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Testing The Effectiveness Of Two Interventions To Reduce Vaccine Hesitancy Among Adolescents

NCT ID: NCT06155877

Last Updated: 2023-12-05

Study Results

Results pending

The study team has not published outcome measurements, participant flow, or safety data for this trial yet. Check back later for updates.

Basic Information

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Recruitment Status

COMPLETED

Clinical Phase

NA

Total Enrollment

8590 participants

Study Classification

INTERVENTIONAL

Study Start Date

2022-11-15

Study Completion Date

2023-06-23

Brief Summary

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Vaccines currently prevent several million deaths every year and more lives could be saved if vaccination take up increased. The World Health Organization identifies vaccine hesitancy as one of the ten most important threats to global health and emphasizes the importance of devising interventions to reduce vaccine hesitancy. The two most promising interventions rely on consensus messaging, which has robust but small effects, and interactive discussion, which has larger effects, but is difficult to scale up. School-based interventions aimed at adolescents have the potential to make the best of both types of interventions. Interventions that take place in schools can be conducted over longer periods of time (up to several hours) and are rolled out by a figure that is typically trusted and respected (the teacher). Moreover, intervening during adolescence is particularly timely since important vaccines are delivered at that age (most notably the human papillomavirus vaccine), and because attitudes towards vaccination during adolescence might have a long-lasting impact, as is the case for other health related attitudes.

This study tests the effectiveness of two interventions, a pedagogical intervention based on consensus messaging, and a chatbot intervention designed to mimic interactive discussion, on 9th grade French pupils.

Detailed Description

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Conditions

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Vaccine Hesitancy Vaccine Refusal Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice

Study Design

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Allocation Method

RANDOMIZED

Intervention Model

PARALLEL

Participants were randomized at the school level, to minimize contamination between experimental conditions. Using administrative data, schools were stratified by their Priority Education status and by geographical categories (urban with high density, urban with medium density, rural). Then, within each stratum, schools were matched by triplets using the closest-neighbors approach, minimizing the quadratic distance between schools' success rate at the national end-of-middle school exam and Covid vaccination rate at the EPCI3 level. This resulted in 149 triplets. Within each triplet, schools were randomly assigned to one of the three experimental groups.

Randomization code is available at the experiment's OSF repository:

https://osf.io/rf5w9/?view\_only=de759e4e36914c909adeac5fd541babf
Primary Study Purpose

PREVENTION

Blinding Strategy

SINGLE

Outcome Assessors
For ethical reasons, pupils' parents were informed that their children would take part in an experiment aiming to test pedagogical materials about vaccination. Thus, the pupils were aware that they were participating in an experiment, and of the broad purpose of this experiment. However, the investigators asked teachers not to tell pupils about the different experimental conditions, and to arrange for another colleague to administer the questionnaires to their pupils. This limits the risk that pupils bias their behavior to fit the hypotheses associated with their experimental group - whether because of their own reaction or because of their teachers' reaction. Furthermore, since vaccination is part of the French national curriculum, the investigators argue that it is difficult for pupils to know whether the materials they were presented with is the standard one or one of our interventions.

Study Groups

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LAMAP intervention

Teachers receive two sets of activities, accompanied by a tutorial. Both sets of activities also include evaluation tools that teachers can use to clarify the objectives of the lesson and to assess the pupils' learning progress. The estimated length of each set is 5 hours.The activities and the tutorials were created by pedagogical experts of the Fondation La Main à la pâte, an NGO whose goal is to foster science education. Activities and tutorials are now freely available on the La Main a la pâte website. Teachers were free to choose whether to present the first or the second set of activities, and to choose how many of the activities to conduct. The actual length of the intervention thus varied from one classroom to another, which mimics ecological conditions. Teachers were asked to devote at least one hour to the activities.

LAMAP activities are available on the experiment's OSF repository

Group Type EXPERIMENTAL

Activité Vaccins et Vaccination - LAMAP

Intervention Type BEHAVIORAL

Two activities created by the La Main a la Pate foundation

Chatbot intervention

Teachers, and then pupils, receive a link to a chatbot. This chatbot is a basic conversational agent that can answer the most common questions about vaccination. The chatbot is entirely scripted, providing users with a limited choice of questions at each stage. These questions are the most commonly raised questions about vaccination in adolescents, based on existing literature, and on focus groups conducted by our team. In this intervention, teachers will be asked to supervise the use of the chatbot in class. Pupils will use the chatbot either individually or in groups depending on the number of computers available. Teachers will be encouraged to conclude the intervention by a class discussion. Teachers will be asked to devote about one hour to this intervention (use of the chatbot and class discussion). The full chatbot text is available on the experiment's OSF repository

Group Type EXPERIMENTAL

Kidivax Chatbot

Intervention Type BEHAVIORAL

A chatbot created by our team to answer the most common questions about vaccination, based on a literature review and on focus groups.

Control

In the control group, teachers were not sent any extra materials, and pupils were exposed to the standard curriculum. Teachers in the control group received the material after the end of the intervention. French teachers most commonly offer the course on vaccination during the last year of middle school (the equivalent of 9th grade). Time spent on this course varies and can be quite small.

Group Type NO_INTERVENTION

No interventions assigned to this group

Interventions

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Activité Vaccins et Vaccination - LAMAP

Two activities created by the La Main a la Pate foundation

Intervention Type BEHAVIORAL

Kidivax Chatbot

A chatbot created by our team to answer the most common questions about vaccination, based on a literature review and on focus groups.

Intervention Type BEHAVIORAL

Eligibility Criteria

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Inclusion Criteria

* French 9th grade students (equivalent to "troisième")'
* One class per school

Exclusion Criteria

* Do not understand French
Eligible Sex

ALL

Accepts Healthy Volunteers

Yes

Sponsors

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Université Paris-Dauphine

UNKNOWN

Sponsor Role collaborator

Fondation La main à la pâte

UNKNOWN

Sponsor Role collaborator

Direction de l Évaluation, de la Prospective et de la Performance

UNKNOWN

Sponsor Role collaborator

Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, France

OTHER

Sponsor Role lead

Responsible Party

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Hugo Mercier

Research Director

Responsibility Role PRINCIPAL_INVESTIGATOR

Principal Investigators

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Hugo Mercier, PhD

Role: PRINCIPAL_INVESTIGATOR

Institut Jean Nicod, Département d'études cognitives, École normale supérieure, Université PSL, EHESS, CNRS

Coralie Chevallier, PhD

Role: PRINCIPAL_INVESTIGATOR

Institut Jean Nicod, Département d'études cognitives, École normale supérieure, Université PSL, EHESS, CNRS

Locations

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Institut Jean Nicod, Département d'études cognitives, École Normale Supérieure, Université PSL, EHESS, CNRS

Paris, , France

Site Status

Countries

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France

Related Links

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https://osf.io/rf5w9

This experiment was pre-registered before data was collected on the OSF platform. This experiment is retroactively registered on an ICMJE-compatible database for publication needs. This is the final link for this repository, accessible after publication

https://osf.io/rf5w9/?view_only=de759e4e36914c909adeac5fd541babf

This experiment was pre-registered before data was collected on the OSF platform. This experiment is retroactively registered on an ICMJE-compatible database for publication needs. This is a temporary view-only link of this repository

Other Identifiers

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ANR-21-SSMS-0006

Identifier Type: -

Identifier Source: org_study_id