Trial Outcomes & Findings for Retrieval-Based Word Learning in Developmental Language Disorder During Book Reading (NCT NCT06026124)

NCT ID: NCT06026124

Last Updated: 2025-08-28

Results Overview

Five minutes after second learning session, the child was asked to recall and say the word associated with each novel referent, learned under one of two conditions: a condition in which spaced retrieval trials occurred (RSR) and one in which there were no retrieval trials (RS). Each of the four verbs were tested twice, for a total of 8 recall items per condition.

• Recruitment status: COMPLETED
• Study phase: NA
• Target enrollment: 27 participants
• Primary outcome timeframe: 5 minutes after end of learning period
• Results posted on: 2025-08-28

Participant Flow

Children with DLD are recruited primarily through speech pathologists and preschool teachers. They are provided with eligibility guidelines and a parent letter. Once the parent is given the letter, they choose to contact us, if interested. Children with typical language development are recruited through advertising in preschools.

Children are initially tested to see if they meet the inclusionary and exclusionary criteria of Developmental Language Disorder. These include falling below age level on a language test, while passing a hearing screening, a non-verbal IQ test, and an autism screener. Many children who are recruited and consented do not meet all these criteria pointing to the fact that DLD is not readily recognizable to non-professionals (parents, preschool teachers).

Participant milestones

Measure	Children With Developmental Language Disorder These children have a significant delay in language development in the absence of hearing impairment, cognitive delay, autism, or neurological injury/disease. Retrieval-based word learning: Repeated Spaced Retrieval condition: Each child will learn 8 novel nouns referring to unfamiliar plants and animals ("nepp") and a related "meaning" ("a nepp likes rain") in the context of a story book. Four of the nouns will be will be learned using repeated spaced retrieval. In this condition, they will initially hear the information and be asked to retrieve it. Thereafter, they will be asked to retrieve it after hearing 3 intervening words. After each retrieval attempt, they will hear the target information again. This procedure will occur on two consecutive days. Retrieval-based word learning: Repeated Study condition: Each child will learn 8 novel nouns referring to unfamiliar plants and animals ("nepp") and a related "meaning" ("a nepp likes rain") in the context of a story book. Four of the nouns will be will be learned using repeated study trials only (with no retrieval practice). In this condition, they will simply hear the information (word \& meaning) as part of the story. This procedure will occur on two consecutive days.	Children With Typical Language Development Children whose language development is as expected for their age. Retrieval-based word learning: Repeated Spaced Retrieval condition: Each child will learn 8 novel nouns referring to unfamiliar plants and animals ("nepp") and a related "meaning" ("a nepp likes rain") in the context of a story book. Four of the nouns will be will be learned using repeated spaced retrieval. In this condition, they will initially hear the information and be asked to retrieve it. Thereafter, they will be asked to retrieve it after hearing 3 intervening words. After each retrieval attempt, they will hear the target information again. This procedure will occur on two consecutive days. Retrieval-based word learning: Repeated Study condition: Each child will learn 8 novel nouns referring to unfamiliar plants and animals ("nepp") and a related "meaning" ("a nepp likes rain") in the context of a story book. Four of the nouns will be will be learned using repeated study trials only (with no retrieval practice). In this condition, they will simply hear the information (word \& meaning) as part of the story. This procedure will occur on two consecutive days.
Overall Study STARTED	13	14
Overall Study COMPLETED	13	14
Overall Study NOT COMPLETED	0	0

Reasons for withdrawal

Withdrawal data not reported

Baseline Characteristics

Retrieval-Based Word Learning in Developmental Language Disorder During Book Reading

Baseline characteristics by cohort

Measure	Children With Developmental Language Disorder n=13 Participants These children have a significant delay in language development in the absence of hearing impairment, cognitive delay, autism, or neurological injury/disease. Retrieval-based word learning: Repeated Spaced Retrieval condition: Each child will learn 8 novel nouns referring to unfamiliar plants and animals ("nepp") and a related "meaning" ("a nepp likes rain") in the context of a story book. Four of the nouns will be will be learned using repeated spaced retrieval. In this condition, they will initially hear the information and be asked to retrieve it. Thereafter, they will be asked to retrieve it after hearing 3 intervening words. After each retrieval attempt, they will hear the target information again. This procedure will occur on two consecutive days. Retrieval-based word learning: Repeated Study condition: Each child will learn 8 novel nouns referring to unfamiliar plants and animals ("nepp") and a related "meaning" ("a nepp likes rain") in the context of a story book. Four of the nouns will be will be learned using repeated study trials only (with no retrieval practice). In this condition, they will simply hear the information (word \& meaning) as part of the story. This procedure will occur on two consecutive days.	Children With Typical Language Development n=14 Participants Children whose language development is as expected for their age. Retrieval-based word learning: Repeated Spaced Retrieval condition: Each child will learn 8 novel nouns referring to unfamiliar plants and animals ("nepp") and a related "meaning" ("a nepp likes rain") in the context of a story book. Four of the nouns will be will be learned using repeated spaced retrieval. In this condition, they will initially hear the information and be asked to retrieve it. Thereafter, they will be asked to retrieve it after hearing 3 intervening words. After each retrieval attempt, they will hear the target information again. This procedure will occur on two consecutive days. Retrieval-based word learning: Repeated Study condition: Each child will learn 8 novel nouns referring to unfamiliar plants and animals ("nepp") and a related "meaning" ("a nepp likes rain") in the context of a story book. Four of the nouns will be will be learned using repeated study trials only (with no retrieval practice). In this condition, they will simply hear the information (word \& meaning) as part of the story. This procedure will occur on two consecutive days.	Total n=27 Participants Total of all reporting groups
Age, Continuous	59.13 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 7.57 • n=5 Participants	57.07 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 6.76 • n=7 Participants	58.06 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 7.10 • n=5 Participants
Sex: Female, Male Female	6 Participants n=5 Participants	6 Participants n=7 Participants	12 Participants n=5 Participants
Sex: Female, Male Male	7 Participants n=5 Participants	8 Participants n=7 Participants	15 Participants n=5 Participants
Race (NIH/OMB) American Indian or Alaska Native	0 Participants n=5 Participants	0 Participants n=7 Participants	0 Participants n=5 Participants
Race (NIH/OMB) Asian	0 Participants n=5 Participants	0 Participants n=7 Participants	0 Participants n=5 Participants
Race (NIH/OMB) Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander	0 Participants n=5 Participants	0 Participants n=7 Participants	0 Participants n=5 Participants
Race (NIH/OMB) Black or African American	0 Participants n=5 Participants	1 Participants n=7 Participants	1 Participants n=5 Participants
Race (NIH/OMB) White	13 Participants n=5 Participants	12 Participants n=7 Participants	25 Participants n=5 Participants
Race (NIH/OMB) More than one race	0 Participants n=5 Participants	1 Participants n=7 Participants	1 Participants n=5 Participants
Race (NIH/OMB) Unknown or Not Reported	0 Participants n=5 Participants	0 Participants n=7 Participants	0 Participants n=5 Participants
Region of Enrollment United States	13 participants n=5 Participants	14 participants n=7 Participants	27 participants n=5 Participants
Maternal Education in Years	17.23 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 3.77 • n=5 Participants	18.04 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 2.31 • n=7 Participants	17.39 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 3.24 • n=5 Participants

PRIMARY outcome

Timeframe: 5 minutes after end of learning period

Five minutes after second learning session, the child was asked to recall and say the word associated with each novel referent, learned under one of two conditions: a condition in which spaced retrieval trials occurred (RSR) and one in which there were no retrieval trials (RS). Each of the four verbs were tested twice, for a total of 8 recall items per condition.

Outcome measures

Measure	Children With Developmental Language Disorder n=13 Participants These children have a significant delay in language development in the absence of hearing impairment, cognitive delay, autism, or neurological injury/disease. Retrieval-based word learning: Repeated Spaced Retrieval condition: Each child will learn 8 novel nouns referring to unfamiliar plants and animals ("nepp") and a related "meaning" ("a nepp likes rain") in the context of a story book. Four of the nouns will be will be learned using repeated spaced retrieval. In this condition, they will initially hear the information and be asked to retrieve it. Thereafter, they will be asked to retrieve it after hearing 3 intervening words. After each retrieval attempt, they will hear the target information again. This procedure will occur on two consecutive days. Retrieval-based word learning: Repeated Study condition: Each child will learn 8 novel nouns referring to unfamiliar plants and animals ("nepp") and a related "meaning" ("a nepp likes rain") in the context of a story book. Four of the nouns will be will be learned using repeated study trials only (with no retrieval practice). In this condition, they will simply hear the information (word \& meaning) as part of the story. This procedure will occur on two consecutive days.	Children With Typical Language Development n=14 Participants Children whose language development is as expected for their age. Retrieval-based word learning: Repeated Spaced Retrieval condition: Each child will learn 8 novel nouns referring to unfamiliar plants and animals ("nepp") and a related "meaning" ("a nepp likes rain") in the context of a story book. Four of the nouns will be will be learned using repeated spaced retrieval. In this condition, they will initially hear the information and be asked to retrieve it. Thereafter, they will be asked to retrieve it after hearing 3 intervening words. After each retrieval attempt, they will hear the target information again. This procedure will occur on two consecutive days. Retrieval-based word learning: Repeated Study condition: Each child will learn 8 novel nouns referring to unfamiliar plants and animals ("nepp") and a related "meaning" ("a nepp likes rain") in the context of a story book. Four of the nouns will be will be learned using repeated study trials only (with no retrieval practice). In this condition, they will simply hear the information (word \& meaning) as part of the story. This procedure will occur on two consecutive days.
Word Form Accuracy (Number of Words Correctly Recalled) in Repeated Spaced Retrieval (RSR) and Repeated Study (RS) Conditions at 5 Mins. RS condition	1.46 number of words correctly recalled Standard Error 0.59	4.0 number of words correctly recalled Standard Error 0.56
Word Form Accuracy (Number of Words Correctly Recalled) in Repeated Spaced Retrieval (RSR) and Repeated Study (RS) Conditions at 5 Mins. RSR condition	4.54 number of words correctly recalled Standard Error 0.58	6.5 number of words correctly recalled Standard Error 0.56

PRIMARY outcome

Timeframe: 1 week after end of learning period

One week after second learning session, the child was asked to recall and say the word associated with each novel referent, learned under one of two conditions: a condition in which spaced retrieval trials occurred (RSR) and one in which there were no retrieval trials (RS). Each of the four verbs were tested twice, for a total of 8 recall items per condition.

Outcome measures

Measure	Children With Developmental Language Disorder n=13 Participants These children have a significant delay in language development in the absence of hearing impairment, cognitive delay, autism, or neurological injury/disease. Retrieval-based word learning: Repeated Spaced Retrieval condition: Each child will learn 8 novel nouns referring to unfamiliar plants and animals ("nepp") and a related "meaning" ("a nepp likes rain") in the context of a story book. Four of the nouns will be will be learned using repeated spaced retrieval. In this condition, they will initially hear the information and be asked to retrieve it. Thereafter, they will be asked to retrieve it after hearing 3 intervening words. After each retrieval attempt, they will hear the target information again. This procedure will occur on two consecutive days. Retrieval-based word learning: Repeated Study condition: Each child will learn 8 novel nouns referring to unfamiliar plants and animals ("nepp") and a related "meaning" ("a nepp likes rain") in the context of a story book. Four of the nouns will be will be learned using repeated study trials only (with no retrieval practice). In this condition, they will simply hear the information (word \& meaning) as part of the story. This procedure will occur on two consecutive days.	Children With Typical Language Development n=14 Participants Children whose language development is as expected for their age. Retrieval-based word learning: Repeated Spaced Retrieval condition: Each child will learn 8 novel nouns referring to unfamiliar plants and animals ("nepp") and a related "meaning" ("a nepp likes rain") in the context of a story book. Four of the nouns will be will be learned using repeated spaced retrieval. In this condition, they will initially hear the information and be asked to retrieve it. Thereafter, they will be asked to retrieve it after hearing 3 intervening words. After each retrieval attempt, they will hear the target information again. This procedure will occur on two consecutive days. Retrieval-based word learning: Repeated Study condition: Each child will learn 8 novel nouns referring to unfamiliar plants and animals ("nepp") and a related "meaning" ("a nepp likes rain") in the context of a story book. Four of the nouns will be will be learned using repeated study trials only (with no retrieval practice). In this condition, they will simply hear the information (word \& meaning) as part of the story. This procedure will occur on two consecutive days.
Word Form Accuracy (Number of Words Correctly Recalled) in Repeated Spaced Retrieval (RSR) and Repeated Study (RS) Conditions at 1 Week. RSR	3.92 number of words correctly recalled Standard Error 0.70	6.07 number of words correctly recalled Standard Error 0.67
Word Form Accuracy (Number of Words Correctly Recalled) in Repeated Spaced Retrieval (RSR) and Repeated Study (RS) Conditions at 1 Week. RS	1.46 number of words correctly recalled Standard Error 0.52	3.43 number of words correctly recalled Standard Error 0.50

PRIMARY outcome

Timeframe: 5 minutes after end of learning period

Five minutes after second learning session, the child was asked to recall and say the semantic information associated with each novel referent, learned under one of two conditions: a condition in which spaced retrieval trials occurred (RSR) and one in which there were no retrieval trials (RS). Each of the four verbs were tested twice, for a total of 8 recall items per condition.

Outcome measures

Measure	Children With Developmental Language Disorder n=13 Participants These children have a significant delay in language development in the absence of hearing impairment, cognitive delay, autism, or neurological injury/disease. Retrieval-based word learning: Repeated Spaced Retrieval condition: Each child will learn 8 novel nouns referring to unfamiliar plants and animals ("nepp") and a related "meaning" ("a nepp likes rain") in the context of a story book. Four of the nouns will be will be learned using repeated spaced retrieval. In this condition, they will initially hear the information and be asked to retrieve it. Thereafter, they will be asked to retrieve it after hearing 3 intervening words. After each retrieval attempt, they will hear the target information again. This procedure will occur on two consecutive days. Retrieval-based word learning: Repeated Study condition: Each child will learn 8 novel nouns referring to unfamiliar plants and animals ("nepp") and a related "meaning" ("a nepp likes rain") in the context of a story book. Four of the nouns will be will be learned using repeated study trials only (with no retrieval practice). In this condition, they will simply hear the information (word \& meaning) as part of the story. This procedure will occur on two consecutive days.	Children With Typical Language Development n=14 Participants Children whose language development is as expected for their age. Retrieval-based word learning: Repeated Spaced Retrieval condition: Each child will learn 8 novel nouns referring to unfamiliar plants and animals ("nepp") and a related "meaning" ("a nepp likes rain") in the context of a story book. Four of the nouns will be will be learned using repeated spaced retrieval. In this condition, they will initially hear the information and be asked to retrieve it. Thereafter, they will be asked to retrieve it after hearing 3 intervening words. After each retrieval attempt, they will hear the target information again. This procedure will occur on two consecutive days. Retrieval-based word learning: Repeated Study condition: Each child will learn 8 novel nouns referring to unfamiliar plants and animals ("nepp") and a related "meaning" ("a nepp likes rain") in the context of a story book. Four of the nouns will be will be learned using repeated study trials only (with no retrieval practice). In this condition, they will simply hear the information (word \& meaning) as part of the story. This procedure will occur on two consecutive days.
Word Meaning Recall Accuracy (Number of Semantic Associations Correctly Recalled) in Repeated Spaced Retrieval (RSR) and Repeated Study (RS) Conditions at 5 Mins. RSR	7.31 number of meanings correctly recalled Standard Error 0.42	7.50 number of meanings correctly recalled Standard Error 0.40
Word Meaning Recall Accuracy (Number of Semantic Associations Correctly Recalled) in Repeated Spaced Retrieval (RSR) and Repeated Study (RS) Conditions at 5 Mins. RS	5.46 number of meanings correctly recalled Standard Error 0.55	5.71 number of meanings correctly recalled Standard Error 0.53

PRIMARY outcome

Timeframe: 1 week after end of learning period

One week after second learning session, the child was asked to recall and say the semantic information associated with each novel referent, learned under one of two conditions: a condition in which spaced retrieval trials occurred (RSR) and one in which there were no retrieval trials (RS). Each of the four verbs were tested twice, for a total of 8 recall items per condition.

Outcome measures

Measure	Children With Developmental Language Disorder n=13 Participants These children have a significant delay in language development in the absence of hearing impairment, cognitive delay, autism, or neurological injury/disease. Retrieval-based word learning: Repeated Spaced Retrieval condition: Each child will learn 8 novel nouns referring to unfamiliar plants and animals ("nepp") and a related "meaning" ("a nepp likes rain") in the context of a story book. Four of the nouns will be will be learned using repeated spaced retrieval. In this condition, they will initially hear the information and be asked to retrieve it. Thereafter, they will be asked to retrieve it after hearing 3 intervening words. After each retrieval attempt, they will hear the target information again. This procedure will occur on two consecutive days. Retrieval-based word learning: Repeated Study condition: Each child will learn 8 novel nouns referring to unfamiliar plants and animals ("nepp") and a related "meaning" ("a nepp likes rain") in the context of a story book. Four of the nouns will be will be learned using repeated study trials only (with no retrieval practice). In this condition, they will simply hear the information (word \& meaning) as part of the story. This procedure will occur on two consecutive days.	Children With Typical Language Development n=14 Participants Children whose language development is as expected for their age. Retrieval-based word learning: Repeated Spaced Retrieval condition: Each child will learn 8 novel nouns referring to unfamiliar plants and animals ("nepp") and a related "meaning" ("a nepp likes rain") in the context of a story book. Four of the nouns will be will be learned using repeated spaced retrieval. In this condition, they will initially hear the information and be asked to retrieve it. Thereafter, they will be asked to retrieve it after hearing 3 intervening words. After each retrieval attempt, they will hear the target information again. This procedure will occur on two consecutive days. Retrieval-based word learning: Repeated Study condition: Each child will learn 8 novel nouns referring to unfamiliar plants and animals ("nepp") and a related "meaning" ("a nepp likes rain") in the context of a story book. Four of the nouns will be will be learned using repeated study trials only (with no retrieval practice). In this condition, they will simply hear the information (word \& meaning) as part of the story. This procedure will occur on two consecutive days.
Word Meaning Recall Accuracy (Number of Semantic Associations Correctly Recalled) in Repeated Spaced Retrieval (RSR) and Repeated Study (RS) Conditions at 1 Week. RSR	6.77 number of meanings correctly recalled Standard Error 0.40	7.21 number of meanings correctly recalled Standard Error 0.39
Word Meaning Recall Accuracy (Number of Semantic Associations Correctly Recalled) in Repeated Spaced Retrieval (RSR) and Repeated Study (RS) Conditions at 1 Week. RS	5.23 number of meanings correctly recalled Standard Error 0.52	5.57 number of meanings correctly recalled Standard Error 0.50

PRIMARY outcome

Timeframe: 1 week after end of learning period

Upon hearing a novel word, the child is asked to indicate (by pointing) which picture among 3 options is referred to; for words learned under the RSR and RS conditions.

Outcome measures

Measure	Children With Developmental Language Disorder n=13 Participants These children have a significant delay in language development in the absence of hearing impairment, cognitive delay, autism, or neurological injury/disease. Retrieval-based word learning: Repeated Spaced Retrieval condition: Each child will learn 8 novel nouns referring to unfamiliar plants and animals ("nepp") and a related "meaning" ("a nepp likes rain") in the context of a story book. Four of the nouns will be will be learned using repeated spaced retrieval. In this condition, they will initially hear the information and be asked to retrieve it. Thereafter, they will be asked to retrieve it after hearing 3 intervening words. After each retrieval attempt, they will hear the target information again. This procedure will occur on two consecutive days. Retrieval-based word learning: Repeated Study condition: Each child will learn 8 novel nouns referring to unfamiliar plants and animals ("nepp") and a related "meaning" ("a nepp likes rain") in the context of a story book. Four of the nouns will be will be learned using repeated study trials only (with no retrieval practice). In this condition, they will simply hear the information (word \& meaning) as part of the story. This procedure will occur on two consecutive days.	Children With Typical Language Development n=14 Participants Children whose language development is as expected for their age. Retrieval-based word learning: Repeated Spaced Retrieval condition: Each child will learn 8 novel nouns referring to unfamiliar plants and animals ("nepp") and a related "meaning" ("a nepp likes rain") in the context of a story book. Four of the nouns will be will be learned using repeated spaced retrieval. In this condition, they will initially hear the information and be asked to retrieve it. Thereafter, they will be asked to retrieve it after hearing 3 intervening words. After each retrieval attempt, they will hear the target information again. This procedure will occur on two consecutive days. Retrieval-based word learning: Repeated Study condition: Each child will learn 8 novel nouns referring to unfamiliar plants and animals ("nepp") and a related "meaning" ("a nepp likes rain") in the context of a story book. Four of the nouns will be will be learned using repeated study trials only (with no retrieval practice). In this condition, they will simply hear the information (word \& meaning) as part of the story. This procedure will occur on two consecutive days.
Word Recognition (Number of Words Accurately Identified) in Repeated Spaced Retrieval (RSR) and Repeated Study (RS) Conditions. RS	6.46 number or words correctly recognized Standard Error 0.25	7.86 number or words correctly recognized Standard Error 0.24
Word Recognition (Number of Words Accurately Identified) in Repeated Spaced Retrieval (RSR) and Repeated Study (RS) Conditions. RSR	6.92 number or words correctly recognized Standard Error 0.32	7.86 number or words correctly recognized Standard Error 0.31

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: Test completed at start of study

The Peabody Picture Vocabulary is an individually administered, norm-reference test that assesses receptive vocabulary (ability to understand individual words) for children and adults ages 2 years 6 months to 90 years and older. Standard scores are derived from number correct. Standard scores can range from a minimum of 40 and 160. Standard scores between 85 and 115 (1 standard deviation above and below the mean of 100) are interpreted as reflecting receptive vocabulary levels expected for age. Scores below 85 are interpreted as reflecting receptive vocabulary levels below what is expected for age.Scores above 115 are interpreted as reflecting receptive vocabulary levels above what is expected for age.

Outcome measures

Measure	Children With Developmental Language Disorder n=13 Participants These children have a significant delay in language development in the absence of hearing impairment, cognitive delay, autism, or neurological injury/disease. Retrieval-based word learning: Repeated Spaced Retrieval condition: Each child will learn 8 novel nouns referring to unfamiliar plants and animals ("nepp") and a related "meaning" ("a nepp likes rain") in the context of a story book. Four of the nouns will be will be learned using repeated spaced retrieval. In this condition, they will initially hear the information and be asked to retrieve it. Thereafter, they will be asked to retrieve it after hearing 3 intervening words. After each retrieval attempt, they will hear the target information again. This procedure will occur on two consecutive days. Retrieval-based word learning: Repeated Study condition: Each child will learn 8 novel nouns referring to unfamiliar plants and animals ("nepp") and a related "meaning" ("a nepp likes rain") in the context of a story book. Four of the nouns will be will be learned using repeated study trials only (with no retrieval practice). In this condition, they will simply hear the information (word \& meaning) as part of the story. This procedure will occur on two consecutive days.	Children With Typical Language Development n=14 Participants Children whose language development is as expected for their age. Retrieval-based word learning: Repeated Spaced Retrieval condition: Each child will learn 8 novel nouns referring to unfamiliar plants and animals ("nepp") and a related "meaning" ("a nepp likes rain") in the context of a story book. Four of the nouns will be will be learned using repeated spaced retrieval. In this condition, they will initially hear the information and be asked to retrieve it. Thereafter, they will be asked to retrieve it after hearing 3 intervening words. After each retrieval attempt, they will hear the target information again. This procedure will occur on two consecutive days. Retrieval-based word learning: Repeated Study condition: Each child will learn 8 novel nouns referring to unfamiliar plants and animals ("nepp") and a related "meaning" ("a nepp likes rain") in the context of a story book. Four of the nouns will be will be learned using repeated study trials only (with no retrieval practice). In this condition, they will simply hear the information (word \& meaning) as part of the story. This procedure will occur on two consecutive days.
Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test, Fourth Edition	100 score on a scale Standard Deviation 10.20	121.57 score on a scale Standard Deviation 10.60

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: Information collected at start of study

Educational attainment of child's mother in terms of years of education

Outcome measures

Measure	Children With Developmental Language Disorder n=13 Participants These children have a significant delay in language development in the absence of hearing impairment, cognitive delay, autism, or neurological injury/disease. Retrieval-based word learning: Repeated Spaced Retrieval condition: Each child will learn 8 novel nouns referring to unfamiliar plants and animals ("nepp") and a related "meaning" ("a nepp likes rain") in the context of a story book. Four of the nouns will be will be learned using repeated spaced retrieval. In this condition, they will initially hear the information and be asked to retrieve it. Thereafter, they will be asked to retrieve it after hearing 3 intervening words. After each retrieval attempt, they will hear the target information again. This procedure will occur on two consecutive days. Retrieval-based word learning: Repeated Study condition: Each child will learn 8 novel nouns referring to unfamiliar plants and animals ("nepp") and a related "meaning" ("a nepp likes rain") in the context of a story book. Four of the nouns will be will be learned using repeated study trials only (with no retrieval practice). In this condition, they will simply hear the information (word \& meaning) as part of the story. This procedure will occur on two consecutive days.	Children With Typical Language Development n=14 Participants Children whose language development is as expected for their age. Retrieval-based word learning: Repeated Spaced Retrieval condition: Each child will learn 8 novel nouns referring to unfamiliar plants and animals ("nepp") and a related "meaning" ("a nepp likes rain") in the context of a story book. Four of the nouns will be will be learned using repeated spaced retrieval. In this condition, they will initially hear the information and be asked to retrieve it. Thereafter, they will be asked to retrieve it after hearing 3 intervening words. After each retrieval attempt, they will hear the target information again. This procedure will occur on two consecutive days. Retrieval-based word learning: Repeated Study condition: Each child will learn 8 novel nouns referring to unfamiliar plants and animals ("nepp") and a related "meaning" ("a nepp likes rain") in the context of a story book. Four of the nouns will be will be learned using repeated study trials only (with no retrieval practice). In this condition, they will simply hear the information (word \& meaning) as part of the story. This procedure will occur on two consecutive days.
Years of Maternal Education	17.23 Years Standard Deviation 3.77	18.04 Years Standard Deviation 2.31

Adverse Events

Children With Developmental Language Disorder

Serious events: 0 serious events

Other events: 0 other events

Deaths: 0 deaths

Children With Typical Language Development

Serious events: 0 serious events

Other events: 0 other events

Deaths: 0 deaths

Serious adverse events

Adverse event data not reported

Other adverse events

Adverse event data not reported

Additional Information

Dr. Patricia Deevy, Research Associate

Purdue University

Phone: 765-496-1821

Email: deevy@purdue.edu

Results disclosure agreements

• Principal investigator is a sponsor employee
• Publication restrictions are in place