Study Results
Results pending
The study team has not published outcome measurements, participant flow, or safety data for this trial yet. Check back later for updates.
Basic Information
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Recruitment Status
COMPLETED
Total Enrollment
728 participants
Study Classification
OBSERVATIONAL
Study Start Date
2022-04-01
Study Completion Date
2023-04-17
Brief Summary
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Patients hospitalized with COVID-19 treated with calcifediol during the first outbreaks of the pandemic (until the first vaccinations) are compared with the aim of determining the therapeutic, clinical, functional, and biochemical variables that modify the response (admission to ICU or death) to calcifediol during hospitalization for COVID 19
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Detailed Description
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The ongoing pandemic of coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19), caused by the β-coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, is the greatest challenge ever faced by modern medicine and public health systems worldwide. In early outbreaks, approximately 20% progressed to severe symptomatology, of which 5% developed acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), septic shock and multi-organ failure accompanied by a high risk of death. In this scenario, the scientific community employed strong social containment measures and developed vaccines effective in preventing severe clinical forms of COVID-19. Vaccines against the causative virus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), have shown a preventive effect against the occurrence and severity of COVID-19, and social and economic activities are gradually recovering worldwide.
The rapid mutation rate of this virus family including multiple mutations in the receptor binding domain of the spike protein that have been associated with increased transmissibility and immune evasion after natural infection and vaccination, calls into question both the efficacy of vaccines and their long-term safety and the efficacy of monoclonal antibodies withdrawn for lack of effectiveness. Moreover, the cost/benefit of newly licensed oral antivirals for high-risk patients in higher-income countries remains inadequately documented.
These data update the repositioning strategy employed since the beginning of the pandemic for the use of safe drugs, approved for another indication and reproposed to improve symptoms and clinical outcomes in COVID-19 patients.
Numerous drugs have been investigated with this strategy and many studies have been published. Calcifediol (25OH vitamin D3) is one of them. Calcifediol is the prohormone of the vitamin D endocrine system (VDES). It requires hydroxylation to convert to calcitriol (1,25(OH)2 vitamin D3) , the active form that exerts its functions by activating the vitamin D receptor (VDR), which is expressed in the immune system and many other affected organs in COVID, including the lungs.
Available data strongly suggest that treatment with calcifediol can decrease the severity of COVID-19, decreasing the need for intensive care unit (ICU) admissions and decreasing the risk of mortality. It is a cost-effective treatment, without major adverse effects, and widely available, which could have positive implications for the treatment of the disease worldwide.
Another family of repositioned drugs has been the corticosteroids. Commonly used for decades for their immunosuppressive/anti-inflammatory properties by inhibiting the expression of multiple pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, and the (in)activation of various immune cells. However, at the start of the pandemic in 2020, corticosteroid treatment in COVID-19 was formally contraindicated or not recommended.
Corticosteroids had been widely used during outbreaks of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-CoV and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS)-CoV, but review of their use in those epidemics suggested that corticosteroid use could increase mortality and secondary infection rates by delaying viral clearance. Therefore, World Health Organization (WHO) interim guidance on the clinical management of severe acute respiratory infection when SARS-CoV-2 infection was suspected (published on 28 January 2020) advised against the use of corticosteroids unless otherwise indicated.
For this reason, the three studies described that treated COVID with high-dose calcifediol and best available therapy did not use corticosteroids (except rarely and after a consensus clinical decision by the treating physicians). Thus, the results obtained did not have the confounding factor of modulation of innate and acquired immunity by corticosteroid treatment.
Following the RECOVERY trial, one of the largest randomized controlled trials for COVID-19 treatment, clinical practice guidelines were modified worldwide to authorize the standard use of dexamethasone or other corticosteroids as the best available treatment in hospitalized patients with severe COVID-19 requiring intensive oxygen therapy. However, the appropriate time interval for corticosteroid administration is a matter of debate, and the response to treatment is also likely to be related to the natural history of each patient's clinical and biological evolution. In addition, it is unclear how long treatment should last; since prolonged corticosteroid treatment may not be safe, due to interference with clotting and metabolic pathways, disease symptoms and long-term persistence of COVID-19.
Therefore, systemic glucocorticoids, included as the best available treatment, could, depending on the timing of their introduction, modify and/or confound the beneficial effect of calcifediol evidenced in the pre-corticoid stage of the pandemic. Other variables may also act as a confounding factor in the response to calcifediol treatment.
The rapid mutation rate of this virus family including multiple mutations in the receptor binding domain of the spike protein that have been associated with increased transmissibility and immune evasion after natural infection and vaccination, calls into question both the efficacy of vaccines and their long-term safety and the efficacy of monoclonal antibodies withdrawn for lack of effectiveness. Moreover, the cost/benefit of newly licensed oral antivirals for high-risk patients in higher-income countries remains inadequately documented.
These data update the repositioning strategy employed since the beginning of the pandemic for the use of safe drugs, approved for another indication and reproposed to improve symptoms and clinical outcomes in COVID-19 patients.
Numerous drugs have been investigated with this strategy and many studies have been published. Calcifediol (25OH vitamin D3) is one of them. Calcifediol is the prohormone of the vitamin D endocrine system (VDES). It requires hydroxylation to convert to calcitriol (1,25(OH)2 vitamin D3) , the active form that exerts its functions by activating the vitamin D receptor (VDR), which is expressed in the immune system and many other affected organs in COVID, including the lungs.
Available data strongly suggest that treatment with calcifediol can decrease the severity of COVID-19, decreasing the need for intensive care unit (ICU) admissions and decreasing the risk of mortality. It is a cost-effective treatment, without major adverse effects, and widely available, which could have positive implications for the treatment of the disease worldwide.
Another family of repositioned drugs has been the corticosteroids. Commonly used for decades for their immunosuppressive/anti-inflammatory properties by inhibiting the expression of multiple pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, and the (in)activation of various immune cells. However, at the start of the pandemic in 2020, corticosteroid treatment in COVID-19 was formally contraindicated or not recommended.
Corticosteroids had been widely used during outbreaks of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-CoV and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS)-CoV, but review of their use in those epidemics suggested that corticosteroid use could increase mortality and secondary infection rates by delaying viral clearance. Therefore, World Health Organization (WHO) interim guidance on the clinical management of severe acute respiratory infection when SARS-CoV-2 infection was suspected (published on 28 January 2020) advised against the use of corticosteroids unless otherwise indicated.
For this reason, the three studies described that treated COVID with high-dose calcifediol and best available therapy did not use corticosteroids (except rarely and after a consensus clinical decision by the treating physicians). Thus, the results obtained did not have the confounding factor of modulation of innate and acquired immunity by corticosteroid treatment.
Following the RECOVERY trial, one of the largest randomized controlled trials for COVID-19 treatment, clinical practice guidelines were modified worldwide to authorize the standard use of dexamethasone or other corticosteroids as the best available treatment in hospitalized patients with severe COVID-19 requiring intensive oxygen therapy. However, the appropriate time interval for corticosteroid administration is a matter of debate, and the response to treatment is also likely to be related to the natural history of each patient's clinical and biological evolution. In addition, it is unclear how long treatment should last; since prolonged corticosteroid treatment may not be safe, due to interference with clotting and metabolic pathways, disease symptoms and long-term persistence of COVID-19.
Therefore, systemic glucocorticoids, included as the best available treatment, could, depending on the timing of their introduction, modify and/or confound the beneficial effect of calcifediol evidenced in the pre-corticoid stage of the pandemic. Other variables may also act as a confounding factor in the response to calcifediol treatment.
Conditions
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COVID-19
Study Design
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Observational Model Type
COHORT
Study Time Perspective
RETROSPECTIVE
Study Groups
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Calcifediol
Calcifediol
Intervention Type
DRUG
Subjects hospitalized with COVID-19 treated with calcifediol
Best therapy available
Best available therapy
Intervention Type
DRUG
Subjects hospitalized with COVID-19 treated with Azithromycin, hydroxychloroquine, corticoids and others authorized treatments.
Interventions
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Calcifediol
Subjects hospitalized with COVID-19 treated with calcifediol
Intervention Type
DRUG
Best available therapy
Subjects hospitalized with COVID-19 treated with Azithromycin, hydroxychloroquine, corticoids and others authorized treatments.
Intervention Type
DRUG
Eligibility Criteria
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Inclusion Criteria
* Age ≥ 18 and \< 90 years.
* Diagnosis confirmed by positive polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for COVID-19.
* Radiological image compatible with pulmonary involvement by COVID-19.
* Admission to "Reina Sofia university Hospital (HURS)" Pneumology Department.
* Diagnosis confirmed by positive polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for COVID-19.
* Radiological image compatible with pulmonary involvement by COVID-19.
* Admission to "Reina Sofia university Hospital (HURS)" Pneumology Department.
Exclusion Criteria
* Patients for whom electronic medical record data cannot be collected.
Minimum Eligible Age
18 Years
Eligible Sex
ALL
Accepts Healthy Volunteers
No
Sponsors
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Maimónides Biomedical Research Institute of Córdoba
OTHER
Sponsor Role
lead
Responsible Party
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Responsibility Role
SPONSOR
Principal Investigators
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Luis M Entrenas Costa, MD
Role: PRINCIPAL_INVESTIGATOR
Hospital Universitario Reina Sofia de Cordoba
Locations
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Hospital Universitario Reina Sofia
Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
Site Status
Countries
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Spain
References
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Wiersinga WJ, Rhodes A, Cheng AC, Peacock SJ, Prescott HC. Pathophysiology, Transmission, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): A Review. JAMA. 2020 Aug 25;324(8):782-793. doi: 10.1001/jama.2020.12839.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Grana C, Ghosn L, Evrenoglou T, Jarde A, Minozzi S, Bergman H, Buckley BS, Probyn K, Villanueva G, Henschke N, Bonnet H, Assi R, Menon S, Marti M, Devane D, Mallon P, Lelievre JD, Askie LM, Kredo T, Ferrand G, Davidson M, Riveros C, Tovey D, Meerpohl JJ, Grasselli G, Rada G, Hrobjartsson A, Ravaud P, Chaimani A, Boutron I. Efficacy and safety of COVID-19 vaccines. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2022 Dec 7;12(12):CD015477. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD015477.
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BACKGROUND
Giliberto Capano, Michael Howlett, Darryl S L Jarvis, M Ramesh, Long-term policy impacts of the coronavirus: normalization, adaptation, and acceleration in the post-COVID state, Policy and Society, 2022; 41 (1): 1-12, doi: 10.1093/polsoc/puab018.
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BACKGROUND
Kato Y, Nishiyama K, Nishimura A, Noda T, Okabe K, Kusakabe T, Kanda Y, Nishida M. Drug repurposing for the treatment of COVID-19. J Pharmacol Sci. 2022 Jul;149(3):108-114. doi: 10.1016/j.jphs.2022.04.007. Epub 2022 Apr 25.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
San Filippo S, Crovetto B, Bucek J, Nahass RG, Milano M, Brunetti L. Comparative Efficacy of Early COVID-19 Monoclonal Antibody Therapies: A Retrospective Analysis. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2022 Feb 14;9(4):ofac080. doi: 10.1093/ofid/ofac080. eCollection 2022 Apr.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Jayk Bernal A, Gomes da Silva MM, Musungaie DB, Kovalchuk E, Gonzalez A, Delos Reyes V, Martin-Quiros A, Caraco Y, Williams-Diaz A, Brown ML, Du J, Pedley A, Assaid C, Strizki J, Grobler JA, Shamsuddin HH, Tipping R, Wan H, Paschke A, Butterton JR, Johnson MG, De Anda C; MOVe-OUT Study Group. Molnupiravir for Oral Treatment of Covid-19 in Nonhospitalized Patients. N Engl J Med. 2022 Feb 10;386(6):509-520. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2116044. Epub 2021 Dec 16.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Reis S, Metzendorf MI, Kuehn R, Popp M, Gagyor I, Kranke P, Meybohm P, Skoetz N, Weibel S. Nirmatrelvir combined with ritonavir for preventing and treating COVID-19. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2022 Sep 20;9(9):CD015395. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD015395.pub2.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Quesada-Gomez JM, Entrenas-Castillo M, Bouillon R. Vitamin D receptor stimulation to reduce acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) in patients with coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 infections: Revised Ms SBMB 2020_166. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2020 Sep;202:105719. doi: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2020.105719. Epub 2020 Jun 11.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Entrenas Castillo M, Entrenas Costa LM, Vaquero Barrios JM, Alcala Diaz JF, Lopez Miranda J, Bouillon R, Quesada Gomez JM. "Effect of calcifediol treatment and best available therapy versus best available therapy on intensive care unit admission and mortality among patients hospitalized for COVID-19: A pilot randomized clinical study". J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2020 Oct;203:105751. doi: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2020.105751. Epub 2020 Aug 29.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Nogues X, Ovejero D, Pineda-Moncusi M, Bouillon R, Arenas D, Pascual J, Ribes A, Guerri-Fernandez R, Villar-Garcia J, Rial A, Gimenez-Argente C, Cos ML, Rodriguez-Morera J, Campodarve I, Quesada-Gomez JM, Garcia-Giralt N. Calcifediol Treatment and COVID-19-Related Outcomes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2021 Sep 27;106(10):e4017-e4027. doi: 10.1210/clinem/dgab405.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Alcala-Diaz JF, Limia-Perez L, Gomez-Huelgas R, Martin-Escalante MD, Cortes-Rodriguez B, Zambrana-Garcia JL, Entrenas-Castillo M, Perez-Caballero AI, Lopez-Carmona MD, Garcia-Alegria J, Lozano Rodriguez-Mancheno A, Arenas-de Larriva MDS, Perez-Belmonte LM, Jungreis I, Bouillon R, Quesada-Gomez JM, Lopez-Miranda J. Calcifediol Treatment and Hospital Mortality Due to COVID-19: A Cohort Study. Nutrients. 2021 May 21;13(6):1760. doi: 10.3390/nu13061760.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Loucera C, Pena-Chilet M, Esteban-Medina M, Munoyerro-Muniz D, Villegas R, Lopez-Miranda J, Rodriguez-Bano J, Tunez I, Bouillon R, Dopazo J, Quesada Gomez JM. Real world evidence of calcifediol or vitamin D prescription and mortality rate of COVID-19 in a retrospective cohort of hospitalized Andalusian patients. Sci Rep. 2021 Dec 3;11(1):23380. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-02701-5.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Shimba A, Ikuta K. Glucocorticoids Regulate Circadian Rhythm of Innate and Adaptive Immunity. Front Immunol. 2020 Sep 18;11:2143. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.02143. eCollection 2020.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Dagens A, Sigfrid L, Cai E, Lipworth S, Cheng V, Harris E, Bannister P, Rigby I, Horby P. Scope, quality, and inclusivity of clinical guidelines produced early in the covid-19 pandemic: rapid review. BMJ. 2020 May 26;369:m1936. doi: 10.1136/bmj.m1936.
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BACKGROUND
Stockman LJ, Bellamy R, Garner P. SARS: systematic review of treatment effects. PLoS Med. 2006 Sep;3(9):e343. doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed.0030343.
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BACKGROUND
Arabi YM, Mandourah Y, Al-Hameed F, Sindi AA, Almekhlafi GA, Hussein MA, Jose J, Pinto R, Al-Omari A, Kharaba A, Almotairi A, Al Khatib K, Alraddadi B, Shalhoub S, Abdulmomen A, Qushmaq I, Mady A, Solaiman O, Al-Aithan AM, Al-Raddadi R, Ragab A, Balkhy HH, Al Harthy A, Deeb AM, Al Mutairi H, Al-Dawood A, Merson L, Hayden FG, Fowler RA; Saudi Critical Care Trial Group. Corticosteroid Therapy for Critically Ill Patients with Middle East Respiratory Syndrome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2018 Mar 15;197(6):757-767. doi: 10.1164/rccm.201706-1172OC.
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BACKGROUND
Russell CD, Millar JE, Baillie JK. Clinical evidence does not support corticosteroid treatment for 2019-nCoV lung injury. Lancet. 2020 Feb 15;395(10223):473-475. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30317-2. Epub 2020 Feb 7. No abstract available.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
RECOVERY Collaborative Group; Horby P, Lim WS, Emberson JR, Mafham M, Bell JL, Linsell L, Staplin N, Brightling C, Ustianowski A, Elmahi E, Prudon B, Green C, Felton T, Chadwick D, Rege K, Fegan C, Chappell LC, Faust SN, Jaki T, Jeffery K, Montgomery A, Rowan K, Juszczak E, Baillie JK, Haynes R, Landray MJ. Dexamethasone in Hospitalized Patients with Covid-19. N Engl J Med. 2021 Feb 25;384(8):693-704. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2021436. Epub 2020 Jul 17.
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BACKGROUND
Sarzani R, Spannella F, Giulietti F, Di Pentima C, Giordano P, Giacometti A. Possible harm from glucocorticoid drugs misuse in the early phase of SARS-CoV-2 infection: a narrative review of the evidence. Intern Emerg Med. 2022 Mar;17(2):329-338. doi: 10.1007/s11739-021-02860-3. Epub 2021 Oct 31.
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BACKGROUND
Update to living WHO guideline on drugs for covid-19. BMJ. 2021 Sep 23;374:n2219. doi: 10.1136/bmj.n2219. No abstract available.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Blazquez-Cabrera JA, Torres-Hernandez J, Bouillon R, Casado-Diaz A, Quesada-Gomez JM, Navarro-Casado L. ALBACOVIDIOL Study: Effect of Calcifediol Treatment on Mortality in Patients Hospitalized for COVID-19: A Retrospective Analysis. Nutrients. 2025 Jun 10;17(12):1968. doi: 10.3390/nu17121968.
Reference Type
DERIVED
Entrenas-Castillo M, Entrenas-Costa LM, Pata MP, Gamez BJ, Munoz-Corroto C, Gomez-Rebollo C, Mira-Padilla E, Bouillon R, Quesada-Gomez JM. Latent Class Analysis Reveals, in patient profiles, COVID-19-related better prognosis by calcifediol treatment than glucocorticoids. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2025 Jan;245:106609. doi: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2024.106609. Epub 2024 Aug 31.
Reference Type
DERIVED
Related Links
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Other Identifiers
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TD-CCRC-21
Identifier Type: -
Identifier Source: org_study_id
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