Trial Outcomes & Findings for Intervening in Food Insecurity to Reduce and Mitigate (InFoRM) Childhood Obesity (NCT NCT05586269)

NCT ID: NCT05586269

Last Updated: 2025-05-22

Results Overview

Proportion of eligible participants who were recruited and enrolled in the intervention, prior to randomization.

Recruitment status

COMPLETED

Study phase

Target enrollment

59 participants

Primary outcome timeframe

2 months to baseline

Results posted on

2025-05-22

Participant Flow

Recruitment was conducted at a primary care clinic between February and March 2023. The first participant was enrolled on February 13, 2023, and the last participant was enrolled on March 9, 2023.

Dyad (caregiver + child) eligibility was based child criteria and caregiver language (see Study Design). The child and their primary caregiver were enrolled in the study. There were 30 children and 29 caregivers enrolled in the study. One caregiver had two children enrolled in the study.

Participant milestones

Participant milestones
Measure	Meal Kits, Then Newsletter + Food Pantry Referral: Caregivers Dyads (caregiver + child) receive weekly healthy meal kits with fresh ingredients and simple recipes (6 weeks duration). After the second study visit, they receive a newsletter and food pantry referral.	Meal Kits, Then Newsletter + Food Pantry Referral: Children Dyads (caregiver + child) receive weekly healthy meal kits with fresh ingredients and simple recipes (6 weeks duration). After the second study visit, they receive a newsletter and food pantry referral.	Newsletter + Food Pantry Referral, Then Meal Kits: Caregivers Dyads (caregiver + child) receive a newsletter and food pantry referral. After the second study visit, they receive weekly healthy meal kits with fresh ingredients and simple recipes (6 weeks duration).	Newsletter + Food Pantry Referral, Then Meal Kits: Children Dyads (caregiver + child) receive a newsletter and food pantry referral. After the second study visit, they receive weekly healthy meal kits with fresh ingredients and simple recipes (6 weeks duration).
First Intervention (6 Weeks) STARTED	14	15	15	15
First Intervention (6 Weeks) Received Intervention	13	14	15	15
First Intervention (6 Weeks) COMPLETED	10	11	12	12
First Intervention (6 Weeks) NOT COMPLETED	4	4	3	3
Second Intervention (6 Weeks) STARTED	10	11	12	12
Second Intervention (6 Weeks) COMPLETED	10	11	11	11
Second Intervention (6 Weeks) NOT COMPLETED	0	0	1	1

Reasons for withdrawal

Reasons for withdrawal
Measure	Meal Kits, Then Newsletter + Food Pantry Referral: Caregivers Dyads (caregiver + child) receive weekly healthy meal kits with fresh ingredients and simple recipes (6 weeks duration). After the second study visit, they receive a newsletter and food pantry referral.	Meal Kits, Then Newsletter + Food Pantry Referral: Children Dyads (caregiver + child) receive weekly healthy meal kits with fresh ingredients and simple recipes (6 weeks duration). After the second study visit, they receive a newsletter and food pantry referral.	Newsletter + Food Pantry Referral, Then Meal Kits: Caregivers Dyads (caregiver + child) receive a newsletter and food pantry referral. After the second study visit, they receive weekly healthy meal kits with fresh ingredients and simple recipes (6 weeks duration).	Newsletter + Food Pantry Referral, Then Meal Kits: Children Dyads (caregiver + child) receive a newsletter and food pantry referral. After the second study visit, they receive weekly healthy meal kits with fresh ingredients and simple recipes (6 weeks duration).
First Intervention (6 Weeks) Lost to Follow-up	4	4	3	3
Second Intervention (6 Weeks) Lost to Follow-up	0	0	1	1

Baseline Characteristics

Caregivers and children were analyzed separately.

Baseline characteristics by cohort

PRIMARY outcome

Timeframe: 2 months to baseline

Population: All participants who met eligibility criteria after being screened.

Proportion of eligible participants who were recruited and enrolled in the intervention, prior to randomization.

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Both Arms n=69 Participants The total sample is included as the proportion of eligible participants, including children and caregivers, who were recruited and enrolled in the intervention was assessed prior to randomization to one of two arms.	Newsletter + Food Pantry Referral, Then Meal Kit Delivery Dyads (caregiver + child) receive a newsletter and food pantry referral. After the second study visit, they receive weekly healthy meal kits with fresh ingredients and simple recipes (6 weeks duration).	Newsletter + Food Pantry Referral, Then Meal Kit Delivery: Caregiver Caregivers receive a newsletter and food pantry referral. After the second study visit, they receive healthy meal kits with fresh ingredients and simple recipes (6 weeks duration).	Newsletter + Food Pantry Referral, Then Meal Kit Delivery: Children Children receive a newsletter and food pantry referral. After the second study visit, they receive healthy meal kits with fresh ingredients and simple recipes (6 weeks duration).
Study Feasibility: Recruitment Enrolled	59 Participants	—	—	—
Study Feasibility: Recruitment Declined to enroll	10 Participants	—	—	—

PRIMARY outcome

Timeframe: At baseline

Population: All participants (caregivers and children) who consented to participate in the study. Randomization occurred by caregiver after completing the consent. There were 30 children and 29 caregivers enrolled in the study. One caregiver had two children enrolled in the study.

Number of participants enrolled per month, then subject to randomization.

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Both Arms n=29 Participants The total sample is included as the proportion of eligible participants, including children and caregivers, who were recruited and enrolled in the intervention was assessed prior to randomization to one of two arms.	Newsletter + Food Pantry Referral, Then Meal Kit Delivery n=30 Participants Dyads (caregiver + child) receive a newsletter and food pantry referral. After the second study visit, they receive weekly healthy meal kits with fresh ingredients and simple recipes (6 weeks duration).	Newsletter + Food Pantry Referral, Then Meal Kit Delivery: Caregiver Caregivers receive a newsletter and food pantry referral. After the second study visit, they receive healthy meal kits with fresh ingredients and simple recipes (6 weeks duration).	Newsletter + Food Pantry Referral, Then Meal Kit Delivery: Children Children receive a newsletter and food pantry referral. After the second study visit, they receive healthy meal kits with fresh ingredients and simple recipes (6 weeks duration).
Study Feasibility: Randomization Number of participants enrolled (February)	20 Participants	20 Participants	—	—
Study Feasibility: Randomization Number of participants enrolled (March)	9 Participants	10 Participants	—	—

PRIMARY outcome

Timeframe: At the baseline first study visit (baseline), at the second study visit (week 6-8), and at the third study visit (week 14-16).

Population: All participants enrolled in the study.

Number of participants retained at each study visit

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Both Arms n=14 Participants The total sample is included as the proportion of eligible participants, including children and caregivers, who were recruited and enrolled in the intervention was assessed prior to randomization to one of two arms.	Newsletter + Food Pantry Referral, Then Meal Kit Delivery n=15 Participants Dyads (caregiver + child) receive a newsletter and food pantry referral. After the second study visit, they receive weekly healthy meal kits with fresh ingredients and simple recipes (6 weeks duration).	Newsletter + Food Pantry Referral, Then Meal Kit Delivery: Caregiver n=15 Participants Caregivers receive a newsletter and food pantry referral. After the second study visit, they receive healthy meal kits with fresh ingredients and simple recipes (6 weeks duration).	Newsletter + Food Pantry Referral, Then Meal Kit Delivery: Children n=15 Participants Children receive a newsletter and food pantry referral. After the second study visit, they receive healthy meal kits with fresh ingredients and simple recipes (6 weeks duration).
Study Feasibility: Retention First study visit · Participants remaining in study visit	13 Participants	14 Participants	15 Participants	15 Participants
Study Feasibility: Retention First study visit · Participants lost to follow up in study visit	1 Participants	1 Participants	0 Participants	0 Participants
Study Feasibility: Retention Second study visit · Participants remaining in study visit	10 Participants	11 Participants	12 Participants	12 Participants
Study Feasibility: Retention Second study visit · Participants lost to follow up in study visit	3 Participants	3 Participants	3 Participants	3 Participants
Study Feasibility: Retention Third study visit · Participants remaining in study visit	10 Participants	11 Participants	11 Participants	11 Participants
Study Feasibility: Retention Third study visit · Participants lost to follow up in study visit	0 Participants	0 Participants	1 Participants	1 Participants

PRIMARY outcome

Timeframe: Third study visit (week 14-16)

Population: All participants with assessment data at the third study visit.

Number of participants who reported receipt of all six weeks of meal kit delivery

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Both Arms n=21 Participants The total sample is included as the proportion of eligible participants, including children and caregivers, who were recruited and enrolled in the intervention was assessed prior to randomization to one of two arms.	Newsletter + Food Pantry Referral, Then Meal Kit Delivery n=22 Participants Dyads (caregiver + child) receive a newsletter and food pantry referral. After the second study visit, they receive weekly healthy meal kits with fresh ingredients and simple recipes (6 weeks duration).	Newsletter + Food Pantry Referral, Then Meal Kit Delivery: Caregiver Caregivers receive a newsletter and food pantry referral. After the second study visit, they receive healthy meal kits with fresh ingredients and simple recipes (6 weeks duration).	Newsletter + Food Pantry Referral, Then Meal Kit Delivery: Children Children receive a newsletter and food pantry referral. After the second study visit, they receive healthy meal kits with fresh ingredients and simple recipes (6 weeks duration).
Study Feasibility: Protocol	19 Participants	22 Participants	—	—

PRIMARY outcome

Timeframe: Third study visit (week 14-16)

Population: All caregivers with assessment data at the third study visit.

Total number of recipes prepared by caregivers

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Both Arms n=10 Participants The total sample is included as the proportion of eligible participants, including children and caregivers, who were recruited and enrolled in the intervention was assessed prior to randomization to one of two arms.	Newsletter + Food Pantry Referral, Then Meal Kit Delivery n=11 Participants Dyads (caregiver + child) receive a newsletter and food pantry referral. After the second study visit, they receive weekly healthy meal kits with fresh ingredients and simple recipes (6 weeks duration).	Newsletter + Food Pantry Referral, Then Meal Kit Delivery: Caregiver Caregivers receive a newsletter and food pantry referral. After the second study visit, they receive healthy meal kits with fresh ingredients and simple recipes (6 weeks duration).	Newsletter + Food Pantry Referral, Then Meal Kit Delivery: Children Children receive a newsletter and food pantry referral. After the second study visit, they receive healthy meal kits with fresh ingredients and simple recipes (6 weeks duration).
Study Feasibility: Adherence - Caregivers Caregivers who prepared 7-12 recipes	3 Participants	2 Participants	—	—
Study Feasibility: Adherence - Caregivers Caregivers who prepared 3-6 recipes	4 Participants	4 Participants	—	—
Study Feasibility: Adherence - Caregivers Caregivers who prepared 1-2 recipes	2 Participants	5 Participants	—	—
Study Feasibility: Adherence - Caregivers Caregivers who did not prepare any recipe	1 Participants	0 Participants	—	—

PRIMARY outcome

Timeframe: Third study visit (week 14-16)

Population: All caregivers with assessment data at the third study visit.

Number of children who tasted/ate food from the meal kit

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Both Arms n=11 Participants The total sample is included as the proportion of eligible participants, including children and caregivers, who were recruited and enrolled in the intervention was assessed prior to randomization to one of two arms.	Newsletter + Food Pantry Referral, Then Meal Kit Delivery n=11 Participants Dyads (caregiver + child) receive a newsletter and food pantry referral. After the second study visit, they receive weekly healthy meal kits with fresh ingredients and simple recipes (6 weeks duration).	Newsletter + Food Pantry Referral, Then Meal Kit Delivery: Caregiver Caregivers receive a newsletter and food pantry referral. After the second study visit, they receive healthy meal kits with fresh ingredients and simple recipes (6 weeks duration).	Newsletter + Food Pantry Referral, Then Meal Kit Delivery: Children Children receive a newsletter and food pantry referral. After the second study visit, they receive healthy meal kits with fresh ingredients and simple recipes (6 weeks duration).
Study Feasibility: Adherence - Children	10 Participants	11 Participants	—	—

PRIMARY outcome

Timeframe: At the baseline first study visit (baseline), at second study visit (week 6-8), and at third study visit (week 14-16)

Population: The first study visit included a baseline demographic survey, 2 child assessments, and 1 caregiver assessment. The second study visit included 2 child assessments and 1 parent assessment. The third study visit included 2 child assessments, 1 parent assessment, and 1 satisfaction questionnaire. The "Meal Kit Delivery, Then Newsletter + Food Pantry Referral" arm included 14 caregivers and 15 children (one pair of siblings), thus the discrepancy between total planned assessments in each arm.

Proportion of planned assessments completed at each study visit

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Both Arms n=162 Survey/Assessments The total sample is included as the proportion of eligible participants, including children and caregivers, who were recruited and enrolled in the intervention was assessed prior to randomization to one of two arms.	Newsletter + Food Pantry Referral, Then Meal Kit Delivery n=165 Survey/Assessments Dyads (caregiver + child) receive a newsletter and food pantry referral. After the second study visit, they receive weekly healthy meal kits with fresh ingredients and simple recipes (6 weeks duration).	Newsletter + Food Pantry Referral, Then Meal Kit Delivery: Caregiver Caregivers receive a newsletter and food pantry referral. After the second study visit, they receive healthy meal kits with fresh ingredients and simple recipes (6 weeks duration).	Newsletter + Food Pantry Referral, Then Meal Kit Delivery: Children Children receive a newsletter and food pantry referral. After the second study visit, they receive healthy meal kits with fresh ingredients and simple recipes (6 weeks duration).
Study Feasibility: Assessments Planned assessments completed after visit 1	56 Survey/Assessments	60 Survey/Assessments	—	—
Study Feasibility: Assessments Planned assessments completed after visit 2	32 Survey/Assessments	35 Survey/Assessments	—	—
Study Feasibility: Assessments Planned assessments completed after visit 3	38 Survey/Assessments	43 Survey/Assessments	—	—

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: At the baseline first study visit (baseline)

Population: Caregivers who reported household-level food security at baseline study visit 1 (baseline).

Severity of food insecurity was assessed using the US Household Food Security Survey Module, which is categorized by the raw score into: Zero: High food security 1-2: Marginal food security 3-7: Low food security 8-18: Very low food security

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Both Arms n=13 Participants The total sample is included as the proportion of eligible participants, including children and caregivers, who were recruited and enrolled in the intervention was assessed prior to randomization to one of two arms.	Newsletter + Food Pantry Referral, Then Meal Kit Delivery n=15 Participants Dyads (caregiver + child) receive a newsletter and food pantry referral. After the second study visit, they receive weekly healthy meal kits with fresh ingredients and simple recipes (6 weeks duration).	Newsletter + Food Pantry Referral, Then Meal Kit Delivery: Caregiver Caregivers receive a newsletter and food pantry referral. After the second study visit, they receive healthy meal kits with fresh ingredients and simple recipes (6 weeks duration).	Newsletter + Food Pantry Referral, Then Meal Kit Delivery: Children Children receive a newsletter and food pantry referral. After the second study visit, they receive healthy meal kits with fresh ingredients and simple recipes (6 weeks duration).
Number of Participants With Household Food Insecurity at the First Study Visit High food security	0 Participants	0 Participants	—	—
Number of Participants With Household Food Insecurity at the First Study Visit Marginal food security	1 Participants	0 Participants	—	—
Number of Participants With Household Food Insecurity at the First Study Visit Low food security	8 Participants	11 Participants	—	—
Number of Participants With Household Food Insecurity at the First Study Visit Very low food security	4 Participants	4 Participants	—	—

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: At second study visit (week 6-8)

Population: Caregivers who reported household-level food security at study visit 2 (week 6-8).

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Both Arms n=10 Participants The total sample is included as the proportion of eligible participants, including children and caregivers, who were recruited and enrolled in the intervention was assessed prior to randomization to one of two arms.	Newsletter + Food Pantry Referral, Then Meal Kit Delivery n=12 Participants Dyads (caregiver + child) receive a newsletter and food pantry referral. After the second study visit, they receive weekly healthy meal kits with fresh ingredients and simple recipes (6 weeks duration).	Newsletter + Food Pantry Referral, Then Meal Kit Delivery: Caregiver Caregivers receive a newsletter and food pantry referral. After the second study visit, they receive healthy meal kits with fresh ingredients and simple recipes (6 weeks duration).	Newsletter + Food Pantry Referral, Then Meal Kit Delivery: Children Children receive a newsletter and food pantry referral. After the second study visit, they receive healthy meal kits with fresh ingredients and simple recipes (6 weeks duration).
Number of Participants With Household Food Insecurity at Second Study Visit High	1 Participants	1 Participants	—	—
Number of Participants With Household Food Insecurity at Second Study Visit Marginal food security	1 Participants	1 Participants	—	—
Number of Participants With Household Food Insecurity at Second Study Visit Low food security	5 Participants	8 Participants	—	—
Number of Participants With Household Food Insecurity at Second Study Visit Very low food security	3 Participants	2 Participants	—	—

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: At third study visit (week 14-16)

Population: Caregivers who reported household-level food security at third study visit (week 14-16).

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Both Arms n=9 Participants The total sample is included as the proportion of eligible participants, including children and caregivers, who were recruited and enrolled in the intervention was assessed prior to randomization to one of two arms.	Newsletter + Food Pantry Referral, Then Meal Kit Delivery n=11 Participants Dyads (caregiver + child) receive a newsletter and food pantry referral. After the second study visit, they receive weekly healthy meal kits with fresh ingredients and simple recipes (6 weeks duration).	Newsletter + Food Pantry Referral, Then Meal Kit Delivery: Caregiver Caregivers receive a newsletter and food pantry referral. After the second study visit, they receive healthy meal kits with fresh ingredients and simple recipes (6 weeks duration).	Newsletter + Food Pantry Referral, Then Meal Kit Delivery: Children Children receive a newsletter and food pantry referral. After the second study visit, they receive healthy meal kits with fresh ingredients and simple recipes (6 weeks duration).
Number of Participants With Household Food Insecurity at Third Study Visit High food security	2 Participants	2 Participants	—	—
Number of Participants With Household Food Insecurity at Third Study Visit Marginal food security	0 Participants	1 Participants	—	—
Number of Participants With Household Food Insecurity at Third Study Visit Low food security	5 Participants	7 Participants	—	—
Number of Participants With Household Food Insecurity at Third Study Visit Very low food security	2 Participants	1 Participants	—	—

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: At baseline, at second study visit (week 6-8), and at third study visit (week 14-16)

Population: Children with BMI data at three study visits.

Weight and height were combined to report BMI in kg/m\^2 based on Centers for Disease Control growth curves.

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Both Arms n=9 Participants The total sample is included as the proportion of eligible participants, including children and caregivers, who were recruited and enrolled in the intervention was assessed prior to randomization to one of two arms.	Newsletter + Food Pantry Referral, Then Meal Kit Delivery n=10 Participants Dyads (caregiver + child) receive a newsletter and food pantry referral. After the second study visit, they receive weekly healthy meal kits with fresh ingredients and simple recipes (6 weeks duration).	Newsletter + Food Pantry Referral, Then Meal Kit Delivery: Caregiver Caregivers receive a newsletter and food pantry referral. After the second study visit, they receive healthy meal kits with fresh ingredients and simple recipes (6 weeks duration).	Newsletter + Food Pantry Referral, Then Meal Kit Delivery: Children Children receive a newsletter and food pantry referral. After the second study visit, they receive healthy meal kits with fresh ingredients and simple recipes (6 weeks duration).
Change in BMI For Children With BMI Assessments At All Visits Change from Visit 2 and Visit 3	-0.10 kg/m^2 Standard Deviation 0.62	-0.01 kg/m^2 Standard Deviation 0.70	—	—
Change in BMI For Children With BMI Assessments At All Visits BMI at Baseline	26.29 kg/m^2 Standard Deviation 3.07	24.82 kg/m^2 Standard Deviation 2.85	—	—
Change in BMI For Children With BMI Assessments At All Visits BMI at Visit 2	26.64 kg/m^2 Standard Deviation 2.78	24.67 kg/m^2 Standard Deviation 2.68	—	—
Change in BMI For Children With BMI Assessments At All Visits BMI at Visit 3	26.54 kg/m^2 Standard Deviation 2.81	24.66 kg/m^2 Standard Deviation 2.81	—	—
Change in BMI For Children With BMI Assessments At All Visits Change from Baseline at Visit 2	0.36 kg/m^2 Standard Deviation 1.52	-0.15 kg/m^2 Standard Deviation 0.59	—	—
Change in BMI For Children With BMI Assessments At All Visits Change from Baseline at Visit 3	0.26 kg/m^2 Standard Deviation 1.77	-0.16 kg/m^2 Standard Deviation 0.50	—	—

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: At baseline, at second study visit (week 6-8), and at third study visit (week 14-16)

Population: Children with BMI data at all three study visits.

BMI percentage of the 95th percentile (BMIp95) was calculated using CDC extended BMI-for-age growth charts for children with BMI assessments at all study visits

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Both Arms n=9 Participants The total sample is included as the proportion of eligible participants, including children and caregivers, who were recruited and enrolled in the intervention was assessed prior to randomization to one of two arms.	Newsletter + Food Pantry Referral, Then Meal Kit Delivery n=10 Participants Dyads (caregiver + child) receive a newsletter and food pantry referral. After the second study visit, they receive weekly healthy meal kits with fresh ingredients and simple recipes (6 weeks duration).	Newsletter + Food Pantry Referral, Then Meal Kit Delivery: Caregiver Caregivers receive a newsletter and food pantry referral. After the second study visit, they receive healthy meal kits with fresh ingredients and simple recipes (6 weeks duration).	Newsletter + Food Pantry Referral, Then Meal Kit Delivery: Children Children receive a newsletter and food pantry referral. After the second study visit, they receive healthy meal kits with fresh ingredients and simple recipes (6 weeks duration).
Change in BMI Percentage of the 95th Percentile for Children With BMI Assessments at All Visits BMIp95 at Baseline	117.5 percentage of the 95th percentile Standard Deviation 12	113.3 percentage of the 95th percentile Standard Deviation 11	—	—
Change in BMI Percentage of the 95th Percentile for Children With BMI Assessments at All Visits BMIp95 at Visit 2	118.5 percentage of the 95th percentile Standard Deviation 12	111.8 percentage of the 95th percentile Standard Deviation 12	—	—
Change in BMI Percentage of the 95th Percentile for Children With BMI Assessments at All Visits BMIp95 at Visit 3	117.3 percentage of the 95th percentile Standard Deviation 12	111.0 percentage of the 95th percentile Standard Deviation 12	—	—
Change in BMI Percentage of the 95th Percentile for Children With BMI Assessments at All Visits Change from Baseline at Visit 2	1.0 percentage of the 95th percentile Standard Deviation 7	-1.5 percentage of the 95th percentile Standard Deviation 2	—	—
Change in BMI Percentage of the 95th Percentile for Children With BMI Assessments at All Visits Change from Baseline at Visit 3	-0.2 percentage of the 95th percentile Standard Deviation 8	-2.3 percentage of the 95th percentile Standard Deviation 2	—	—
Change in BMI Percentage of the 95th Percentile for Children With BMI Assessments at All Visits Change from Visit 2 to Visit 3	-1.1 percentage of the 95th percentile Standard Deviation 3	-0.8 percentage of the 95th percentile Standard Deviation 3	—	—

OTHER_PRE_SPECIFIED outcome

Timeframe: At baseline first study visit (baseline), at second study visit (week 6-8), and at third study visit (week 14-16)

Population: Children with dietary data at study visits.

The PrimeScreen survey was used to assess the total prime diet quality score (PDQS) for the child (parent-reported). The survey enables calculation of a food group's daily intake frequency. Scores range from 5 (minimum) to 65 (maximum) across thirteen food groups. A higher score indicates more healthy diet quality.

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Both Arms n=14 Participants The total sample is included as the proportion of eligible participants, including children and caregivers, who were recruited and enrolled in the intervention was assessed prior to randomization to one of two arms.	Newsletter + Food Pantry Referral, Then Meal Kit Delivery n=15 Participants Dyads (caregiver + child) receive a newsletter and food pantry referral. After the second study visit, they receive weekly healthy meal kits with fresh ingredients and simple recipes (6 weeks duration).	Newsletter + Food Pantry Referral, Then Meal Kit Delivery: Caregiver Caregivers receive a newsletter and food pantry referral. After the second study visit, they receive healthy meal kits with fresh ingredients and simple recipes (6 weeks duration).	Newsletter + Food Pantry Referral, Then Meal Kit Delivery: Children Children receive a newsletter and food pantry referral. After the second study visit, they receive healthy meal kits with fresh ingredients and simple recipes (6 weeks duration).
Total Prime Diet Quality Score at Each Study Visit: Children Child Prime Diet Quality Score (PDQS) at Baseline	39 units on a scale Standard Deviation 6	39 units on a scale Standard Deviation 4	—	—
Total Prime Diet Quality Score at Each Study Visit: Children Child Prime Diet Quality Score (PDQS) at Visit 2	44 units on a scale Standard Deviation 7	41 units on a scale Standard Deviation 4	—	—
Total Prime Diet Quality Score at Each Study Visit: Children Child Prime Diet Quality Score (PDQS) at Visit 3	44 units on a scale Standard Deviation 7	43 units on a scale Standard Deviation 4	—	—

OTHER_PRE_SPECIFIED outcome

Timeframe: At baseline first study visit (baseline), at second study visit (week 6-8), and at third study visit (week 14-16)

Population: Parents with dietary data at study visits.

The PrimeScreen survey was used to assess the total prime diet quality score (PDQS) for the caregiver (self-reported). The survey enables calculation of a food group's daily intake frequency. Scores range from 5 (minimum) to 65 (maximum) across thirteen food groups. A higher score indicates more healthy diet quality.

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Both Arms n=13 Participants The total sample is included as the proportion of eligible participants, including children and caregivers, who were recruited and enrolled in the intervention was assessed prior to randomization to one of two arms.	Newsletter + Food Pantry Referral, Then Meal Kit Delivery n=15 Participants Dyads (caregiver + child) receive a newsletter and food pantry referral. After the second study visit, they receive weekly healthy meal kits with fresh ingredients and simple recipes (6 weeks duration).	Newsletter + Food Pantry Referral, Then Meal Kit Delivery: Caregiver Caregivers receive a newsletter and food pantry referral. After the second study visit, they receive healthy meal kits with fresh ingredients and simple recipes (6 weeks duration).	Newsletter + Food Pantry Referral, Then Meal Kit Delivery: Children Children receive a newsletter and food pantry referral. After the second study visit, they receive healthy meal kits with fresh ingredients and simple recipes (6 weeks duration).
Total Prime Diet Quality Score at Each Study Visit: Caregiver Caregiver Prime Diet Quality Score (PDQS) at Baseline	44 score on a scale Standard Deviation 6	42 score on a scale Standard Deviation 6	—	—
Total Prime Diet Quality Score at Each Study Visit: Caregiver Caregiver Prime Diet Quality Score (PDQS) at Visit 2	48 score on a scale Standard Deviation 6	46 score on a scale Standard Deviation 5	—	—
Total Prime Diet Quality Score at Each Study Visit: Caregiver Caregiver Prime Diet Quality Score (PDQS) at Visit 3	48 score on a scale Standard Deviation 5	47 score on a scale Standard Deviation 5	—	—

OTHER_PRE_SPECIFIED outcome

Timeframe: At baseline first study visit (baseline)

Population: Children with parent-reported data on mealtime behavior.

Caregivers rated Likert scale items from 1 (never) to 5 (everyday): "How often does your child eat dinner together with family members?"

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Both Arms n=14 Participants The total sample is included as the proportion of eligible participants, including children and caregivers, who were recruited and enrolled in the intervention was assessed prior to randomization to one of two arms.	Newsletter + Food Pantry Referral, Then Meal Kit Delivery n=15 Participants Dyads (caregiver + child) receive a newsletter and food pantry referral. After the second study visit, they receive weekly healthy meal kits with fresh ingredients and simple recipes (6 weeks duration).	Newsletter + Food Pantry Referral, Then Meal Kit Delivery: Caregiver Caregivers receive a newsletter and food pantry referral. After the second study visit, they receive healthy meal kits with fresh ingredients and simple recipes (6 weeks duration).	Newsletter + Food Pantry Referral, Then Meal Kit Delivery: Children Children receive a newsletter and food pantry referral. After the second study visit, they receive healthy meal kits with fresh ingredients and simple recipes (6 weeks duration).
Caregiver Reported Mealtime Behavior at First Study Visit Never/Less than once per week	3 Participants	1 Participants	—	—
Caregiver Reported Mealtime Behavior at First Study Visit Once per week	0 Participants	1 Participants	—	—
Caregiver Reported Mealtime Behavior at First Study Visit 2-4 times per week	5 Participants	2 Participants	—	—
Caregiver Reported Mealtime Behavior at First Study Visit 5-6 times per week	1 Participants	1 Participants	—	—
Caregiver Reported Mealtime Behavior at First Study Visit Everyday	5 Participants	10 Participants	—	—

OTHER_PRE_SPECIFIED outcome

Timeframe: At second study visit (week 6-8)

Population: Children with parent-reported mealtime behavior data.

Caregivers rated Likert scale items from 1 (never) to 5 (everyday): "How often does your child eat dinner together with family members?"

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Both Arms n=11 Participants The total sample is included as the proportion of eligible participants, including children and caregivers, who were recruited and enrolled in the intervention was assessed prior to randomization to one of two arms.	Newsletter + Food Pantry Referral, Then Meal Kit Delivery n=12 Participants Dyads (caregiver + child) receive a newsletter and food pantry referral. After the second study visit, they receive weekly healthy meal kits with fresh ingredients and simple recipes (6 weeks duration).	Newsletter + Food Pantry Referral, Then Meal Kit Delivery: Caregiver Caregivers receive a newsletter and food pantry referral. After the second study visit, they receive healthy meal kits with fresh ingredients and simple recipes (6 weeks duration).	Newsletter + Food Pantry Referral, Then Meal Kit Delivery: Children Children receive a newsletter and food pantry referral. After the second study visit, they receive healthy meal kits with fresh ingredients and simple recipes (6 weeks duration).
Caregiver Reported Mealtime Behavior at Second Study Visit Never/Less than once per week	0 Participants	1 Participants	—	—
Caregiver Reported Mealtime Behavior at Second Study Visit Once per week	0 Participants	1 Participants	—	—
Caregiver Reported Mealtime Behavior at Second Study Visit 2-4 times per week	5 Participants	2 Participants	—	—
Caregiver Reported Mealtime Behavior at Second Study Visit 5-6 times per week	2 Participants	2 Participants	—	—
Caregiver Reported Mealtime Behavior at Second Study Visit Everyday	4 Participants	6 Participants	—	—

OTHER_PRE_SPECIFIED outcome

Timeframe: At third study visit (week 14-16)

Population: Children with parent-reported mealtime behavior data.

Caregivers rated Likert scale items from 1 (never) to 5 (everyday): "How often does your child eat dinner together with family members?"

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Both Arms n=10 Participants The total sample is included as the proportion of eligible participants, including children and caregivers, who were recruited and enrolled in the intervention was assessed prior to randomization to one of two arms.	Newsletter + Food Pantry Referral, Then Meal Kit Delivery n=11 Participants Dyads (caregiver + child) receive a newsletter and food pantry referral. After the second study visit, they receive weekly healthy meal kits with fresh ingredients and simple recipes (6 weeks duration).	Newsletter + Food Pantry Referral, Then Meal Kit Delivery: Caregiver Caregivers receive a newsletter and food pantry referral. After the second study visit, they receive healthy meal kits with fresh ingredients and simple recipes (6 weeks duration).	Newsletter + Food Pantry Referral, Then Meal Kit Delivery: Children Children receive a newsletter and food pantry referral. After the second study visit, they receive healthy meal kits with fresh ingredients and simple recipes (6 weeks duration).
Caregiver Reported Mealtime Behavior at Third Study Visit Never/Less than once per week	0 Participants	2 Participants	—	—
Caregiver Reported Mealtime Behavior at Third Study Visit Once per week	2 Participants	1 Participants	—	—
Caregiver Reported Mealtime Behavior at Third Study Visit 2-4 times per week	5 Participants	2 Participants	—	—
Caregiver Reported Mealtime Behavior at Third Study Visit 5-6 times per week	0 Participants	2 Participants	—	—
Caregiver Reported Mealtime Behavior at Third Study Visit Everyday	3 Participants	4 Participants	—	—

OTHER_PRE_SPECIFIED outcome

Timeframe: At baseline first study visit (baseline)

Population: Caregivers with perceived stress data.

The Perceived Stress Scale was used to assess changes in stress (caregiver self-reported). Scores range from 0 to 40 with higher scores indicating higher perceived stress: 0-13: low stress 14-26: moderate stress 27-40: high perceived stress

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Both Arms n=13 Participants The total sample is included as the proportion of eligible participants, including children and caregivers, who were recruited and enrolled in the intervention was assessed prior to randomization to one of two arms.	Newsletter + Food Pantry Referral, Then Meal Kit Delivery n=14 Participants Dyads (caregiver + child) receive a newsletter and food pantry referral. After the second study visit, they receive weekly healthy meal kits with fresh ingredients and simple recipes (6 weeks duration).	Newsletter + Food Pantry Referral, Then Meal Kit Delivery: Caregiver Caregivers receive a newsletter and food pantry referral. After the second study visit, they receive healthy meal kits with fresh ingredients and simple recipes (6 weeks duration).	Newsletter + Food Pantry Referral, Then Meal Kit Delivery: Children Children receive a newsletter and food pantry referral. After the second study visit, they receive healthy meal kits with fresh ingredients and simple recipes (6 weeks duration).
Caregiver Perceived Stress at First Study Visit High perceived stress	1 Participants	0 Participants	—	—
Caregiver Perceived Stress at First Study Visit Moderate perceived stress	7 Participants	7 Participants	—	—
Caregiver Perceived Stress at First Study Visit Low perceived stress	5 Participants	7 Participants	—	—

OTHER_PRE_SPECIFIED outcome

Timeframe: At second study visit (week 6-8)

Population: Caregivers with perceived stress data.

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Both Arms n=9 Participants The total sample is included as the proportion of eligible participants, including children and caregivers, who were recruited and enrolled in the intervention was assessed prior to randomization to one of two arms.	Newsletter + Food Pantry Referral, Then Meal Kit Delivery n=12 Participants Dyads (caregiver + child) receive a newsletter and food pantry referral. After the second study visit, they receive weekly healthy meal kits with fresh ingredients and simple recipes (6 weeks duration).	Newsletter + Food Pantry Referral, Then Meal Kit Delivery: Caregiver Caregivers receive a newsletter and food pantry referral. After the second study visit, they receive healthy meal kits with fresh ingredients and simple recipes (6 weeks duration).	Newsletter + Food Pantry Referral, Then Meal Kit Delivery: Children Children receive a newsletter and food pantry referral. After the second study visit, they receive healthy meal kits with fresh ingredients and simple recipes (6 weeks duration).
Caregiver Perceived Stress at Second Study Visit High perceived stress	0 Participants	0 Participants	—	—
Caregiver Perceived Stress at Second Study Visit Moderate perceived stress	5 Participants	5 Participants	—	—
Caregiver Perceived Stress at Second Study Visit Low perceived stress	4 Participants	7 Participants	—	—

OTHER_PRE_SPECIFIED outcome

Timeframe: At third study visit (week 14-16)

Population: Caregivers with perceived stress data.

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Both Arms n=8 Participants The total sample is included as the proportion of eligible participants, including children and caregivers, who were recruited and enrolled in the intervention was assessed prior to randomization to one of two arms.	Newsletter + Food Pantry Referral, Then Meal Kit Delivery n=11 Participants Dyads (caregiver + child) receive a newsletter and food pantry referral. After the second study visit, they receive weekly healthy meal kits with fresh ingredients and simple recipes (6 weeks duration).	Newsletter + Food Pantry Referral, Then Meal Kit Delivery: Caregiver Caregivers receive a newsletter and food pantry referral. After the second study visit, they receive healthy meal kits with fresh ingredients and simple recipes (6 weeks duration).	Newsletter + Food Pantry Referral, Then Meal Kit Delivery: Children Children receive a newsletter and food pantry referral. After the second study visit, they receive healthy meal kits with fresh ingredients and simple recipes (6 weeks duration).
Caregiver Perceived Stress at Third Study Visit High perceived stress	1 Participants	0 Participants	—	—
Caregiver Perceived Stress at Third Study Visit Moderate perceived stress	3 Participants	5 Participants	—	—
Caregiver Perceived Stress at Third Study Visit Low perceived stress	4 Participants	6 Participants	—	—

Adverse Events

Meal Kit Delivery: Caregivers

Serious events: 0 serious events

Other events: 0 other events

Deaths: 0 deaths

Meal Kit Delivery: Children

Serious events: 0 serious events

Other events: 0 other events

Deaths: 0 deaths

Newsletter + Food Pantry Referral: Caregivers

Serious events: 0 serious events

Other events: 0 other events

Deaths: 0 deaths

Newsletter + Food Pantry Referral: Children

Serious events: 0 serious events

Other events: 0 other events

Deaths: 0 deaths

Serious adverse events

Adverse event data not reported

Other adverse events

Adverse event data not reported

Additional Information

Dr. Allison Wu

Boston Children's Hospital

Phone: 6173556058

Email: [email protected]

Results disclosure agreements

Principal investigator is a sponsor employee
Publication restrictions are in place

Measure	Meal Kits, Then Newsletter + Food Pantry Referral n=29 Participants Dyads (caregiver + child) receive weekly healthy meal kits with fresh ingredients and simple recipes (6 weeks duration). After the second study visit, they receive a newsletter and food pantry referral.	Newsletter + Food Pantry Referral, Then Meal Kits n=30 Participants Dyads (caregiver + child) receive a newsletter and food pantry referral. After the second study visit, they receive weekly healthy meal kits with fresh ingredients and simple recipes (6 weeks duration).	Total n=59 Participants Total of all reporting groups
Age, Continuous Child age	10 years n=15 Participants • Caregivers and children were analyzed separately.	9 years n=15 Participants • Caregivers and children were analyzed separately.	9 years n=30 Participants • Caregivers and children were analyzed separately.
Age, Continuous Caregiver age	42 years n=14 Participants • Caregivers and children were analyzed separately.	39 years n=15 Participants • Caregivers and children were analyzed separately.	42 years n=29 Participants • Caregivers and children were analyzed separately.
Sex: Female, Male Child sex · Female	5 Participants n=15 Participants • Caregivers and children were analyzed separately. In the "Meal Kits, Then Newsletter + Food Pantry Referral" arm, one caregiver was missing information.	8 Participants n=15 Participants • Caregivers and children were analyzed separately. In the "Meal Kits, Then Newsletter + Food Pantry Referral" arm, one caregiver was missing information.	13 Participants n=30 Participants • Caregivers and children were analyzed separately. In the "Meal Kits, Then Newsletter + Food Pantry Referral" arm, one caregiver was missing information.
Sex: Female, Male Child sex · Male	10 Participants n=15 Participants • Caregivers and children were analyzed separately. In the "Meal Kits, Then Newsletter + Food Pantry Referral" arm, one caregiver was missing information.	7 Participants n=15 Participants • Caregivers and children were analyzed separately. In the "Meal Kits, Then Newsletter + Food Pantry Referral" arm, one caregiver was missing information.	17 Participants n=30 Participants • Caregivers and children were analyzed separately. In the "Meal Kits, Then Newsletter + Food Pantry Referral" arm, one caregiver was missing information.
Sex: Female, Male Caregiver sex · Female	12 Participants n=13 Participants • Caregivers and children were analyzed separately. In the "Meal Kits, Then Newsletter + Food Pantry Referral" arm, one caregiver was missing information.	13 Participants n=15 Participants • Caregivers and children were analyzed separately. In the "Meal Kits, Then Newsletter + Food Pantry Referral" arm, one caregiver was missing information.	25 Participants n=28 Participants • Caregivers and children were analyzed separately. In the "Meal Kits, Then Newsletter + Food Pantry Referral" arm, one caregiver was missing information.
Sex: Female, Male Caregiver sex · Male	1 Participants n=13 Participants • Caregivers and children were analyzed separately. In the "Meal Kits, Then Newsletter + Food Pantry Referral" arm, one caregiver was missing information.	2 Participants n=15 Participants • Caregivers and children were analyzed separately. In the "Meal Kits, Then Newsletter + Food Pantry Referral" arm, one caregiver was missing information.	3 Participants n=28 Participants • Caregivers and children were analyzed separately. In the "Meal Kits, Then Newsletter + Food Pantry Referral" arm, one caregiver was missing information.
Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) Child ethnicity · Hispanic or Latino	11 Participants n=15 Participants • Caregivers and children were analyzed separately.	15 Participants n=15 Participants • Caregivers and children were analyzed separately.	26 Participants n=30 Participants • Caregivers and children were analyzed separately.
Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) Child ethnicity · Not Hispanic or Latino	3 Participants n=15 Participants • Caregivers and children were analyzed separately.	0 Participants n=15 Participants • Caregivers and children were analyzed separately.	3 Participants n=30 Participants • Caregivers and children were analyzed separately.
Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) Child ethnicity · Unknown or Not Reported	1 Participants n=15 Participants • Caregivers and children were analyzed separately.	0 Participants n=15 Participants • Caregivers and children were analyzed separately.	1 Participants n=30 Participants • Caregivers and children were analyzed separately.
Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) Caregiver ethnicity · Hispanic or Latino	9 Participants n=14 Participants • Caregivers and children were analyzed separately.	15 Participants n=15 Participants • Caregivers and children were analyzed separately.	24 Participants n=29 Participants • Caregivers and children were analyzed separately.
Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) Caregiver ethnicity · Not Hispanic or Latino	4 Participants n=14 Participants • Caregivers and children were analyzed separately.	0 Participants n=15 Participants • Caregivers and children were analyzed separately.	4 Participants n=29 Participants • Caregivers and children were analyzed separately.
Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) Caregiver ethnicity · Unknown or Not Reported	1 Participants n=14 Participants • Caregivers and children were analyzed separately.	0 Participants n=15 Participants • Caregivers and children were analyzed separately.	1 Participants n=29 Participants • Caregivers and children were analyzed separately.
Race (NIH/OMB) Child race · American Indian or Alaska Native	1 Participants n=15 Participants • Caregivers and children were analyzed separately.	1 Participants n=15 Participants • Caregivers and children were analyzed separately.	2 Participants n=30 Participants • Caregivers and children were analyzed separately.
Race (NIH/OMB) Child race · Asian	0 Participants n=15 Participants • Caregivers and children were analyzed separately.	0 Participants n=15 Participants • Caregivers and children were analyzed separately.	0 Participants n=30 Participants • Caregivers and children were analyzed separately.
Race (NIH/OMB) Child race · Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander	0 Participants n=15 Participants • Caregivers and children were analyzed separately.	1 Participants n=15 Participants • Caregivers and children were analyzed separately.	1 Participants n=30 Participants • Caregivers and children were analyzed separately.
Race (NIH/OMB) Child race · Black or African American	7 Participants n=15 Participants • Caregivers and children were analyzed separately.	6 Participants n=15 Participants • Caregivers and children were analyzed separately.	13 Participants n=30 Participants • Caregivers and children were analyzed separately.
Race (NIH/OMB) Child race · White	3 Participants n=15 Participants • Caregivers and children were analyzed separately.	4 Participants n=15 Participants • Caregivers and children were analyzed separately.	7 Participants n=30 Participants • Caregivers and children were analyzed separately.
Race (NIH/OMB) Child race · More than one race	1 Participants n=15 Participants • Caregivers and children were analyzed separately.	0 Participants n=15 Participants • Caregivers and children were analyzed separately.	1 Participants n=30 Participants • Caregivers and children were analyzed separately.
Race (NIH/OMB) Child race · Unknown or Not Reported	3 Participants n=15 Participants • Caregivers and children were analyzed separately.	3 Participants n=15 Participants • Caregivers and children were analyzed separately.	6 Participants n=30 Participants • Caregivers and children were analyzed separately.
Race (NIH/OMB) Caregiver race · American Indian or Alaska Native	1 Participants n=14 Participants • Caregivers and children were analyzed separately.	1 Participants n=15 Participants • Caregivers and children were analyzed separately.	2 Participants n=29 Participants • Caregivers and children were analyzed separately.
Race (NIH/OMB) Caregiver race · Asian	0 Participants n=14 Participants • Caregivers and children were analyzed separately.	0 Participants n=15 Participants • Caregivers and children were analyzed separately.	0 Participants n=29 Participants • Caregivers and children were analyzed separately.
Race (NIH/OMB) Caregiver race · Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander	0 Participants n=14 Participants • Caregivers and children were analyzed separately.	1 Participants n=15 Participants • Caregivers and children were analyzed separately.	1 Participants n=29 Participants • Caregivers and children were analyzed separately.
Race (NIH/OMB) Caregiver race · Black or African American	6 Participants n=14 Participants • Caregivers and children were analyzed separately.	5 Participants n=15 Participants • Caregivers and children were analyzed separately.	11 Participants n=29 Participants • Caregivers and children were analyzed separately.
Race (NIH/OMB) Caregiver race · White	3 Participants n=14 Participants • Caregivers and children were analyzed separately.	3 Participants n=15 Participants • Caregivers and children were analyzed separately.	6 Participants n=29 Participants • Caregivers and children were analyzed separately.
Race (NIH/OMB) Caregiver race · More than one race	1 Participants n=14 Participants • Caregivers and children were analyzed separately.	0 Participants n=15 Participants • Caregivers and children were analyzed separately.	1 Participants n=29 Participants • Caregivers and children were analyzed separately.
Race (NIH/OMB) Caregiver race · Unknown or Not Reported	3 Participants n=14 Participants • Caregivers and children were analyzed separately.	5 Participants n=15 Participants • Caregivers and children were analyzed separately.	8 Participants n=29 Participants • Caregivers and children were analyzed separately.
Number of people living in the household Number of adults 18 years and older	2 persons n=13 Participants • Only caregivers reported number of people living in the household. In the "Meal Kits, Then Newsletter + Food Pantry Referral" arm, one caregiver was missing information.	2 persons n=15 Participants • Only caregivers reported number of people living in the household. In the "Meal Kits, Then Newsletter + Food Pantry Referral" arm, one caregiver was missing information.	2 persons n=28 Participants • Only caregivers reported number of people living in the household. In the "Meal Kits, Then Newsletter + Food Pantry Referral" arm, one caregiver was missing information.
Number of people living in the household Number of children younger than 18 years	2 persons n=13 Participants • Only caregivers reported number of people living in the household. In the "Meal Kits, Then Newsletter + Food Pantry Referral" arm, one caregiver was missing information.	2 persons n=15 Participants • Only caregivers reported number of people living in the household. In the "Meal Kits, Then Newsletter + Food Pantry Referral" arm, one caregiver was missing information.	2 persons n=28 Participants • Only caregivers reported number of people living in the household. In the "Meal Kits, Then Newsletter + Food Pantry Referral" arm, one caregiver was missing information.
Caregiver marital status Married	3 Participants n=14 Participants • Only caregivers reported marital status.	3 Participants n=15 Participants • Only caregivers reported marital status.	6 Participants n=29 Participants • Only caregivers reported marital status.
Caregiver marital status Never married	5 Participants n=14 Participants • Only caregivers reported marital status.	2 Participants n=15 Participants • Only caregivers reported marital status.	7 Participants n=29 Participants • Only caregivers reported marital status.
Caregiver marital status Divorced	1 Participants n=14 Participants • Only caregivers reported marital status.	3 Participants n=15 Participants • Only caregivers reported marital status.	4 Participants n=29 Participants • Only caregivers reported marital status.
Caregiver marital status Separated	3 Participants n=14 Participants • Only caregivers reported marital status.	4 Participants n=15 Participants • Only caregivers reported marital status.	7 Participants n=29 Participants • Only caregivers reported marital status.
Caregiver marital status Widowed	1 Participants n=14 Participants • Only caregivers reported marital status.	0 Participants n=15 Participants • Only caregivers reported marital status.	1 Participants n=29 Participants • Only caregivers reported marital status.
Caregiver marital status Prefer not to answer	0 Participants n=14 Participants • Only caregivers reported marital status.	3 Participants n=15 Participants • Only caregivers reported marital status.	3 Participants n=29 Participants • Only caregivers reported marital status.
Caregiver marital status Missing	1 Participants n=14 Participants • Only caregivers reported marital status.	0 Participants n=15 Participants • Only caregivers reported marital status.	1 Participants n=29 Participants • Only caregivers reported marital status.
Total annual household income Less than $20,000	7 Participants n=14 Participants • Only caregivers reported household income.	10 Participants n=15 Participants • Only caregivers reported household income.	17 Participants n=29 Participants • Only caregivers reported household income.
Total annual household income Between $20,000 and $70,000	2 Participants n=14 Participants • Only caregivers reported household income.	3 Participants n=15 Participants • Only caregivers reported household income.	5 Participants n=29 Participants • Only caregivers reported household income.
Total annual household income More than $70,000	2 Participants n=14 Participants • Only caregivers reported household income.	0 Participants n=15 Participants • Only caregivers reported household income.	2 Participants n=29 Participants • Only caregivers reported household income.
Total annual household income Don't know	2 Participants n=14 Participants • Only caregivers reported household income.	1 Participants n=15 Participants • Only caregivers reported household income.	3 Participants n=29 Participants • Only caregivers reported household income.
Total annual household income Prefer not to answer	0 Participants n=14 Participants • Only caregivers reported household income.	1 Participants n=15 Participants • Only caregivers reported household income.	1 Participants n=29 Participants • Only caregivers reported household income.
Total annual household income Missing	1 Participants n=14 Participants • Only caregivers reported household income.	0 Participants n=15 Participants • Only caregivers reported household income.	1 Participants n=29 Participants • Only caregivers reported household income.
Highest grade or degree completed 8th grade or less	2 Participants n=14 Participants • Only caregivers reported their highest grade or degree completed.	2 Participants n=15 Participants • Only caregivers reported their highest grade or degree completed.	4 Participants n=29 Participants • Only caregivers reported their highest grade or degree completed.
Highest grade or degree completed Some high school	2 Participants n=14 Participants • Only caregivers reported their highest grade or degree completed.	6 Participants n=15 Participants • Only caregivers reported their highest grade or degree completed.	8 Participants n=29 Participants • Only caregivers reported their highest grade or degree completed.
Highest grade or degree completed High school graduate	3 Participants n=14 Participants • Only caregivers reported their highest grade or degree completed.	4 Participants n=15 Participants • Only caregivers reported their highest grade or degree completed.	7 Participants n=29 Participants • Only caregivers reported their highest grade or degree completed.
Highest grade or degree completed Some college or technical school	2 Participants n=14 Participants • Only caregivers reported their highest grade or degree completed.	1 Participants n=15 Participants • Only caregivers reported their highest grade or degree completed.	3 Participants n=29 Participants • Only caregivers reported their highest grade or degree completed.
Highest grade or degree completed College graduate	3 Participants n=14 Participants • Only caregivers reported their highest grade or degree completed.	2 Participants n=15 Participants • Only caregivers reported their highest grade or degree completed.	5 Participants n=29 Participants • Only caregivers reported their highest grade or degree completed.
Highest grade or degree completed Postgraduate training or degree	1 Participants n=14 Participants • Only caregivers reported their highest grade or degree completed.	0 Participants n=15 Participants • Only caregivers reported their highest grade or degree completed.	1 Participants n=29 Participants • Only caregivers reported their highest grade or degree completed.
Highest grade or degree completed Don't know or prefer not to answer	0 Participants n=14 Participants • Only caregivers reported their highest grade or degree completed.	0 Participants n=15 Participants • Only caregivers reported their highest grade or degree completed.	0 Participants n=29 Participants • Only caregivers reported their highest grade or degree completed.
Highest grade or degree completed Missing	1 Participants n=14 Participants • Only caregivers reported their highest grade or degree completed.	0 Participants n=15 Participants • Only caregivers reported their highest grade or degree completed.	1 Participants n=29 Participants • Only caregivers reported their highest grade or degree completed.
Caregiver relationship to child Mother	12 Participants n=14 Participants • Only caregivers reported their relationship to their child.	13 Participants n=15 Participants • Only caregivers reported their relationship to their child.	25 Participants n=29 Participants • Only caregivers reported their relationship to their child.
Caregiver relationship to child Father	1 Participants n=14 Participants • Only caregivers reported their relationship to their child.	2 Participants n=15 Participants • Only caregivers reported their relationship to their child.	3 Participants n=29 Participants • Only caregivers reported their relationship to their child.
Caregiver relationship to child Missing	1 Participants n=14 Participants • Only caregivers reported their relationship to their child.	0 Participants n=15 Participants • Only caregivers reported their relationship to their child.	1 Participants n=29 Participants • Only caregivers reported their relationship to their child.