Trial Outcomes & Findings for Digital Clinical Hypnosis for Chronic Pain Management (NCT NCT06050083)

NCT ID: NCT06050083

Last Updated: 2026-01-06

Results Overview

Total # of hypnosis sessions listened to by participants

Recruitment status

COMPLETED

Study phase

NA

Target enrollment

100 participants

Primary outcome timeframe

During the 8 weeks of study participation

Results posted on

2026-01-06

Participant Flow

Primarily recruited from Research Match and the UW Rehabilitation Medicine Participant Pool.

Participant milestones

Participant milestones
Measure
Study 1: 8 Week Treatment
Participants that had access to the Rose application for 8 weeks.
Study 1: 4 Week Waitlist
4 Week Waitlist (4 weeks waitlist, then 4 weeks of Rose application access)
Study 2: 8 Week Treatment
Participants had access to the Rose application for 8 weeks.
Study 2: 4 Week Waitlist
4 Week Waitlist (4 weeks waitlist, then 4 weeks of Rose application access)
Overall Study
STARTED
26
24
26
24
Overall Study
COMPLETED
26
24
26
24
Overall Study
NOT COMPLETED
0
0
0
0

Reasons for withdrawal

Withdrawal data not reported

Baseline Characteristics

Digital Clinical Hypnosis for Chronic Pain Management

Baseline characteristics by cohort

Baseline characteristics by cohort
Measure
Study 1: 8 Week Treatment
n=26 Participants
Participants that had access to the Rose application for 8 weeks.
Study 1: 4 Week Waitlist
n=24 Participants
Participants that had access to the Rose application for 4 weeks (8 weeks total participation = 4 weeks waitlist with no access to the Rose application, then 4 weeks of access)
Study 2: 8 Week Treatment
n=26 Participants
Participants had access to the Rose application for 8 weeks
Study 2: 4 Week Waitlist
n=24 Participants
Participants that had access to the Rose application for 4 weeks (8 weeks total participation = 4 weeks waitlist with no access to the Rose application, then 4 weeks of access)
Total
n=100 Participants
Total of all reporting groups
Sex/Gender, Customized
Sex at Birth · Female
19 Participants
n=37 Participants
18 Participants
n=56 Participants
12 Participants
n=82 Participants
12 Participants
n=31 Participants
61 Participants
n=5 Participants
Sex/Gender, Customized
Sex at Birth · Male
7 Participants
n=37 Participants
6 Participants
n=56 Participants
14 Participants
n=82 Participants
12 Participants
n=31 Participants
39 Participants
n=5 Participants
Sex/Gender, Customized
Gender · Female
19 Participants
n=37 Participants
17 Participants
n=56 Participants
11 Participants
n=82 Participants
12 Participants
n=31 Participants
59 Participants
n=5 Participants
Sex/Gender, Customized
Gender · Male
7 Participants
n=37 Participants
6 Participants
n=56 Participants
12 Participants
n=82 Participants
12 Participants
n=31 Participants
37 Participants
n=5 Participants
Sex/Gender, Customized
Gender · Transgender
0 Participants
n=37 Participants
1 Participants
n=56 Participants
2 Participants
n=82 Participants
0 Participants
n=31 Participants
3 Participants
n=5 Participants
Sex/Gender, Customized
Gender · Non-binary
0 Participants
n=37 Participants
0 Participants
n=56 Participants
1 Participants
n=82 Participants
0 Participants
n=31 Participants
1 Participants
n=5 Participants
Ethnicity (NIH/OMB)
Hispanic or Latino
6 Participants
n=37 Participants
5 Participants
n=56 Participants
1 Participants
n=82 Participants
3 Participants
n=31 Participants
15 Participants
n=5 Participants
Ethnicity (NIH/OMB)
Not Hispanic or Latino
19 Participants
n=37 Participants
19 Participants
n=56 Participants
25 Participants
n=82 Participants
21 Participants
n=31 Participants
84 Participants
n=5 Participants
Ethnicity (NIH/OMB)
Unknown or Not Reported
1 Participants
n=37 Participants
0 Participants
n=56 Participants
0 Participants
n=82 Participants
0 Participants
n=31 Participants
1 Participants
n=5 Participants
Race (NIH/OMB)
American Indian or Alaska Native
2 Participants
n=37 Participants
1 Participants
n=56 Participants
0 Participants
n=82 Participants
0 Participants
n=31 Participants
3 Participants
n=5 Participants
Race (NIH/OMB)
Asian
1 Participants
n=37 Participants
1 Participants
n=56 Participants
1 Participants
n=82 Participants
0 Participants
n=31 Participants
3 Participants
n=5 Participants
Race (NIH/OMB)
Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander
0 Participants
n=37 Participants
0 Participants
n=56 Participants
0 Participants
n=82 Participants
0 Participants
n=31 Participants
0 Participants
n=5 Participants
Race (NIH/OMB)
Black or African American
9 Participants
n=37 Participants
7 Participants
n=56 Participants
15 Participants
n=82 Participants
13 Participants
n=31 Participants
44 Participants
n=5 Participants
Race (NIH/OMB)
White
10 Participants
n=37 Participants
11 Participants
n=56 Participants
8 Participants
n=82 Participants
10 Participants
n=31 Participants
39 Participants
n=5 Participants
Race (NIH/OMB)
More than one race
4 Participants
n=37 Participants
3 Participants
n=56 Participants
2 Participants
n=82 Participants
1 Participants
n=31 Participants
10 Participants
n=5 Participants
Race (NIH/OMB)
Unknown or Not Reported
0 Participants
n=37 Participants
1 Participants
n=56 Participants
0 Participants
n=82 Participants
0 Participants
n=31 Participants
1 Participants
n=5 Participants
Region of Enrollment
United States
26 Participants
n=37 Participants
24 Participants
n=56 Participants
26 Participants
n=82 Participants
24 Participants
n=31 Participants
100 Participants
n=5 Participants
Years of Education
High School Graduate/GED
2 Participants
n=37 Participants
2 Participants
n=56 Participants
1 Participants
n=82 Participants
1 Participants
n=31 Participants
6 Participants
n=5 Participants
Years of Education
Some college or vocational school
10 Participants
n=37 Participants
11 Participants
n=56 Participants
2 Participants
n=82 Participants
5 Participants
n=31 Participants
28 Participants
n=5 Participants
Years of Education
2 year college graduate
5 Participants
n=37 Participants
4 Participants
n=56 Participants
3 Participants
n=82 Participants
0 Participants
n=31 Participants
12 Participants
n=5 Participants
Years of Education
4 year college graduate
3 Participants
n=37 Participants
6 Participants
n=56 Participants
7 Participants
n=82 Participants
3 Participants
n=31 Participants
19 Participants
n=5 Participants
Years of Education
Graduate school
6 Participants
n=37 Participants
1 Participants
n=56 Participants
13 Participants
n=82 Participants
15 Participants
n=31 Participants
35 Participants
n=5 Participants
Age, Continuous
48.3 Years
STANDARD_DEVIATION 20.8 • n=37 Participants
49.5 Years
STANDARD_DEVIATION 15.6 • n=56 Participants
38.6 Years
STANDARD_DEVIATION 12.7 • n=82 Participants
40.6 Years
STANDARD_DEVIATION 16.7 • n=31 Participants
48.9 Years
STANDARD_DEVIATION 18.3 • n=5 Participants

PRIMARY outcome

Timeframe: During the 8 weeks of study participation

Population: The number of hypnosis sessions listened to was prespecified to be aggregated for all participants because (1) it was over the entire course of the 8-week study and participants in both arms had access and (2) the key variable of interest for feasibility was any difference in the number and rate of listening as a function of session duration (and not differences as a function of condition, as those in the waitlist condition would by default listen to fewer sessions).

Total # of hypnosis sessions listened to by participants

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure
Study 1
n=50 Participants
Summary scores for all participants in both the Treatment/Control groups for Study 1.
Study 2
n=50 Participants
Summary scores for all participants in both the Treatment/Control groups for Study 2.
Study 2: 8 Week Treatment
Participants had access to the Rose application for 8 weeks.
Study 2: 4 Week Waitlist
4 Week Waitlist (4 weeks waitlist, then 4 weeks of Rose application access)
Frequency of Using Rose Application
10 minute audio recording
64 # of hypnosis sessions listened to
134 # of hypnosis sessions listened to
Frequency of Using Rose Application
20 minute audio recording
220 # of hypnosis sessions listened to
274 # of hypnosis sessions listened to
Frequency of Using Rose Application
5 minute audio recording
81 # of hypnosis sessions listened to
79 # of hypnosis sessions listened to

PRIMARY outcome

Timeframe: 8 week assessment

Population: The number of participants who expressed expressed am interest in continued interest access to the application was prespecified to be aggregated for all participants because the milestone for this feasibility variable was the overall rate of interest in for those who used the application at least once, collapsed across condition. We were not interested in, or anticipated, any between-group difference in this variable.

Participants reporting how interested they would be in continuing to use the Rose application: "If the Rose web/phone application were available to download, how interested would you be in downloading and using this application?" 4 - Extremely interested 3 - Very interested 2 - Somewhat interested 1 - Little interested 0 - Not interested

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure
Study 1
n=50 Participants
Summary scores for all participants in both the Treatment/Control groups for Study 1.
Study 2
n=50 Participants
Summary scores for all participants in both the Treatment/Control groups for Study 2.
Study 2: 8 Week Treatment
Participants had access to the Rose application for 8 weeks.
Study 2: 4 Week Waitlist
4 Week Waitlist (4 weeks waitlist, then 4 weeks of Rose application access)
Continued Interest in Using Rose Application
2.5 Score on a scale
Standard Deviation 1.3
2.8 Score on a scale
Standard Deviation 1.5

PRIMARY outcome

Timeframe: 8 week assessment

Population: The number of participants who expressed a willingness to pay fo continued access to the application was prespecified to be aggregated for all participants because the milestone for this feasibility variable was the overall rate of willingness to pay for the application for those who used the application at least once, collapsed across condition. We were not interested in, or anticipated, any between-group difference in this variable.

Participants that reported a willingness to pay for continued access to the Rose application (results available for Study 2 only): "Would you be willing to pay some amount for a monthly subscription to Rose, to have continued access?" 1 - Yes 0 - No

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure
Study 1
n=17 Participants
Summary scores for all participants in both the Treatment/Control groups for Study 1.
Study 2
Summary scores for all participants in both the Treatment/Control groups for Study 2.
Study 2: 8 Week Treatment
Participants had access to the Rose application for 8 weeks.
Study 2: 4 Week Waitlist
4 Week Waitlist (4 weeks waitlist, then 4 weeks of Rose application access)
Willingness to Pay for Continued Use of Rose Application
11 Participants

PRIMARY outcome

Timeframe: 4 Week, 8 Week timepoints

Population: The number of participants who expressed satisfaction will using the application was prespecified to be aggregated for all participants because the milestone for this feasibility variable was the overall rates of the satisfaction ratings for those who used the application at least once (i.e., participants in both conditions), collapsed across condition. We were not interested in, or anticipated, any between-group difference in this variable.

Participants answered a Global Satisfaction question about their satisfaction with using the Rose application "Taking all things into account, how satisfied are you with using the Rose web application?" 4 - Very Satisfied 3 - Somewhat Satisfied 2 - Neutral 1 - Somewhat Dissatisfied 0 - Very Dissatisfied

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure
Study 1
n=50 Participants
Summary scores for all participants in both the Treatment/Control groups for Study 1.
Study 2
n=50 Participants
Summary scores for all participants in both the Treatment/Control groups for Study 2.
Study 2: 8 Week Treatment
Participants had access to the Rose application for 8 weeks.
Study 2: 4 Week Waitlist
4 Week Waitlist (4 weeks waitlist, then 4 weeks of Rose application access)
Participant Satisfaction
2.8 Score on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.9
3.4 Score on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.9

PRIMARY outcome

Timeframe: 8 Week Timepoint

Population: The system usability scores for those who used the application at least once were prespecified to be aggregated for all participants because participants in both conditions had access to the application. The feasibility milestone was overall system usability score in participants in both conditions. The two groups had access the same application, and therefore we were not interested in, or anticipated, any between-group difference in this variable.

Scale title: System Usability Scale. Minimum - Maximum range: 0 to 100. Higher scores indicate more usability (ease of use). There are no subscale scores for this measure.

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure
Study 1
n=50 Participants
Summary scores for all participants in both the Treatment/Control groups for Study 1.
Study 2
n=50 Participants
Summary scores for all participants in both the Treatment/Control groups for Study 2.
Study 2: 8 Week Treatment
Participants had access to the Rose application for 8 weeks.
Study 2: 4 Week Waitlist
4 Week Waitlist (4 weeks waitlist, then 4 weeks of Rose application access)
System Usability Scale (SUS)
80.33 Score on a scale
Standard Deviation 16.05
87.31 Score on a scale
Standard Deviation 12.72

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: Baseline, 4 Weeks, 8 Weeks

A 0-10 Numerical Rating scale of average pain in the past week: "Please rate your pain by choosing the one number that best describes your pain at its WORST in the PAST WEEK, where 0 is "no pain" and 10 is "pain as bad as you can imagine"

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure
Study 1
n=26 Participants
Summary scores for all participants in both the Treatment/Control groups for Study 1.
Study 2
n=24 Participants
Summary scores for all participants in both the Treatment/Control groups for Study 2.
Study 2: 8 Week Treatment
n=26 Participants
Participants had access to the Rose application for 8 weeks.
Study 2: 4 Week Waitlist
n=24 Participants
4 Week Waitlist (4 weeks waitlist, then 4 weeks of Rose application access)
Average Pain - Past Week
Baseline
5.81 Score on a scale
Standard Deviation 1.44
5.71 Score on a scale
Standard Deviation 1.88
5.92 Score on a scale
Standard Deviation 1.70
5.83 Score on a scale
Standard Deviation 1.83
Average Pain - Past Week
4 Weeks
5.69 Score on a scale
Standard Deviation 1.74
5.42 Score on a scale
Standard Deviation 1.79
5.04 Score on a scale
Standard Deviation 1.51
5.17 Score on a scale
Standard Deviation 1.49
Average Pain - Past Week
8 Weeks
5.38 Score on a scale
Standard Deviation 2.12
4.96 Score on a scale
Standard Deviation 1.72
4.46 Score on a scale
Standard Deviation 1.84
3.46 Score on a scale
Standard Deviation 2.08

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: Baseline, 4 Weeks, 8 Weeks

A 0-10 Numerical Rating scale of worst pain in the past week: "Please rate your pain by choosing the one number that best describes your pain at its WORST in the PAST WEEK, where 0 is "no pain" and 10 is "pain as bad as you can imagine"

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure
Study 1
n=26 Participants
Summary scores for all participants in both the Treatment/Control groups for Study 1.
Study 2
n=24 Participants
Summary scores for all participants in both the Treatment/Control groups for Study 2.
Study 2: 8 Week Treatment
n=26 Participants
Participants had access to the Rose application for 8 weeks.
Study 2: 4 Week Waitlist
n=24 Participants
4 Week Waitlist (4 weeks waitlist, then 4 weeks of Rose application access)
Worst Pain - Past Week
4 Weeks
7.19 Score on a scale
Standard Deviation 1.60
6.92 Score on a scale
Standard Deviation 1.47
6.16 Score on a scale
Standard Deviation 1.57
6.63 Score on a scale
Standard Deviation 1.35
Worst Pain - Past Week
8 Weeks
6.69 Score on a scale
Standard Deviation 1.91
6.91 Score on a scale
Standard Deviation 1.81
5.73 Score on a scale
Standard Deviation 2.39
4.96 Score on a scale
Standard Deviation 2.39
Worst Pain - Past Week
Baseline
7.23 Score on a scale
Standard Deviation 1.34
7.63 Score on a scale
Standard Deviation 1.38
7.35 Score on a scale
Standard Deviation 1.02
7.29 Score on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.95

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: Baseline (week 0), 4 week assessment, 8 week assessment

Domain assessed: Sleep Disturbance. Ratings are summed and converted to T scores (Mean = 50 and SD = 10 in the normative sample). Higher scores indicate more sleep disturbance. Scores that are \>= 55 (i.e., one half a SD above the normative mean) are considered clinically elevated.

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure
Study 1
n=26 Participants
Summary scores for all participants in both the Treatment/Control groups for Study 1.
Study 2
n=24 Participants
Summary scores for all participants in both the Treatment/Control groups for Study 2.
Study 2: 8 Week Treatment
n=26 Participants
Participants had access to the Rose application for 8 weeks.
Study 2: 4 Week Waitlist
n=24 Participants
4 Week Waitlist (4 weeks waitlist, then 4 weeks of Rose application access)
PROMIS Sleep Disturbance Short Form 8a
Baseline
57.3 T-score
Standard Deviation 7.9
58.5 T-score
Standard Deviation 8.7
55.2 T-score
Standard Deviation 7.4
57.2 T-score
Standard Deviation 9.5
PROMIS Sleep Disturbance Short Form 8a
4 Weeks
58.4 T-score
Standard Deviation 9.7
57.3 T-score
Standard Deviation 9.1
41.7 T-score
Standard Deviation 10.7
54.0 T-score
Standard Deviation 10.2
PROMIS Sleep Disturbance Short Form 8a
8 Weeks
57.1 T-score
Standard Deviation 10.0
53.5 T-score
Standard Deviation 10.8
50.5 T-score
Standard Deviation 10.6
50.0 T-score
Standard Deviation 12.6

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: Baseline (week 0), 4 week assessment, 8 week assessment

Domain assessed: Pain interference. Ratings are summed and converted to T scores (Mean = 50 and SD = 10 in the normative sample). Higher scores indicate more pain interference. Scores that are \>= 55 (i.e., one half a SD above the normative mean) are considered clinically elevated.

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure
Study 1
n=26 Participants
Summary scores for all participants in both the Treatment/Control groups for Study 1.
Study 2
n=24 Participants
Summary scores for all participants in both the Treatment/Control groups for Study 2.
Study 2: 8 Week Treatment
n=26 Participants
Participants had access to the Rose application for 8 weeks.
Study 2: 4 Week Waitlist
n=24 Participants
4 Week Waitlist (4 weeks waitlist, then 4 weeks of Rose application access)
PROMIS Pain Interference Short Form
Baseline
64.3 Score on a scale
Standard Deviation 6.7
64.4 Score on a scale
Standard Deviation 7.2
60.5 Score on a scale
Standard Deviation 5.3
61.0 Score on a scale
Standard Deviation 4.59
PROMIS Pain Interference Short Form
4 Weeks
64.4 Score on a scale
Standard Deviation 6.4
64.9 Score on a scale
Standard Deviation 7.2
59.4 Score on a scale
Standard Deviation 5.3
61.0 Score on a scale
Standard Deviation 5.9
PROMIS Pain Interference Short Form
8 Weeks
64.0 Score on a scale
Standard Deviation 9.0
61.7 Score on a scale
Standard Deviation 7.6
56.6 Score on a scale
Standard Deviation 8.7
56.1 Score on a scale
Standard Deviation 9.1

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: Baseline (week 0), 4 week assessment, 8 week assessment

Domain assessed: Anxiety. Ratings are summed and converted to T scores (Mean = 50 and SD = 10 in the normative sample). Higher scores indicate more anxiety. Scores that are \>= 55 (i.e., one half a SD above the normative mean) are considered clinically elevated.

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure
Study 1
n=26 Participants
Summary scores for all participants in both the Treatment/Control groups for Study 1.
Study 2
n=24 Participants
Summary scores for all participants in both the Treatment/Control groups for Study 2.
Study 2: 8 Week Treatment
n=26 Participants
Participants had access to the Rose application for 8 weeks.
Study 2: 4 Week Waitlist
n=24 Participants
4 Week Waitlist (4 weeks waitlist, then 4 weeks of Rose application access)
PROMIS Anxiety Short Form 7a
Baseline
58.0 T-score
Standard Deviation 10.5
55.5 T-score
Standard Deviation 10.9
57.8 T-score
Standard Deviation 4.8
54.0 T-score
Standard Deviation 7.4
PROMIS Anxiety Short Form 7a
4 Weeks
60.4 T-score
Standard Deviation 11.3
59.2 T-score
Standard Deviation 13.7
57.4 T-score
Standard Deviation 6.7
54.8 T-score
Standard Deviation 9.6
PROMIS Anxiety Short Form 7a
8 Weeks
58.2 T-score
Standard Deviation 11.3
57.0 T-score
Standard Deviation 12.4
55.4 T-score
Standard Deviation 8.0
54.1 T-score
Standard Deviation 10.2

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: Baseline (week 0), 4 week assessment, 8 week assessment

Domain assessed: Opioid Use How assessed: Single item asking participants to indicate whether or not they currently using any opioid mediations. Unit of measure is the number and rate of participants who indicated that they are currently using at least one opioid medication.

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure
Study 1
n=26 Participants
Summary scores for all participants in both the Treatment/Control groups for Study 1.
Study 2
n=24 Participants
Summary scores for all participants in both the Treatment/Control groups for Study 2.
Study 2: 8 Week Treatment
n=26 Participants
Participants had access to the Rose application for 8 weeks.
Study 2: 4 Week Waitlist
n=24 Participants
4 Week Waitlist (4 weeks waitlist, then 4 weeks of Rose application access)
Number of Participants Using Opioids
10 Participants
2 Participants
1 Participants
2 Participants

Adverse Events

Study 1: 8 Week Treatment

Serious events: 0 serious events
Other events: 1 other events
Deaths: 0 deaths

Study 1: 4 Week Waitlist

Serious events: 0 serious events
Other events: 0 other events
Deaths: 0 deaths

Study 2: 8 Week Treatment

Serious events: 0 serious events
Other events: 0 other events
Deaths: 0 deaths

Study 2: 4 Week Waitlist

Serious events: 0 serious events
Other events: 0 other events
Deaths: 0 deaths

Serious adverse events

Adverse event data not reported

Other adverse events

Other adverse events
Measure
Study 1: 8 Week Treatment
n=26 participants at risk
Participants that had access to the Rose application for 8 weeks.
Study 1: 4 Week Waitlist
n=24 participants at risk
Participants that had access to the Rose application for 4 weeks (8 weeks total participation = 4 weeks waitlist with no access to the Rose application, then 4 weeks of access)
Study 2: 8 Week Treatment
n=26 participants at risk
Participants had access to the Rose application for 8 weeks
Study 2: 4 Week Waitlist
n=24 participants at risk
Participants that had access to the Rose application for 4 weeks (8 weeks total participation = 4 weeks waitlist with no access to the Rose application, then 4 weeks of access)
Musculoskeletal and connective tissue disorders
Muscle Strain
3.8%
1/26 • Enrollment until the 8 week follow up timepoint
Adverse Events were systematically assessed by including the following question at all survey timepoints: "Have you experienced any negative side effects since our last contact as a result of the study (Yes/No)". IF YES: Please specify the negative side effects. Participants could also self-report Adverse Events when receiving a survey reminder phone call from a staff coordinator.
0.00%
0/24 • Enrollment until the 8 week follow up timepoint
Adverse Events were systematically assessed by including the following question at all survey timepoints: "Have you experienced any negative side effects since our last contact as a result of the study (Yes/No)". IF YES: Please specify the negative side effects. Participants could also self-report Adverse Events when receiving a survey reminder phone call from a staff coordinator.
0.00%
0/26 • Enrollment until the 8 week follow up timepoint
Adverse Events were systematically assessed by including the following question at all survey timepoints: "Have you experienced any negative side effects since our last contact as a result of the study (Yes/No)". IF YES: Please specify the negative side effects. Participants could also self-report Adverse Events when receiving a survey reminder phone call from a staff coordinator.
0.00%
0/24 • Enrollment until the 8 week follow up timepoint
Adverse Events were systematically assessed by including the following question at all survey timepoints: "Have you experienced any negative side effects since our last contact as a result of the study (Yes/No)". IF YES: Please specify the negative side effects. Participants could also self-report Adverse Events when receiving a survey reminder phone call from a staff coordinator.

Additional Information

Dr. Mark Jensen, PhD, Principal Investigator

University of Washington

Phone: +1 206 543-3185

Results disclosure agreements

  • Principal investigator is a sponsor employee
  • Publication restrictions are in place