPLEMENT

28 g flax hulls

175 g yogurt with 28 g flax hulls

Intervention Type DIETARY_SUPPLEMENT

Eligibility Criteria

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Inclusion Criteria

1. Generally healthy adult, 18 years or older;
2. Willing to provide informed consent;
3. Willing/able to comply with the requirements of the study.

Exclusion Criteria

1. Pregnant or lactating;
2. Medical history of disease that is currently under treatment;
3. Active treatment for any type of cancer within 1 year prior to study start;
4. Presence of a gastrointestinal disorder, daily use of any stomach acid-lowering medications or laxatives (including fibre supplements) within the past month or antibiotic use within the past 6 weeks;
5. Plasma concentration of vitamin B12 \< 148 pmol/L;
6. Complete blood count outside normal range;
7. Medical history of liver disease or liver dysfunction (defined as plasma AST or ALT ≥3 times the upper limit of normal (ULN));
8. Fasting blood glucose ≥6.1 mmol/L and/or HbA1c ≥6.0%;
9. Fasting plasma total cholesterol \>7.8 mmol/L;
10. Fasting plasma HDL \<0.9 mmol/L;
11. Fasting plasma LDL \>5.0 mmol/L;
12. Fasting plasma triglycerides \>2.3 mmol/L;
13. Systolic blood pressure \>140 mmHg or diastolic blood pressure \>90 mmHg;
14. Major surgery within the last 3 months;
15. Smoking, use of tobacco, vape or cannabis (within the last week);
16. Allergies to flaxseed or yogurt;
17. Aversion or unwillingness to eat study foods;
18. Participation in another clinical trial, current or in the past 4 weeks
Minimum Eligible Age

18 Years

Eligible Sex

ALL

Accepts Healthy Volunteers

Yes

Sponsors

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Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada

OTHER_GOV

Sponsor Role collaborator

St. Boniface Hospital

OTHER

Sponsor Role lead

Responsible Party

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Dr. Heather Blewett

Principle Investigator

Responsibility Role PRINCIPAL_INVESTIGATOR

Principal Investigators

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Heather Blewett, PhD

Role: PRINCIPAL_INVESTIGATOR

Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada

Locations

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I. H. Asper Clinical Research Institute

Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada

Site Status

Countries

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Canada

Central Contacts

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Heather Blewett, PhD

Role: CONTACT

204-237-2954

Facility Contacts

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Heather J Blewett, PhD

Role: primary

204-237-2954

Heather J Blewett, PhD

Role: backup

Véronique J Barthet, PhD

Role: backup

Michel Aliani, PhD

Role: backup

Lovemore Malunga, PhD

Role: backup

References

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Abraham K, Buhrke T, Lampen A. Bioavailability of cyanide after consumption of a single meal of foods containing high levels of cyanogenic glycosides: a crossover study in humans. Arch Toxicol. 2016 Mar;90(3):559-74. doi: 10.1007/s00204-015-1479-8. Epub 2015 Feb 24.

Reference Type BACKGROUND
PMID: 25708890 (View on PubMed)

Agbor-Egbe T, Lape Mbome I. The effects of processing techniques in reducing cyanogen levels during the production of some Cameroonian cassava foods. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis. 2006 Jun;19(4):354-63.

Reference Type BACKGROUND

Carlsson L, Mlingi N, Juma A, Ronquist G, Rosling H. Metabolic fates in humans of linamarin in cassava flour ingested as stiff porridge. Food Chem Toxicol. 1999 Apr;37(4):307-12. doi: 10.1016/s0278-6915(99)00015-0.

Reference Type BACKGROUND
PMID: 10418947 (View on PubMed)

Cressey P, Reeve J. Metabolism of cyanogenic glycosides: A review. Food Chem Toxicol. 2019 Mar;125:225-232. doi: 10.1016/j.fct.2019.01.002. Epub 2019 Jan 4.

Reference Type BACKGROUND
PMID: 30615957 (View on PubMed)

Cressey P, Saunders D, Aupaau F. Evaluation of food safety risks associated with foods containing cyanogenic glycosides. New Zealand Food Safety Technical Paper No: 2022/29. 2022 Nov.

Reference Type BACKGROUND

Diaz-Rueda P, Morales de Los Rios L, Romero LC, Garcia I. Old poisons, new signaling molecules: the case of hydrogen cyanide. J Exp Bot. 2023 Oct 13;74(19):6040-6051. doi: 10.1093/jxb/erad317.

Reference Type BACKGROUND
PMID: 37586035 (View on PubMed)

EFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM); Schrenk D, Bignami M, Bodin L, Chipman JK, Del Mazo J, Grasl-Kraupp B, Hogstrand C, Hoogenboom LR, Leblanc JC, Nebbia CS, Nielsen E, Ntzani E, Petersen A, Sand S, Vleminckx C, Wallace H, Benford D, Brimer L, Mancini FR, Metzler M, Viviani B, Altieri A, Arcella D, Steinkellner H, Schwerdtle T. Evaluation of the health risks related to the presence of cyanogenic glycosides in foods other than raw apricot kernels. EFSA J. 2019 Apr 11;17(4):e05662. doi: 10.2903/j.efsa.2019.5662. eCollection 2019 Apr.

Reference Type BACKGROUND
PMID: 32626287 (View on PubMed)

Gleadow RM, Moller BL. Cyanogenic glycosides: synthesis, physiology, and phenotypic plasticity. Annu Rev Plant Biol. 2014;65:155-85. doi: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-050213-040027. Epub 2014 Feb 24.

Reference Type BACKGROUND
PMID: 24579992 (View on PubMed)

Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA). Safety evaluation of certain food additives and contaminants. WHO food additives series; 65. 2012

Reference Type BACKGROUND

Mazza G and Oomah BD. Flaxseed, dietary fiber, and cyanogens. In: "Flaxseed in human nutrition", Editors: Cunnane, S.C. and Thompson, L.U., AOCS Press, 1995 56-81.

Reference Type BACKGROUND

Muir AD, Westcott ND. Quantitation of the lignan secoisolariciresinol diglucoside in baked goods containing flax seed or flax meal. J Agric Food Chem. 2000 Sep;48(9):4048-52. doi: 10.1021/jf990922p.

Reference Type BACKGROUND
PMID: 10995312 (View on PubMed)

Ngudi DD, Kuo YH, Lambein F. Cassava cyanogens and free amino acids in raw and cooked leaves. Food Chem Toxicol. 2003 Aug;41(8):1193-7. doi: 10.1016/s0278-6915(03)00111-x.

Reference Type BACKGROUND
PMID: 12842188 (View on PubMed)

Parikh M, Netticadan T, Pierce GN. Flaxseed: its bioactive components and their cardiovascular benefits. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2018 Feb 1;314(2):H146-H159. doi: 10.1152/ajpheart.00400.2017. Epub 2017 Nov 3.

Reference Type BACKGROUND
PMID: 29101172 (View on PubMed)

Yulvianti M, Zidorn C. Chemical Diversity of Plant Cyanogenic Glycosides: An Overview of Reported Natural Products. Molecules. 2021 Jan 30;26(3):719. doi: 10.3390/molecules26030719.

Reference Type BACKGROUND
PMID: 33573160 (View on PubMed)

Related Links

Access external resources that provide additional context or updates about the study.

https://www.mpi.govt.nz/dmsdocument/25688/direct

New Zealand Food Safety Authority. Cyanogenic glycosides -Information sheet.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxlet.2014.06.582

Schneider B. Activity of β-glucosidase in plants with high content of cyanogenic glycosides as important factor determining their toxicity. Toxicology Letters. 2014 229, S170-S170

Other Identifiers

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4030/4687

Identifier Type: -

Identifier Source: org_study_id