External Lumbar Drainage to Reduce ICP in Severe TBI: a Phase 1 Clinical Trial

NCT ID: NCT05889650

Last Updated: 2025-09-19

Basic Information

• Recruitment Status: RECRUITING
• Clinical Phase: NA
• Total Enrollment: 30 participants
• Study Classification: INTERVENTIONAL
• Study Start Date: 2024-06-24
• Study Completion Date: 2027-06-30

Brief Summary

The goal of this phase 1 randomized controlled safety and feasibility clinical trial are to determine the safety of external lumbar drainage (ELD) in select patients with severe Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI). The main questions it aims to answer are (i) if ELD is feasible and (ii) safe to perform in severe TBI patients who have radiological evidence of patent basal cisterns and midline shift <5mm without increasing the risk of neurological worsening or cerebral herniation.

All participants will receive routine usual care. The study group will additionally have ELD for cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) drainage. A comparison will be made between the usual treatment plus ELD (interventional) groups, and the usual treatment (control) groups on incidence rate of neurological worsening or cerebral herniation events, and whether total hours with raised intracranial pressure (ICP) are different.

Detailed Description

This is a randomized controlled trial to determine the safety and feasibility of external lumbar drainage (ELD) of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) as an adjunct to existing treatments to lower brain pressure, in select patients suffering severe traumatic brain injury (TBI). This trial is funded by the Department of Defense, Uniformed Services University of Health Sciences, Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine (CNRM).

Following a severe TBI, the brain swells and the pressure in the cranium rises causing further brain injury, The goal of treatment of such patients is to use treatments that lower brain swelling or pressure - directly by removing blood clots or indirectly by trying to lower the volume of contents in the cranium, viz. CSF or blood. Routinely a drain is placed in the skull to drain CSF out to provide space for brain swelling, thus keeping intracranial pressure (ICP) low. In some instances, all treatments available are unable to control swelling and the skull may need to be removed from one side, and in spite of this patients may die or suffer severe neurological injury and remain disabled.

Several non-randomized studies have shown that ELD is very effective in lowering intracranial pressure (ICP) in an immediate and lasting manner. While historical concerns remain that the brain may shift downwards causing herniation, this is not supported by recent studies. However, due to the historic nature of such teachings, some physicians may not use this potentially effective treatment in treating severe TBI patients with high ICP.

Therefore, in this trial we will determine the safety ELD in treating severe TBI patients, in a randomized controlled manner, whereby two-thirds of the patients will be randomized to routine usual treatments and either early or late ELD, and a third to only routine usual treatments. The patient randomized to ELD will receive this in addition to all other usual treatments, and no available treatment will be withheld

The secondary objectives are to determine if routine quantitative pupillometry can be used for safety determination and monitoring of ELD by evaluating:

1. Correlation with ELD safety score

2. Temporally changes prior to occurrence of any 'critical neuro-worsening events

Comparison / Usual treatment All participants will undergo usual treatment as per evidence- and guidelines-based Seattle International Severe Traumatic Brain Injury Consensus Conference (SIBICC) algorithm (36, 71). Routine non-invasive automated infra-red pupillometry will be performed bilaterally every hour as part of routine neurological checks for neuro-worsening in addition to hourly Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score checks and other routine intensive care unit (ICU) protocols. No treatment will be withheld. ICP monitoring will be performed with intra-parenchymal monitor or external ventricular drainage (EVD) as per local protocols.

RISKS TO HUMAN SUBJECTS:

The assessments for this study involve risk and benefits to patients in excess of routine standard of care treatment. The risks related to the intervention i.e. placement of lumbar drain and drainage of CSF, are critical neurological worsening events related to cerebral herniation such as decrease in GCS score, development of new motor deficit, or rarely death. These events will be recorded for all patients and prompt treatment will be instituted accordingly, including an emergent computed tomography (CT) scan (36). Clinical protocols exist at all neurotrauma ICUs for such neuro-worsening events and neurointensivists and neurotrauma surgeons are well placed to manage them medically or surgically in routine care of severe TBI patients.

Background 'Event rate' for critical neuro-worsening events with usual treatment: To estimate background 'event rate' of critical neuro-worsening events, we analyzed the Brain Trauma Foundation (BTF)-New York State TBI-trac® registry from 1997-2004, with 4789 TBI patients, of which 3590 had CT data and 2616 were between the age of 18-65 years. When inclusion / exclusion criteria for age and CT findings were applied, 50.3% of these were eligible for the study. The mean incident risk of having new pupillary asymmetry at any point after admission was 22.0% (95% confidence intervals (CI): 19.9-24.3%), risk of motor worsening was 18.0% (95% CI: 12.6-25.0%) for those with motor score 1-4, and 16.4% (95% CI: 12.1-21.9%) for all motor scores with deterioration. Finally, risk of 2-week mortality was 22.4% (95% CI 20.2-24.8%). This data provides us with an expected event rate, though the comparison will still be made between control and intervention arms of the study, per protocol. Given the high incidence of these events occurring as natural history of the disease, they will be classified as anticipated Serious adverse events (SAEs).

Human Subjects Protections:

Pressure and Volume protected lumbar CSF drainage: In the studies reviewed, ELD was set to drain at 0-20 mmHg or drained at fixed volume. In order to increase safety, we will perform ELD in patients without high ICP at 15 mmHg and those with high ICP at 20 mmHg and additionally volume-limit drainage to 10 ml/hour.

Procedure safety:

Indication:

ELD will be utilized as the first intervention in the 2nd tier of SIBICC protocol, which will invariably be preceded by gradual increase in ICP. As per SIBICC protocol, a CT scan will be obtained prior to advancement to 2nd tier and ELD placement.

Contra-indications:

ELD will NOT be utilized to lower ICP during sudden ICP crises associated with neuro-worsening. Hypertonic saline, mannitol, hyperventilation, and review for surgery will be utilized as per clinical routine.

ELD will NOT be placed in lieu of an EVD. ELD will NOT be performed in patients undergoing hemicraniectomy.

Safety Monitoring: Given the greatest risk of neuro-worsening from herniation is soon after drainage is commenced, all patients will undergo automated pupillometry for pupillary size, symmetry, light reactivity and neurological pupillary index (NPI) every 15 minutes for 1 hour following ELD placement and start of CSF drainage. Following the first hour, pupillometry will be performed hourly. If NPI drops by 1 point within the 1st hour, a head CT may be obtained to review any craniocaudal shift.

SAFETY REPORTING: All unanticipated SAEs will be reported to the steering committee, local site institutional research boards (IRBs) as well as the overall IRB, within 24 hours. Anticipated SAE and adverse events (AEs) will be reported in annual reports.

Data Safety and Monitoring Board (DSMB):

A DSMB of a pool of 7 experienced trauma neurosurgeons and neurointensivists of international standing, will review every neuro-worsening events, as defined above, in each arm of the study. The DSMB will meet every 6 months to review anticipated SAEs. DSMB will review unanticipated SAE including deaths within 48 hours, and will make determinations of association of unanticipated adverse events with interventions.

Potential benefits of the proposed research to participants:

As this is an interventional study, the research participants may gain direct benefit or suffer harm. At conclusion of the study, the overall results will be included in a summary report mailed to all participants. In the field of TBI management, this study has potential benefits in treating post-traumatic intracranial hypertension, which is the main mechanism of neurological deterioration following severe TBI and improving functional outcome for participants.

Conditions

Severe Traumatic Brain Injury; Intracranial Hypertension

Study Design

• Allocation Method: RANDOMIZED
• Intervention Model: SEQUENTIAL
• Primary Study Purpose: TREATMENT
• Blinding Strategy: SINGLE

Study Groups

1st stage - prophylactic

External lumbar drainage @15mmHg if intracranial pressure is not raised on admission

Group Type: EXPERIMENTAL

External Lumbar drainage

Intervention Type: PROCEDURE

ELD @ 15 or 20mmHg based on intervention arm with maximum of 10ml/hour drainage

2nd stage - treatment

External lumbar drainage @20mmHg if / when intracranial pressure \>20mmHg and tier 1 therapies cannot achieve ICP\<20mmHg

Group Type: EXPERIMENTAL

External Lumbar drainage

Intervention Type: PROCEDURE

ELD @ 15 or 20mmHg based on intervention arm with maximum of 10ml/hour drainage

Usual treatment

Usual treatment as per SIBICC algorithm

Group Type: NO_INTERVENTION

No interventions assigned to this group

Interventions

External Lumbar drainage

ELD @ 15 or 20mmHg based on intervention arm with maximum of 10ml/hour drainage

Intervention Type: PROCEDURE

Eligibility Criteria

Inclusion Criteria

1. 18-65 years age

2. Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) 3-8

3. Pupils symmetric and bilaterally reactive

4. Midline shift ≤5mm at the level of foramen of Monro on admission or post-operative brain CT

5. Patent (complete or partial) quadrigeminal cisterns on admission or post-operative brain CT

6. First randomization and intervention may be commenced within 24 hours of injury

7. ELD safety score ≥5

Exclusion Criteria

1. GCS >8

2. Cisterns on CT completely effaced

3. Midline shift on CT >5mm

4. GCS 3 with dilated and fixed pupils

5. Uncal or tonsillar herniation on admission or post-operative brain CT

6. Temporal lobe contusions

7. Penetrating TBI

8. Primary hemicraniectomy

9. Pregnancy

10. Prisoners

11. Patients previously lacking capacity to consent or refuse treatment, or with advanced directives to forego aggressive care

12. Pre-existing conditions affecting functional status or life expectancy to less than 1 year

13. Contra-indications for ELD placement: coagulopathy, use of anticoagulants or anti-thrombotics, thrombocytopenia <50,000, or severe spinal deformity.

• Minimum Eligible Age: 18 Years
• Maximum Eligible Age: 65 Years
• Eligible Sex: ALL
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: No

Sponsors

Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences

FED

Sponsor Role: collaborator

University of Kansas

OTHER

Sponsor Role: collaborator

The Cleveland Clinic

OTHER

Sponsor Role: collaborator

Weill Medical College of Cornell University

OTHER

Sponsor Role: collaborator

Brain Trauma Foundation

OTHER

Sponsor Role: lead

Responsible Party

Halinder Mangat

Director of Research

Responsibility Role: PRINCIPAL_INVESTIGATOR

Principal Investigators

Halinder S Mangat, MD MSc

Role: PRINCIPAL_INVESTIGATOR

Brain Trauma Foundation; Kansas University Medical Center Research Institute

Jamshid Ghajar, MD PhD

Role: PRINCIPAL_INVESTIGATOR

Brain Trauma Foundation

Gregory Hawryluk, MD PhD

Role: PRINCIPAL_INVESTIGATOR

Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Brain Trauma Foundation

Bradley Dengler, MD

Role: STUDY_CHAIR

Military Traumatic Brain Injury Initiative, Uniformed Services University

Locations

University of Florida

Gainesville, Florida, United States

Site Status: NOT_YET_RECRUITING

Kansas University Medical Center

Kansas City, Kansas, United States

Site Status: RECRUITING

University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center

Dallas, Texas, United States

Site Status: NOT_YET_RECRUITING

Brooke Army Medical Center

Fort Sam Houston, Texas, United States

Site Status: NOT_YET_RECRUITING

University of Texas

San Antonio, Texas, United States

Site Status: NOT_YET_RECRUITING

Countries

United States

Central Contacts

Carlos Morales, MPH

Role: CONTACT

carlos.morales.ctr@usuhs.edu

240-6536638

Halinder S Mangat, MD, MSc

Role: CONTACT

elastic@braintrauma.org

913-5886970

Facility Contacts

Ivan DaSilva, MD

Role: primary

Ivan.RochaFerreiraDaSilva@neurology.ufl.edu

Magali Jorand-Fletcher

Role: backup

magali.jorand-fletcher@neurology.ufl.edu

Halinder S Mangat, MD, MSc

Role: primary

hmangat@braintrauma.org

Robert Tuke, MD, MPH

Role: backup

rtuke@kumc.edu

Alex Valadka, MD

Role: primary

alex.valadka@utsouthwestern.edu

Aisha Qureshi

Role: backup

Aisha.Qureshi@utsouthwestern.edu

Geoffrey Peitz, MD

Role: primary

geoffrey.w.peitz.mil@health.mil

Ryan Morton, MD

Role: backup

ryan.p.morton.mil@health.mil

Michael McGinity, MD

Role: primary

mcginity@uthscsa.edu

Megan Jackson

Role: backup

jacksonm1@uthscsa.edu

References

Badhiwala J, Lumba-Brown A, Hawryluk GWJ, Ghajar J. External Lumbar Drainage following Traumatic Intracranial Hypertension: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Neurosurgery. 2021 Aug 16;89(3):395-405. doi: 10.1093/neuros/nyab181.

Reference Type: BACKGROUND

PMID: 34171100 (View on PubMed)

Ginalis EE, Fernandez LL, Avila JP, Aristizabal S, Rubiano AM. A review of external lumbar drainage for the management of intracranial hypertension in traumatic brain injury. Neurochirurgie. 2022 Feb;68(2):206-211. doi: 10.1016/j.neuchi.2021.05.004. Epub 2021 May 26.

Reference Type: BACKGROUND

PMID: 34051245 (View on PubMed)

Bauer M, Sohm F, Thome C, Ortler M. Refractory intracranial hypertension in traumatic brain injury: Proposal for a novel score to assess the safety of lumbar cerebrospinal fluid drainage. Surg Neurol Int. 2017 Nov 1;8:265. doi: 10.4103/sni.sni_98_17. eCollection 2017.

Reference Type: BACKGROUND

PMID: 29184716 (View on PubMed)

Llompart-Pou JA, Abadal JM, Perez-Barcena J, Molina M, Brell M, Ibanez J, Raurich JM, Ibanez J, Homar J. Long-term follow-up of patients with post-traumatic refractory high intracranial pressure treated with lumbar drainage. Anaesth Intensive Care. 2011 Jan;39(1):79-83. doi: 10.1177/0310057X1103900113.

Reference Type: BACKGROUND

PMID: 21375095 (View on PubMed)

Murad A, Ghostine S, Colohan AR. A case for further investigating the use of controlled lumbar cerebrospinal fluid drainage for the control of intracranial pressure. World Neurosurg. 2012 Jan;77(1):160-5. doi: 10.1016/j.wneu.2011.06.018. Epub 2011 Nov 15.

Reference Type: BACKGROUND

PMID: 22154151 (View on PubMed)

Abadal-Centellas JM, Llompart-Pou JA, Homar-Ramirez J, Perez-Barcena J, Rossello-Ferrer A, Ibanez-Juve J. Neurologic outcome of posttraumatic refractory intracranial hypertension treated with external lumbar drainage. J Trauma. 2007 Feb;62(2):282-6; discussion 286. doi: 10.1097/01.ta.0000199422.01949.78.

Reference Type: BACKGROUND

PMID: 17297313 (View on PubMed)

Tuettenberg J, Czabanka M, Horn P, Woitzik J, Barth M, Thome C, Vajkoczy P, Schmiedek P, Muench E. Clinical evaluation of the safety and efficacy of lumbar cerebrospinal fluid drainage for the treatment of refractory increased intracranial pressure. J Neurosurg. 2009 Jun;110(6):1200-8. doi: 10.3171/2008.10.JNS08293.

Reference Type: BACKGROUND

PMID: 19249925 (View on PubMed)

Hawryluk GWJ, Aguilera S, Buki A, Bulger E, Citerio G, Cooper DJ, Arrastia RD, Diringer M, Figaji A, Gao G, Geocadin R, Ghajar J, Harris O, Hoffer A, Hutchinson P, Joseph M, Kitagawa R, Manley G, Mayer S, Menon DK, Meyfroidt G, Michael DB, Oddo M, Okonkwo D, Patel M, Robertson C, Rosenfeld JV, Rubiano AM, Sahuquillo J, Servadei F, Shutter L, Stein D, Stocchetti N, Taccone FS, Timmons S, Tsai E, Ullman JS, Vespa P, Videtta W, Wright DW, Zammit C, Chesnut RM. A management algorithm for patients with intracranial pressure monitoring: the Seattle International Severe Traumatic Brain Injury Consensus Conference (SIBICC). Intensive Care Med. 2019 Dec;45(12):1783-1794. doi: 10.1007/s00134-019-05805-9. Epub 2019 Oct 28.

Reference Type: BACKGROUND

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Other Identifiers

23-17380

Identifier Type: -

Identifier Source: org_study_id