Trial Outcomes & Findings for Evaluations of Alcohol Warning Labels (NCT NCT06129487)
NCT ID: NCT06129487
Last Updated: 2025-11-14
Results Overview
Dwell time measures the total duration of attention to an area of interest (AOI). Each warning label consisted of two AOIs: image AOI and text AOI. Dwell time for each AOI was averaged across three PWLs within each arm.
COMPLETED
NA
1053 participants
Assessed during the one-time 15-minute online survey experiment.
2025-11-14
Participant Flow
Participant milestones
| Measure |
Narrative Pictorial Warning Labels
Participants in this arm were presented with three narrative pictorial warning labels (PWLs) for alcoholic beverages. Narrative PWLs included a photo showing the lived experiences of individuals affected by alcohol-related cancer (e.g., a headshot of a man with a misshapen jaw) and a text warning statement (e.g., WARNING: Drinking alcohol can cause oral cancer). The warnings focused on oral, esophageal, and laryngeal cancers, respectively.
|
Non-Narrative Pictorial Warning Labels
Participants in this arm will be presented with three non-narrative pictorial warning labels (PWLs) for alcoholic beverages. Non-narrative PWLs contained graphic images of diseased organs (e.g., a closeup image of a mouth with rotten teeth and oral thrush) and a text warning statement (e.g., WARNING: Drinking alcohol can cause oral cancer). The warnings focused on oral, esophageal, and laryngeal cancers, respectively.
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|---|---|---|
|
Overall Study
STARTED
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526
|
527
|
|
Overall Study
COMPLETED
|
328
|
321
|
|
Overall Study
NOT COMPLETED
|
198
|
206
|
Reasons for withdrawal
| Measure |
Narrative Pictorial Warning Labels
Participants in this arm were presented with three narrative pictorial warning labels (PWLs) for alcoholic beverages. Narrative PWLs included a photo showing the lived experiences of individuals affected by alcohol-related cancer (e.g., a headshot of a man with a misshapen jaw) and a text warning statement (e.g., WARNING: Drinking alcohol can cause oral cancer). The warnings focused on oral, esophageal, and laryngeal cancers, respectively.
|
Non-Narrative Pictorial Warning Labels
Participants in this arm will be presented with three non-narrative pictorial warning labels (PWLs) for alcoholic beverages. Non-narrative PWLs contained graphic images of diseased organs (e.g., a closeup image of a mouth with rotten teeth and oral thrush) and a text warning statement (e.g., WARNING: Drinking alcohol can cause oral cancer). The warnings focused on oral, esophageal, and laryngeal cancers, respectively.
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|---|---|---|
|
Overall Study
Data loss was due to technical issues related to eye tracking.
|
198
|
206
|
Baseline Characteristics
Evaluations of Alcohol Warning Labels
Baseline characteristics by cohort
| Measure |
Narrative Pictorial Warning Labels
n=328 Participants
Participants in this arm were presented with three narrative pictorial warning labels (PWLs) for alcoholic beverages. Narrative PWLs included a photo showing the lived experiences of individuals affected by alcohol-related cancer (e.g., a headshot of a man with a misshapen jaw) and a text warning statement (e.g., WARNING: Drinking alcohol can cause oral cancer). The warnings focused on oral, esophageal, and laryngeal cancers, respectively.
|
Non-Narrative Pictorial Warning Labels
n=321 Participants
Participants in this arm will be presented with three non-narrative pictorial warning labels (PWLs) for alcoholic beverages. Non-narrative PWLs contained graphic images of diseased organs (e.g., a closeup image of a mouth with rotten teeth and oral thrush) and a text warning statement (e.g., WARNING: Drinking alcohol can cause oral cancer). The warnings focused on oral, esophageal, and laryngeal cancers, respectively.
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Total
n=649 Participants
Total of all reporting groups
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|---|---|---|---|
|
Age, Continuous
|
38.68 years
STANDARD_DEVIATION 11.66 • n=10 Participants
|
40.41 years
STANDARD_DEVIATION 12.15 • n=10 Participants
|
39.54 years
STANDARD_DEVIATION 11.93 • n=20 Participants
|
|
Sex/Gender, Customized
Sex at birth · Female
|
152 Participants
n=10 Participants
|
131 Participants
n=10 Participants
|
283 Participants
n=20 Participants
|
|
Sex/Gender, Customized
Sex at birth · Male
|
174 Participants
n=10 Participants
|
188 Participants
n=10 Participants
|
362 Participants
n=20 Participants
|
|
Sex/Gender, Customized
Sex at birth · Prefer not to say
|
2 Participants
n=10 Participants
|
2 Participants
n=10 Participants
|
4 Participants
n=20 Participants
|
|
Ethnicity (NIH/OMB)
Hispanic or Latino
|
41 Participants
n=10 Participants
|
42 Participants
n=10 Participants
|
83 Participants
n=20 Participants
|
|
Ethnicity (NIH/OMB)
Not Hispanic or Latino
|
287 Participants
n=10 Participants
|
279 Participants
n=10 Participants
|
566 Participants
n=20 Participants
|
|
Ethnicity (NIH/OMB)
Unknown or Not Reported
|
0 Participants
n=10 Participants
|
0 Participants
n=10 Participants
|
0 Participants
n=20 Participants
|
|
Race (NIH/OMB)
American Indian or Alaska Native
|
3 Participants
n=10 Participants
|
1 Participants
n=10 Participants
|
4 Participants
n=20 Participants
|
|
Race (NIH/OMB)
Asian
|
18 Participants
n=10 Participants
|
17 Participants
n=10 Participants
|
35 Participants
n=20 Participants
|
|
Race (NIH/OMB)
Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander
|
1 Participants
n=10 Participants
|
1 Participants
n=10 Participants
|
2 Participants
n=20 Participants
|
|
Race (NIH/OMB)
Black or African American
|
39 Participants
n=10 Participants
|
44 Participants
n=10 Participants
|
83 Participants
n=20 Participants
|
|
Race (NIH/OMB)
White
|
251 Participants
n=10 Participants
|
238 Participants
n=10 Participants
|
489 Participants
n=20 Participants
|
|
Race (NIH/OMB)
More than one race
|
16 Participants
n=10 Participants
|
20 Participants
n=10 Participants
|
36 Participants
n=20 Participants
|
|
Race (NIH/OMB)
Unknown or Not Reported
|
0 Participants
n=10 Participants
|
0 Participants
n=10 Participants
|
0 Participants
n=20 Participants
|
PRIMARY outcome
Timeframe: Assessed during the one-time 15-minute online survey experiment.Population: Sticky's internal algorithms determined cases where the eye tracking data is less than "perfect" and only returns "usable" data. Thus, only usable eye tracking data were analyzed.
Dwell time measures the total duration of attention to an area of interest (AOI). Each warning label consisted of two AOIs: image AOI and text AOI. Dwell time for each AOI was averaged across three PWLs within each arm.
Outcome measures
| Measure |
Narrative Pictorial Warning Labels
n=192 Participants
Participants in this arm were presented with three narrative pictorial warning labels (PWLs) for alcoholic beverages. Narrative PWLs included a photo showing the lived experiences of individuals affected by alcohol-related cancer (e.g., a headshot of a man with a misshapen jaw) and a text warning statement (e.g., WARNING: Drinking alcohol can cause oral cancer). The warnings focused on oral, esophageal, and laryngeal cancers, respectively.
|
Non-Narrative Pictorial Warning Labels
n=213 Participants
Participants in this arm will be presented with three non-narrative pictorial warning labels (PWLs) for alcoholic beverages. Non-narrative PWLs contained graphic images of diseased organs (e.g., a closeup image of a mouth with rotten teeth and oral thrush) and a text warning statement (e.g., WARNING: Drinking alcohol can cause oral cancer). The warnings focused on oral, esophageal, and laryngeal cancers, respectively.
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|---|---|---|
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Dwell Time
|
8.75 seconds
Standard Error 0.069
|
8.47 seconds
Standard Error 0.066
|
PRIMARY outcome
Timeframe: Assessed during the one-time 15-minute online survey experiment.Population: Sticky's internal algorithms determined cases where the eye tracking data is less than "perfect" and only returns "usable" data. Thus, only usable eye tracking data were analyzed.
Visit count measures the total number of times participants viewed an area of interest (AOI). Each warning label consisted of two AOIs: image AOI and text AOI. Visit count for each AOI was averaged across three PWLs within each arm.
Outcome measures
| Measure |
Narrative Pictorial Warning Labels
n=192 Participants
Participants in this arm were presented with three narrative pictorial warning labels (PWLs) for alcoholic beverages. Narrative PWLs included a photo showing the lived experiences of individuals affected by alcohol-related cancer (e.g., a headshot of a man with a misshapen jaw) and a text warning statement (e.g., WARNING: Drinking alcohol can cause oral cancer). The warnings focused on oral, esophageal, and laryngeal cancers, respectively.
|
Non-Narrative Pictorial Warning Labels
n=213 Participants
Participants in this arm will be presented with three non-narrative pictorial warning labels (PWLs) for alcoholic beverages. Non-narrative PWLs contained graphic images of diseased organs (e.g., a closeup image of a mouth with rotten teeth and oral thrush) and a text warning statement (e.g., WARNING: Drinking alcohol can cause oral cancer). The warnings focused on oral, esophageal, and laryngeal cancers, respectively.
|
|---|---|---|
|
Visit Count
|
13.74 visit
Standard Error 0.443
|
13.58 visit
Standard Error 0.420
|
PRIMARY outcome
Timeframe: Assessed during the one-time 15-minute online survey experiment.Reactance were measured after exposure to each PWL (i.e., three times in total). It was assessed using the brief Reactance to Health Warnings Scale (Hall et al., 2017). Participants were asked to indicate how much each warning tried to manipulate them, annoyed them, and was overblown (1 = not at all, 5 = a great deal). Reactance for each PWL was averaged across three PWLs within each arm.
Outcome measures
| Measure |
Narrative Pictorial Warning Labels
n=327 Participants
Participants in this arm were presented with three narrative pictorial warning labels (PWLs) for alcoholic beverages. Narrative PWLs included a photo showing the lived experiences of individuals affected by alcohol-related cancer (e.g., a headshot of a man with a misshapen jaw) and a text warning statement (e.g., WARNING: Drinking alcohol can cause oral cancer). The warnings focused on oral, esophageal, and laryngeal cancers, respectively.
|
Non-Narrative Pictorial Warning Labels
n=318 Participants
Participants in this arm will be presented with three non-narrative pictorial warning labels (PWLs) for alcoholic beverages. Non-narrative PWLs contained graphic images of diseased organs (e.g., a closeup image of a mouth with rotten teeth and oral thrush) and a text warning statement (e.g., WARNING: Drinking alcohol can cause oral cancer). The warnings focused on oral, esophageal, and laryngeal cancers, respectively.
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|---|---|---|
|
Reactance
|
2.38 score on a scale
Standard Error 0.055
|
2.54 score on a scale
Standard Error 0.055
|
PRIMARY outcome
Timeframe: Assessed during the one-time 15-minute online survey experiment.Affective risk perceptions were assessed once after participants viewed all three PWLs. Participants were asked to indicate how worried they are about getting a specific type of cancer if they keep drinking the amount of alcohol like they do now. Participants responded on a five-point scale (1 = Not at all worried, 2=Slightly worried, 3=Moderately worried, 4=Very worried, 5=Extremely worried).
Outcome measures
| Measure |
Narrative Pictorial Warning Labels
n=328 Participants
Participants in this arm were presented with three narrative pictorial warning labels (PWLs) for alcoholic beverages. Narrative PWLs included a photo showing the lived experiences of individuals affected by alcohol-related cancer (e.g., a headshot of a man with a misshapen jaw) and a text warning statement (e.g., WARNING: Drinking alcohol can cause oral cancer). The warnings focused on oral, esophageal, and laryngeal cancers, respectively.
|
Non-Narrative Pictorial Warning Labels
n=321 Participants
Participants in this arm will be presented with three non-narrative pictorial warning labels (PWLs) for alcoholic beverages. Non-narrative PWLs contained graphic images of diseased organs (e.g., a closeup image of a mouth with rotten teeth and oral thrush) and a text warning statement (e.g., WARNING: Drinking alcohol can cause oral cancer). The warnings focused on oral, esophageal, and laryngeal cancers, respectively.
|
|---|---|---|
|
Affective Risk Perceptions
|
2.27 score on a scale
Standard Error 0.062
|
2.38 score on a scale
Standard Error 0.063
|
PRIMARY outcome
Timeframe: Assessed during the one-time 15-minute online survey experiment.Experiential risk perceptions were assessed once after participants viewed all three PWLs. Participants were asked to indicate how vulnerable they feel about getting a specific type of cancer if they keep drinking the amount of alcohol like they do now. Participants responded on a five-point scale (1 = Not at all vulnerable, 2=Slightly vulnerable, 3=Moderately vulnerable, 4=Very vulnerable, 5=Extremely vulnerable).
Outcome measures
| Measure |
Narrative Pictorial Warning Labels
n=328 Participants
Participants in this arm were presented with three narrative pictorial warning labels (PWLs) for alcoholic beverages. Narrative PWLs included a photo showing the lived experiences of individuals affected by alcohol-related cancer (e.g., a headshot of a man with a misshapen jaw) and a text warning statement (e.g., WARNING: Drinking alcohol can cause oral cancer). The warnings focused on oral, esophageal, and laryngeal cancers, respectively.
|
Non-Narrative Pictorial Warning Labels
n=321 Participants
Participants in this arm will be presented with three non-narrative pictorial warning labels (PWLs) for alcoholic beverages. Non-narrative PWLs contained graphic images of diseased organs (e.g., a closeup image of a mouth with rotten teeth and oral thrush) and a text warning statement (e.g., WARNING: Drinking alcohol can cause oral cancer). The warnings focused on oral, esophageal, and laryngeal cancers, respectively.
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|---|---|---|
|
Experiential Risk Perceptions
|
2.35 score on a scale
Standard Error 0.058
|
2.46 score on a scale
Standard Error 0.058
|
PRIMARY outcome
Timeframe: Assessed during the one-time 15-minute online survey experiment.Perceived susceptibility were assessed once after participants viewed all three PWLs. Participants were asked to indicate how likely it is that they will get a specific type of cancer if they keep drinking the amount of alcohol like they do now. Participants responded on a five-point scale (1 = Not at all likely, 2=A little likely, 3=Somewhat likely, 4=Very likely, 5=Extremely likely).
Outcome measures
| Measure |
Narrative Pictorial Warning Labels
n=328 Participants
Participants in this arm were presented with three narrative pictorial warning labels (PWLs) for alcoholic beverages. Narrative PWLs included a photo showing the lived experiences of individuals affected by alcohol-related cancer (e.g., a headshot of a man with a misshapen jaw) and a text warning statement (e.g., WARNING: Drinking alcohol can cause oral cancer). The warnings focused on oral, esophageal, and laryngeal cancers, respectively.
|
Non-Narrative Pictorial Warning Labels
n=321 Participants
Participants in this arm will be presented with three non-narrative pictorial warning labels (PWLs) for alcoholic beverages. Non-narrative PWLs contained graphic images of diseased organs (e.g., a closeup image of a mouth with rotten teeth and oral thrush) and a text warning statement (e.g., WARNING: Drinking alcohol can cause oral cancer). The warnings focused on oral, esophageal, and laryngeal cancers, respectively.
|
|---|---|---|
|
Perceived Susceptibility
|
2.072 score on a scale
Standard Error 0.053
|
2.102 score on a scale
Standard Error 0.054
|
PRIMARY outcome
Timeframe: Assessed during the one-time 15-minute online survey experiment.Comparative risk were assessed once after participants viewed all three PWLs. Participants were asked to indicate compared to an average person their age, race, and sex, how likely do they think they will get a specific type of cancer if they keep drinking the amount of alcohol like they do now. Participants responded on a five-point scale (1=Much less likely, 2=Less likely, 3=About as likely, 4=More likely, 5=Much more likely).
Outcome measures
| Measure |
Narrative Pictorial Warning Labels
n=328 Participants
Participants in this arm were presented with three narrative pictorial warning labels (PWLs) for alcoholic beverages. Narrative PWLs included a photo showing the lived experiences of individuals affected by alcohol-related cancer (e.g., a headshot of a man with a misshapen jaw) and a text warning statement (e.g., WARNING: Drinking alcohol can cause oral cancer). The warnings focused on oral, esophageal, and laryngeal cancers, respectively.
|
Non-Narrative Pictorial Warning Labels
n=321 Participants
Participants in this arm will be presented with three non-narrative pictorial warning labels (PWLs) for alcoholic beverages. Non-narrative PWLs contained graphic images of diseased organs (e.g., a closeup image of a mouth with rotten teeth and oral thrush) and a text warning statement (e.g., WARNING: Drinking alcohol can cause oral cancer). The warnings focused on oral, esophageal, and laryngeal cancers, respectively.
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|---|---|---|
|
Comparative Risk
|
2.71 score on a scale
Standard Error 0.056
|
2.85 score on a scale
Standard Error 0.057
|
PRIMARY outcome
Timeframe: Assessed during the one-time 15-minute online survey experiment.Perceived severity of harm were assessed once after participants viewed all three PWLs. Participants were asked to indicate how much getting a specific type of cancer because of drinking would affect their life. Participants responded on a five-point scale (1=Not at all, 2=Very little, 3=Somewhat, 4=Quite a bit, 5=A great deal).
Outcome measures
| Measure |
Narrative Pictorial Warning Labels
n=328 Participants
Participants in this arm were presented with three narrative pictorial warning labels (PWLs) for alcoholic beverages. Narrative PWLs included a photo showing the lived experiences of individuals affected by alcohol-related cancer (e.g., a headshot of a man with a misshapen jaw) and a text warning statement (e.g., WARNING: Drinking alcohol can cause oral cancer). The warnings focused on oral, esophageal, and laryngeal cancers, respectively.
|
Non-Narrative Pictorial Warning Labels
n=321 Participants
Participants in this arm will be presented with three non-narrative pictorial warning labels (PWLs) for alcoholic beverages. Non-narrative PWLs contained graphic images of diseased organs (e.g., a closeup image of a mouth with rotten teeth and oral thrush) and a text warning statement (e.g., WARNING: Drinking alcohol can cause oral cancer). The warnings focused on oral, esophageal, and laryngeal cancers, respectively.
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|---|---|---|
|
Perceived Severity of Harm
|
4.47 score on a scale
Standard Error 0.05
|
4.55 score on a scale
Standard Error 0.05
|
PRIMARY outcome
Timeframe: Assessed during the one-time 15-minute online survey experiment.Intentions to reduce drinking were assessed once after participants viewed all three PWLs. Participants were asked to answer questions such as "How interested are you in reducing drinking in the next 6 months?" Participants responded to these questions on an appropriately labeled 5-point scale (e.g., 1 = Not at all interested, 2=Slightly interested, 3=Moderately interested, 4=Very interested, 5=Extremely interested).
Outcome measures
| Measure |
Narrative Pictorial Warning Labels
n=328 Participants
Participants in this arm were presented with three narrative pictorial warning labels (PWLs) for alcoholic beverages. Narrative PWLs included a photo showing the lived experiences of individuals affected by alcohol-related cancer (e.g., a headshot of a man with a misshapen jaw) and a text warning statement (e.g., WARNING: Drinking alcohol can cause oral cancer). The warnings focused on oral, esophageal, and laryngeal cancers, respectively.
|
Non-Narrative Pictorial Warning Labels
n=321 Participants
Participants in this arm will be presented with three non-narrative pictorial warning labels (PWLs) for alcoholic beverages. Non-narrative PWLs contained graphic images of diseased organs (e.g., a closeup image of a mouth with rotten teeth and oral thrush) and a text warning statement (e.g., WARNING: Drinking alcohol can cause oral cancer). The warnings focused on oral, esophageal, and laryngeal cancers, respectively.
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|---|---|---|
|
Intentions to Reduce Drinking
|
3.08 score on a scale
Standard Error 0.05
|
3.14 score on a scale
Standard Error 0.05
|
PRIMARY outcome
Timeframe: Assessed during the one-time 15-minute online survey experiment.Intentions to stop drinking were assessed once after participants viewed all three PWLs. Participants were asked to answer three questions such as "How interested are you in stopping drinking in the next 6 months?" Participants responded to these questions on an appropriately labeled 5-point scale (e.g., 1 = Not at all interested, 2=Slightly interested, 3=Moderately interested, 4=Very interested, 5=Extremely interested).
Outcome measures
| Measure |
Narrative Pictorial Warning Labels
n=328 Participants
Participants in this arm were presented with three narrative pictorial warning labels (PWLs) for alcoholic beverages. Narrative PWLs included a photo showing the lived experiences of individuals affected by alcohol-related cancer (e.g., a headshot of a man with a misshapen jaw) and a text warning statement (e.g., WARNING: Drinking alcohol can cause oral cancer). The warnings focused on oral, esophageal, and laryngeal cancers, respectively.
|
Non-Narrative Pictorial Warning Labels
n=321 Participants
Participants in this arm will be presented with three non-narrative pictorial warning labels (PWLs) for alcoholic beverages. Non-narrative PWLs contained graphic images of diseased organs (e.g., a closeup image of a mouth with rotten teeth and oral thrush) and a text warning statement (e.g., WARNING: Drinking alcohol can cause oral cancer). The warnings focused on oral, esophageal, and laryngeal cancers, respectively.
|
|---|---|---|
|
Intentions to Stop Drinking
|
2.26 score on a scale
Standard Error 0.068
|
2.37 score on a scale
Standard Error 0.069
|
Adverse Events
Narrative Pictorial Warning Labels
Non-Narrative Pictorial Warning Labels
Serious adverse events
Adverse event data not reported
Other adverse events
Adverse event data not reported
Additional Information
Results disclosure agreements
- Principal investigator is a sponsor employee
- Publication restrictions are in place