The Combined Effect of TENS and TaVNS on Pressure and Heat Pain Thresholds in Pain-Free Subjects

NCT ID: NCT06361381

Last Updated: 2024-12-06

Study Results

Results pending

The study team has not published outcome measurements, participant flow, or safety data for this trial yet. Check back later for updates.

Basic Information

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Recruitment Status

COMPLETED

Clinical Phase

NA

Total Enrollment

30 participants

Study Classification

INTERVENTIONAL

Study Start Date

2024-04-01

Study Completion Date

2024-10-20

Brief Summary

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Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) is a non-invasive modality that utilizes electrical currents to modulate pain in populations with acute and chronic pain. TENS has been demonstrated to produce hypoalgesic effects in postoperative pain, fibromyalgia, knee osteoarthritis, and healthy subjects. Transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation (TaVNS) is a non-invasive modality that modulates the vagus nerve by stimulating its auricular branches. The effects of the combination of TENS and TaVNS on producing an analgesic response have not been studied. Considering that TENS and TaVNS both stimulate similar analgesic pathways but through different means of activation, the investigators can hypothesize that a combination of both methods can produce a more pronounced analgesic response. Therefore, the objective of this study is to assess the hypoalgesic effect of a combination of TENS and TaVNS in pain-free subjects.

The study will be a simple crossover design conducted at the University of Hartford. Subjects will be recruited from the University of Hartford population via oral communication, digital flyers, and posters on campus. Thirty participants will undergo two sessions in a crossover manner with one week in between. During one session, the participants will receive TENS with active TaVNS and the other session will be a placebo procedure (TENS with placebo TaVNS). The order of these sessions will be randomized. Importantly, the pressure pain threshold (PPT) and heat pain threshold (HPT) assessors will be blinded to the treatment category. For active TaVNS, a frequency of 25 Hz will be applied with a pulse duration of 200 µs. For placebo TaVNS, the intensity will be increased to a sensory level and then decreased to 0 mA. High frequency TENS of 100Hz will be applied in both sessions, with a pulse duration of 200 µsec, asymmetrical biphasic square waveform, and intensity of maximal tolerance without pain. TENS and TaVNS will be turned on for 30 minutes after a baseline measurement of outcomes. TENS and TaVNS will then be turned off, but the electrodes will remain on until completion of post-treatment assessment. Pressure pain threshold, heat pain threshold, blood pressure, oxygen saturation and heart rate will be tested 4 times: Once pre-intervention, once during intervention, once immediately after the intervention and once 15 minutes post-intervention.

Detailed Description

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The study will be a simple crossover design with the following two treatments: (1) active TaVNS and (2) placebo TaVNS. Each subject will receive both interventions in random order.

Pressure and Heat pain thresholds will be recorded at baseline, 15 min, 30 min, and 45 min.

Conditions

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Healthy Volunteers

Keywords

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Transcutaneous Electric Nerve Stimulation Transcutaneous Auricular Vagus Nerve Stimulation Randomized cross-over trial Pain Measurement Pain Threshold

Study Design

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Allocation Method

RANDOMIZED

Intervention Model

CROSSOVER

Primary Study Purpose

TREATMENT

Blinding Strategy

DOUBLE

Participants Outcome Assessors

Study Groups

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Active TaVNS

Active TaVNS: frequency of 25 Hz, pulse duration of 200 µs, at a strong but comfortable intensity.

Group Type EXPERIMENTAL

Active Transcutaneous Auricular Vagus Nerve Stimulation (TaVNS)

Intervention Type DEVICE

Both concha will be swabbed with an alcohol wipe before applying a thin layer of conductive gel. An ear clip electrode will be placed in the concha of both ears.

A frequency of 25 Hz will be applied with a pulse duration of 200 µs. Every 5 minutes, the subject will be asked if the intensity can be increased, decreased or remain the same to maintain the same level of intensity. Participants will also receive active TENS, 100 Hz, 200 µsec on forearm.

Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation

Intervention Type DEVICE

TENS will be applied on subject's forearm at a strong but comfortable intensity

Placebo TaVNS

Placebo TaVNS: the intensity will be increased to a sensory level and then decreased to 0 mA

Group Type PLACEBO_COMPARATOR

Placebo Transcutaneous Auricular Vagus Nerve Stimulation (TaVNS)

Intervention Type DEVICE

For placebo TaVNS, the intensity will be increased to a sensory level and then decreased to 0 mA. Participants will also receive active TENS, 100 Hz, 200 µsec on forearm.

Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation

Intervention Type DEVICE

TENS will be applied on subject's forearm at a strong but comfortable intensity

Interventions

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Active Transcutaneous Auricular Vagus Nerve Stimulation (TaVNS)

Both concha will be swabbed with an alcohol wipe before applying a thin layer of conductive gel. An ear clip electrode will be placed in the concha of both ears.

A frequency of 25 Hz will be applied with a pulse duration of 200 µs. Every 5 minutes, the subject will be asked if the intensity can be increased, decreased or remain the same to maintain the same level of intensity. Participants will also receive active TENS, 100 Hz, 200 µsec on forearm.

Intervention Type DEVICE

Placebo Transcutaneous Auricular Vagus Nerve Stimulation (TaVNS)

For placebo TaVNS, the intensity will be increased to a sensory level and then decreased to 0 mA. Participants will also receive active TENS, 100 Hz, 200 µsec on forearm.

Intervention Type DEVICE

Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation

TENS will be applied on subject's forearm at a strong but comfortable intensity

Intervention Type DEVICE

Other Intervention Names

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TaVNS Placebo TaVNS TENS

Eligibility Criteria

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Inclusion Criteria

* Absence of pain
* Age 18-40
* Men and women

Exclusion Criteria

* Neurological diseases
* Severe cardiorespiratory disease
* Pregnancy
* Skin infection or lesions or change in sensation at the TENS or TaVNS application site
* Cancer
* Cardiac pacemaker
* Allergy to electrodes
* Chronic illness or pain
* Use of drugs that affect pain or vagal tone in the past 48 hours prior to data collection
Minimum Eligible Age

18 Years

Maximum Eligible Age

40 Years

Eligible Sex

ALL

Accepts Healthy Volunteers

Yes

Sponsors

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University of Hartford

OTHER

Sponsor Role lead

Responsible Party

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Richard Liebano

Associate Professor

Responsibility Role PRINCIPAL_INVESTIGATOR

Principal Investigators

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Richard E Liebano, PhD

Role: PRINCIPAL_INVESTIGATOR

University of Hartford

Locations

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University of Hartford

West Hartford, Connecticut, United States

Site Status

Countries

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United States

References

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Liebano RE, Awad N, Bellino C, Bray K, Rosentrater H, Roy J, Tate C. The combined effect of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation and transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation on pressure and heat pain thresholds in pain-free subjects: a randomized cross-over trial. Trials. 2024 Jul 31;25(1):516. doi: 10.1186/s13063-024-08352-x.

Reference Type DERIVED
PMID: 39085951 (View on PubMed)

Other Identifiers

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24-01-281

Identifier Type: -

Identifier Source: org_study_id