Feasibility of an Online Modeled Exposure in Spider Fearful Individuals

NCT ID: NCT06182709

Last Updated: 2025-10-02

Study Results

Results pending

The study team has not published outcome measurements, participant flow, or safety data for this trial yet. Check back later for updates.

Basic Information

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Recruitment Status

COMPLETED

Clinical Phase

NA

Total Enrollment

78 participants

Study Classification

INTERVENTIONAL

Study Start Date

2023-12-11

Study Completion Date

2025-09-05

Brief Summary

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The effectiveness of an optimized group exposure treatment is investigated in spider-fearful individuals. Participants will undergo an optimized standardized exposure treatment. After receiving information about the treatment and the phobic stimulus (spider) through a psychoeducation video, participants will observe an exposure treatment of another fearful person, either live or by watching a movie of an exposure treatment online. Subsequently, participants will undergo a live in vivo exposure treatment conducted in a group setting. The effectiveness of the treatment is measured by symptom improvement according to online behavioral avoidance tests and subjective ratings immediately after training and one week later.

Detailed Description

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The treatment of various anxiety disorders often involves exposure therapy. However, a considerable number of patients do not benefit or experience a resurgence of anxiety following successful treatment. Vicarious safety learning (i.e., modeled exposure) presents a promising avenue to improve therapeutic outcome. Previous evidence indicates that vicarious safety learning can diminish previously acquired fear associations, thereby reducing behavioral avoidance. While single-session interventions have implemented modeled exposure, specific mechanisms of observational learning have not been extensively investigated. Due to high dropout rates in specific phobias, modeled exposure could be utilized as an additional treatment method, potentially yielding better outcomes trough additional learning experience.

This study aims to investigate the applicability of observational learning and its sustainability through mental retrieval cues. Specifically, the study is going to assess the feasibility of modeled exposure conveyed either live or online via video, offering a practical approach within a stepped-care framework. The modeled exposure treatment will be followed by a group exposure treatment to assess the influence of modeled exposure in spider-fearful individuals.

Physically healthy spider-fearful individuals will be either treated with an online or live modeled standardized exposure followed by a group exposure treatment. Half of the participants will receive a mental retrieval cue before the group exposure treatment one day after the modeled exposure treatment. The research aims to determine if long-term reduction of spider fear is achievable through online modeled exposure via video compared to in-person modeled exposure.

Conditions

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Spider Fear Arachnophobia

Study Design

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Allocation Method

NON_RANDOMIZED

Intervention Model

PARALLEL

Primary Study Purpose

TREATMENT

Blinding Strategy

TRIPLE

Participants Investigators Outcome Assessors

Study Groups

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online modeled exposure + mental retrieval cue group exposure

online modeled exposure training followed by group exposure training, including mental retrieval cue with five standardized exposure steps

Group Type EXPERIMENTAL

online psychoeducation video + modeled exposure

Intervention Type BEHAVIORAL

Participants will watch a short psychoeducation video online. This will be followed by a modeled exposure online. In this modeled exposure participants watch a film of an exposure treatment (about 45min) conducted with one participant and the therapist. The exposure training consists of five exposure steps (step 1: describing the spider, step 2: catching the spider with a glass, step 3: describing the spider, step 4: touching the spider with the dominant index finger, step 5: letting the spider walk on the participant hands; the following steps have to be repeated up to four times: 2,4,5).

group exposure

Intervention Type BEHAVIORAL

Exposure training in the group is conducted live (1 spider per participant, one therapist and co-trainers). In this group exposure participants complete exposure training (about 45 min) with five exposure steps (step 1: describing the spider, step 2: catching the spider with a glass, step 3: describing the spider, step 4: touching the spider with the dominant index finger, step 5: letting the spider walk on the participant hands; the following steps have to be repeated up to three times: 2,4,5).

mental retrieval cue

Intervention Type BEHAVIORAL

Before the group exposure, participants are asked to remember the modeled exposure they had observed the day before. Therefore, the participants are asked to recall the location where they have been during the modeled exposure and the reaction of the patient during the exposure (e.g., fear decline).

live modeled exposure + mental retrieval cue group exposure

live modeled exposure training followed by group exposure training, including mental retrieval cue with five standardized exposure steps

Group Type ACTIVE_COMPARATOR

live psychoeducation video + modeled exposure

Intervention Type BEHAVIORAL

Participants will watch a short psychoeducation video. This will be followed by a live modeled exposure. In this modeled exposure participants watch an exposure treatment (about 45min) conducted live with one participant and the therapist. The exposure training consists of five exposure steps (step 1: describing the spider, step 2: catching the spider with a glass, step 3: describing the spider, step 4: touching the spider with the dominant index finger, step 5: letting the spider walk on the participant hands; the following steps have to be repeated up to four times: 2,4,5).

group exposure

Intervention Type BEHAVIORAL

Exposure training in the group is conducted live (1 spider per participant, one therapist and co-trainers). In this group exposure participants complete exposure training (about 45 min) with five exposure steps (step 1: describing the spider, step 2: catching the spider with a glass, step 3: describing the spider, step 4: touching the spider with the dominant index finger, step 5: letting the spider walk on the participant hands; the following steps have to be repeated up to three times: 2,4,5).

mental retrieval cue

Intervention Type BEHAVIORAL

Before the group exposure, participants are asked to remember the modeled exposure they had observed the day before. Therefore, the participants are asked to recall the location where they have been during the modeled exposure and the reaction of the patient during the exposure (e.g., fear decline).

online modeled exposure + standardized group exposure

online modeled exposure training followed by group exposure training with five standardized exposure steps

Group Type ACTIVE_COMPARATOR

online psychoeducation video + modeled exposure

Intervention Type BEHAVIORAL

Participants will watch a short psychoeducation video online. This will be followed by a modeled exposure online. In this modeled exposure participants watch a film of an exposure treatment (about 45min) conducted with one participant and the therapist. The exposure training consists of five exposure steps (step 1: describing the spider, step 2: catching the spider with a glass, step 3: describing the spider, step 4: touching the spider with the dominant index finger, step 5: letting the spider walk on the participant hands; the following steps have to be repeated up to four times: 2,4,5).

group exposure

Intervention Type BEHAVIORAL

Exposure training in the group is conducted live (1 spider per participant, one therapist and co-trainers). In this group exposure participants complete exposure training (about 45 min) with five exposure steps (step 1: describing the spider, step 2: catching the spider with a glass, step 3: describing the spider, step 4: touching the spider with the dominant index finger, step 5: letting the spider walk on the participant hands; the following steps have to be repeated up to three times: 2,4,5).

live modeled exposure + standardized group exposure

live modeled exposure training followed by group exposure training with five standardized exposure steps

Group Type ACTIVE_COMPARATOR

live psychoeducation video + modeled exposure

Intervention Type BEHAVIORAL

Participants will watch a short psychoeducation video. This will be followed by a live modeled exposure. In this modeled exposure participants watch an exposure treatment (about 45min) conducted live with one participant and the therapist. The exposure training consists of five exposure steps (step 1: describing the spider, step 2: catching the spider with a glass, step 3: describing the spider, step 4: touching the spider with the dominant index finger, step 5: letting the spider walk on the participant hands; the following steps have to be repeated up to four times: 2,4,5).

group exposure

Intervention Type BEHAVIORAL

Exposure training in the group is conducted live (1 spider per participant, one therapist and co-trainers). In this group exposure participants complete exposure training (about 45 min) with five exposure steps (step 1: describing the spider, step 2: catching the spider with a glass, step 3: describing the spider, step 4: touching the spider with the dominant index finger, step 5: letting the spider walk on the participant hands; the following steps have to be repeated up to three times: 2,4,5).

Interventions

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online psychoeducation video + modeled exposure

Participants will watch a short psychoeducation video online. This will be followed by a modeled exposure online. In this modeled exposure participants watch a film of an exposure treatment (about 45min) conducted with one participant and the therapist. The exposure training consists of five exposure steps (step 1: describing the spider, step 2: catching the spider with a glass, step 3: describing the spider, step 4: touching the spider with the dominant index finger, step 5: letting the spider walk on the participant hands; the following steps have to be repeated up to four times: 2,4,5).

Intervention Type BEHAVIORAL

live psychoeducation video + modeled exposure

Participants will watch a short psychoeducation video. This will be followed by a live modeled exposure. In this modeled exposure participants watch an exposure treatment (about 45min) conducted live with one participant and the therapist. The exposure training consists of five exposure steps (step 1: describing the spider, step 2: catching the spider with a glass, step 3: describing the spider, step 4: touching the spider with the dominant index finger, step 5: letting the spider walk on the participant hands; the following steps have to be repeated up to four times: 2,4,5).

Intervention Type BEHAVIORAL

group exposure

Exposure training in the group is conducted live (1 spider per participant, one therapist and co-trainers). In this group exposure participants complete exposure training (about 45 min) with five exposure steps (step 1: describing the spider, step 2: catching the spider with a glass, step 3: describing the spider, step 4: touching the spider with the dominant index finger, step 5: letting the spider walk on the participant hands; the following steps have to be repeated up to three times: 2,4,5).

Intervention Type BEHAVIORAL

mental retrieval cue

Before the group exposure, participants are asked to remember the modeled exposure they had observed the day before. Therefore, the participants are asked to recall the location where they have been during the modeled exposure and the reaction of the patient during the exposure (e.g., fear decline).

Intervention Type BEHAVIORAL

Eligibility Criteria

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Inclusion Criteria

\- Elevated score on Spider Phobia Questionnaire (SPQ) \>= 17

Exclusion Criteria

* Severe allergies to bees/spiders/insects
* Current psychiatric/psychotherapeutic treatment
* Past psychotherapeutic/psychiatric treatment due to anxiety problems
* Current or past psychotic symptoms
* Current suicidal intent
* Experience with exposure-based treatment
* Current psychopharmacological medication
* Severe respiratory, neurological or cardiovascular diseases
Minimum Eligible Age

18 Years

Eligible Sex

ALL

Accepts Healthy Volunteers

No

Sponsors

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Philipps University Marburg

OTHER

Sponsor Role lead

Responsible Party

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Responsibility Role SPONSOR

Principal Investigators

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Christiane A. Melzig, PhD

Role: PRINCIPAL_INVESTIGATOR

Philipps University Marburg

Jana Gessner, M.Sc.

Role: PRINCIPAL_INVESTIGATOR

Philipps University Marburg

Locations

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Philipps-University Marburg

Marburg, Hesse, Germany

Site Status

Countries

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Germany

References

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Craske MG, Treanor M, Conway CC, Zbozinek T, Vervliet B. Maximizing exposure therapy: an inhibitory learning approach. Behav Res Ther. 2014 Jul;58:10-23. doi: 10.1016/j.brat.2014.04.006. Epub 2014 May 9.

Reference Type BACKGROUND
PMID: 24864005 (View on PubMed)

Golkar A, Selbing I, Flygare O, Ohman A, Olsson A. Other people as means to a safe end: vicarious extinction blocks the return of learned fear. Psychol Sci. 2013 Nov 1;24(11):2182-90. doi: 10.1177/0956797613489890. Epub 2013 Sep 10.

Reference Type BACKGROUND
PMID: 24022651 (View on PubMed)

Ost LG, Ferebee I, Furmark T. One-session group therapy of spider phobia: direct versus indirect treatments. Behav Res Ther. 1997 Aug;35(8):721-32. doi: 10.1016/s0005-7967(97)00028-4.

Reference Type BACKGROUND
PMID: 9256515 (View on PubMed)

Mystkowski JL, Craske MG, Echiverri AM, Labus JS. Mental reinstatement of context and return of fear in spider-fearful participants. Behav Ther. 2006 Mar;37(1):49-60. doi: 10.1016/j.beth.2005.04.001. Epub 2006 Feb 24.

Reference Type BACKGROUND
PMID: 16942960 (View on PubMed)

Olsson A, Phelps EA. Social learning of fear. Nat Neurosci. 2007 Sep;10(9):1095-102. doi: 10.1038/nn1968.

Reference Type BACKGROUND
PMID: 17726475 (View on PubMed)

Wannemueller A, Appelbaum D, Kuppers M, Matten A, Teismann T, Adolph D, Margraf J. Large Group Exposure Treatment: a Feasibility Study in Highly Spider Fearful Individuals. Front Psychol. 2016 Aug 9;7:1183. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01183. eCollection 2016.

Reference Type BACKGROUND
PMID: 27555830 (View on PubMed)

Other Identifiers

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OMEX_SPIDER

Identifier Type: -

Identifier Source: org_study_id

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