Trial Outcomes & Findings for Effectiveness of Clonidine, Dexmedetomidine, and Fentanyl Adjuncts for Labor Epidural Analgesia (NCT NCT05487196)

Results Overview

Pain score AREA UNDER THE CURVE (AUC), which is a calculated area under curve using the trapezoidal rule, where pain scores measured from 0 (no pain) to 10 (worst imaginable pain) are on the y axis, and time is on the x axis (pain scores were measured at 5 minutes, 10 minutes,15 minutes, 30 minutes after epidural initiation for the primary outcome assessment). The scale for AUC is not 0-10 but rather is completely dependent upon the area generated under the curve created by pain scores for the first 30 minutes of epidural analgesia (primary outcome time frame): in this case, the scale is 0-250 pain units\*minute, given maximum pain score possibility of 10 and time period of 30 minutes. The units of AUC are the units of Y axis times units of X axis, in this case, pain score units \* minutes. Pain AUC was compared between Fentanyl, Clonidine and Dexmedetomidine groups.

Recruitment status

COMPLETED

Study phase

PHASE2

Target enrollment

88 participants

Primary outcome timeframe

First 30 minutes of analgesia

Results posted on

2025-04-27

Participant Flow

Participant flow numbers reflect mother-fetus dyads (1 mother + 1 infant per dyad). Intervention groups were assigned at the maternal level.

Pregnant subjects were enrolled at the time of admission to labor and delivery. Both mothers and infants were considered enrolled for the purpose of capturing specific infant information from the infant medical record after delivery (i.e., Apgar scores, cord gases). However, only mothers received the study medication for labor pain control. All other outcomes were assessed on maternal subjects only. Enrollment number \& number of subjects started/completed represents the number of dyads enrolled.

Participant milestones

Participant milestones
Measure	Clonidine Bolus dose at epidural initiation, through the epidural catheter: 10 ml Ropivacaine 0.1 % combined with a single dose of Clonidine 60 mcg Clonidine: Clonidine belongs to the drug classification of antihypertensives Ropivacaine: Ropivacaine belongs to the drug classification of local or regional anesthesia for surgery and is used as standard of care Pregnant subjects were enrolled at the time of admission to labor and delivery. Both mothers and infants were considered enrolled for the purpose of capturing specific infant information from the infant medical record after delivery (i.e., Apgar scores, cord gases). However, only mothers received the study medication for labor pain control. All other outcomes were assessed on maternal subjects only. Enrollment number \& number of subjects started/completed represents the number of dyads enrolled.	Dexmedetomidine Bolus dose at epidural initiation, through the epidural catheter: 10 ml Ropivacaine 0.1 % combined with a single dose of Dexmedetomidine 30 mcg Dexmedetomidine: Dexmedetomidine belongs to the drug classification of sedatives Ropivacaine: Ropivacaine belongs to the drug classification of local or regional anesthesia for surgery and is used as standard of care Pregnant subjects were enrolled at the time of admission to labor and delivery. Both mothers and infants were considered enrolled for the purpose of capturing specific infant information from the infant medical record after delivery (i.e., Apgar scores, cord gases). However, only mothers received the study medication for labor pain control. All other outcomes were assessed on maternal subjects only. Enrollment number \& number of subjects started/completed represents the number of dyads enrolled.	Ropivacaine + Fentanyl Bolus dose at epidural initiation, through the epidural catheter: 10 ml Ropivacaine 0.1 % combined with a single dose of Fentanyl 100mcg Fentanyl: Fentanyl belongs to the drug classification of analgesic opioid agonists and is used as the standard of care Ropivacaine: Ropivacaine belongs to the drug classification of local or regional anesthesia for surgery and is used as standard of care Pregnant subjects were enrolled at the time of admission to labor and delivery. Both mothers and infants were considered enrolled for the purpose of capturing specific infant information from the infant medical record after delivery (i.e., Apgar scores, cord gases). However, only mothers received the study medication for labor pain control. All other outcomes were assessed on maternal subjects only. Enrollment number \& number of subjects started/completed represents the number of dyads enrolled.
Overall Study STARTED	30	29	29
Overall Study COMPLETED	24	22	23
Overall Study NOT COMPLETED	6	7	6

Reasons for withdrawal

Withdrawal data not reported

Baseline Characteristics

Only female participants.

Baseline characteristics by cohort

Baseline characteristics by cohort
Measure	Clonidine (Maternal) n=24 Participants Bolus dose at epidural initiation, through the epidural catheter: 10 ml Ropivacaine 0.1 % combined with a single dose of Clonidine 60 mcg Clonidine: Clonidine belongs to the drug classification of antihypertensives Ropivacaine: Ropivacaine belongs to the drug classification of local or regional anesthesia for surgery and is used as standard of care	Dexmedetomidine (Maternal) n=22 Participants Bolus dose at epidural initiation, through the epidural catheter: 10 ml Ropivacaine 0.1 % combined with a single dose of Dexmedetomidine 30 mcg Dexmedetomidine: Dexmedetomidine belongs to the drug classification of sedatives Ropivacaine: Ropivacaine belongs to the drug classification of local or regional anesthesia for surgery and is used as standard of care	Ropivacaine + Fentanyl (Maternal) n=23 Participants Bolus dose at epidural initiation, through the epidural catheter: 10 ml Ropivacaine 0.1 % combined with a single dose of Fentanyl 100mcg Fentanyl: Fentanyl belongs to the drug classification of analgesic opioid agonists and is used as the standard of care Ropivacaine: Ropivacaine belongs to the drug classification of local or regional anesthesia for surgery and is used as standard of care	Total n=69 Participants Total of all reporting groups
Age, Categorical >=65 years	0 Participants n=24 Participants	0 Participants n=22 Participants	0 Participants n=23 Participants	0 Participants n=69 Participants
Age, Continuous	30.5 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 4.1 • n=24 Participants	32 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 3.5 • n=22 Participants	31.5 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 3.9 • n=23 Participants	31.33 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 3.83 • n=69 Participants
Age, Categorical <=18 years	0 Participants n=24 Participants	0 Participants n=22 Participants	0 Participants n=23 Participants	0 Participants n=69 Participants
Age, Categorical Between 18 and 65 years	24 Participants n=24 Participants	22 Participants n=22 Participants	23 Participants n=23 Participants	69 Participants n=69 Participants
Sex: Female, Male Female	24 Participants n=24 Participants • Only female participants.	22 Participants n=22 Participants • Only female participants.	23 Participants n=23 Participants • Only female participants.	69 Participants n=69 Participants • Only female participants.
Sex: Female, Male Male	0 Participants n=24 Participants • Only female participants.	0 Participants n=22 Participants • Only female participants.	0 Participants n=23 Participants • Only female participants.	0 Participants n=69 Participants • Only female participants.
Race and Ethnicity Not Collected	—	—	—	0 Participants Race and Ethnicity were not collected from any participant.

PRIMARY outcome

Timeframe: First 30 minutes of analgesia

Population: Maternal only

Pain score AREA UNDER THE CURVE (AUC), which is a calculated area under curve using the trapezoidal rule, where pain scores measured from 0 (no pain) to 10 (worst imaginable pain) are on the y axis, and time is on the x axis (pain scores were measured at 5 minutes, 10 minutes,15 minutes, 30 minutes after epidural initiation for the primary outcome assessment). The scale for AUC is not 0-10 but rather is completely dependent upon the area generated under the curve created by pain scores for the first 30 minutes of epidural analgesia (primary outcome time frame): in this case, the scale is 0-250 pain units\*minute, given maximum pain score possibility of 10 and time period of 30 minutes. The units of AUC are the units of Y axis times units of X axis, in this case, pain score units \* minutes. Pain AUC was compared between Fentanyl, Clonidine and Dexmedetomidine groups.

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Clonidine n=24 Participants Bolus dose at epidural initiation, through the epidural catheter: 10 ml Ropivacaine 0.1 % combined with a single dose of Clonidine 60 mcg Clonidine: Clonidine belongs to the drug classification of antihypertensives Ropivacaine: Ropivacaine belongs to the drug classification of local or regional anesthesia for surgery and is used as standard of care	Dexmedetomidine n=22 Participants Bolus dose at epidural initiation, through the epidural catheter: 10 ml Ropivacaine 0.1 % combined with a single dose of Dexmedetomidine 30 mcg Dexmedetomidine: Dexmedetomidine belongs to the drug classification of sedatives Ropivacaine: Ropivacaine belongs to the drug classification of local or regional anesthesia for surgery and is used as standard of care	Ropivacaine + Fentanyl n=23 Participants Bolus dose at epidural initiation, through the epidural catheter: 10 ml Ropivacaine 0.1 % combined with a single dose of Fentanyl 100mcg Fentanyl: Fentanyl belongs to the drug classification of analgesic opioid agonists and is used as the standard of care Ropivacaine: Ropivacaine belongs to the drug classification of local or regional anesthesia for surgery and is used as standard of care
Pain Burden, AUC (30 Minutes)	101 pain units*minutes Interval 38.0 to 138.0	67 pain units*minutes Interval 41.0 to 100.0	39 pain units*minutes Interval 22.0 to 72.0

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: First 120 minutes of analgesia

Population: Maternal only

Pain score AREA UNDER THE CURVE (AUC), which is a calculated area under curve using the trapezoidal rule, where pain scores measured from 0 (no pain) to 10 (worst imaginable pain) are on the y axis, and time is on the x axis (pain scores were measured at 5 minutes, 10 minutes,15 minutes, 30 minutes, 60 minutes, 90 minutes and 120 minutes after epidural initiation). The scale for AUC is not 0-10 but rather is completely dependent upon the area generated under the curve created by pain scores for the first 120 minutes of epidural analgesia: in this case, the scale is 0-850 pain units\*minute, given maximum pain score possibility of 10 and time period of 120 minutes. The units of AUC are the units of Y axis times units of X axis, in this case, pain score units \* minutes. Pain AUC was compared between Fentanyl, Clonidine and Dexmedetomidine groups.

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Clonidine n=24 Participants Bolus dose at epidural initiation, through the epidural catheter: 10 ml Ropivacaine 0.1 % combined with a single dose of Clonidine 60 mcg Clonidine: Clonidine belongs to the drug classification of antihypertensives Ropivacaine: Ropivacaine belongs to the drug classification of local or regional anesthesia for surgery and is used as standard of care	Dexmedetomidine n=22 Participants Bolus dose at epidural initiation, through the epidural catheter: 10 ml Ropivacaine 0.1 % combined with a single dose of Dexmedetomidine 30 mcg Dexmedetomidine: Dexmedetomidine belongs to the drug classification of sedatives Ropivacaine: Ropivacaine belongs to the drug classification of local or regional anesthesia for surgery and is used as standard of care	Ropivacaine + Fentanyl n=23 Participants Bolus dose at epidural initiation, through the epidural catheter: 10 ml Ropivacaine 0.1 % combined with a single dose of Fentanyl 100mcg Fentanyl: Fentanyl belongs to the drug classification of analgesic opioid agonists and is used as the standard of care Ropivacaine: Ropivacaine belongs to the drug classification of local or regional anesthesia for surgery and is used as standard of care
Pain Burden, AUC (120 Minutes)	133 pain units*minutes Interval 38.0 to 217.0	67 pain units*minutes Interval 41.0 to 154.0	45 pain units*minutes Interval 28.0 to 132.0

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: 15 minutes after initiation of epidural analgesia

Population: Maternal only

Pain as defined by the Numeric Rating Score (NRS) in which the minimum score of 0 indicates no pain at all and the maximum score of 10 indicates the worst pain imaginable.

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Clonidine n=24 Participants Bolus dose at epidural initiation, through the epidural catheter: 10 ml Ropivacaine 0.1 % combined with a single dose of Clonidine 60 mcg Clonidine: Clonidine belongs to the drug classification of antihypertensives Ropivacaine: Ropivacaine belongs to the drug classification of local or regional anesthesia for surgery and is used as standard of care	Dexmedetomidine n=22 Participants Bolus dose at epidural initiation, through the epidural catheter: 10 ml Ropivacaine 0.1 % combined with a single dose of Dexmedetomidine 30 mcg Dexmedetomidine: Dexmedetomidine belongs to the drug classification of sedatives Ropivacaine: Ropivacaine belongs to the drug classification of local or regional anesthesia for surgery and is used as standard of care	Ropivacaine + Fentanyl n=23 Participants Bolus dose at epidural initiation, through the epidural catheter: 10 ml Ropivacaine 0.1 % combined with a single dose of Fentanyl 100mcg Fentanyl: Fentanyl belongs to the drug classification of analgesic opioid agonists and is used as the standard of care Ropivacaine: Ropivacaine belongs to the drug classification of local or regional anesthesia for surgery and is used as standard of care
Pain Scores	2.8 score on a scale Standard Deviation 2.7	1.9 score on a scale Standard Deviation 2.5	1.0 score on a scale Standard Deviation 1.5

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: 30 minutes after initiation of epidural analgesia

Population: Maternal only

Pain as defined by the Numeric Rating Score (NRS) in which the minimum score of 0 indicates no pain at all and the maximum score of 10 indicates the worst pain imaginable.

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Clonidine n=24 Participants Bolus dose at epidural initiation, through the epidural catheter: 10 ml Ropivacaine 0.1 % combined with a single dose of Clonidine 60 mcg Clonidine: Clonidine belongs to the drug classification of antihypertensives Ropivacaine: Ropivacaine belongs to the drug classification of local or regional anesthesia for surgery and is used as standard of care	Dexmedetomidine n=22 Participants Bolus dose at epidural initiation, through the epidural catheter: 10 ml Ropivacaine 0.1 % combined with a single dose of Dexmedetomidine 30 mcg Dexmedetomidine: Dexmedetomidine belongs to the drug classification of sedatives Ropivacaine: Ropivacaine belongs to the drug classification of local or regional anesthesia for surgery and is used as standard of care	Ropivacaine + Fentanyl n=23 Participants Bolus dose at epidural initiation, through the epidural catheter: 10 ml Ropivacaine 0.1 % combined with a single dose of Fentanyl 100mcg Fentanyl: Fentanyl belongs to the drug classification of analgesic opioid agonists and is used as the standard of care Ropivacaine: Ropivacaine belongs to the drug classification of local or regional anesthesia for surgery and is used as standard of care
Pain Scores	2.0 score on a scale Standard Deviation 2.4	0.9 score on a scale Standard Deviation 2.0	0.8 score on a scale Standard Deviation 1.2

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: Immediately after delivery

Population: Maternal only

Pain as defined by the Numeric Rating Score (NRS) in which the minimum score of 0 indicates no pain at all and the maximum score of 10 indicates the worst pain imaginable.

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Clonidine n=24 Participants Bolus dose at epidural initiation, through the epidural catheter: 10 ml Ropivacaine 0.1 % combined with a single dose of Clonidine 60 mcg Clonidine: Clonidine belongs to the drug classification of antihypertensives Ropivacaine: Ropivacaine belongs to the drug classification of local or regional anesthesia for surgery and is used as standard of care	Dexmedetomidine n=22 Participants Bolus dose at epidural initiation, through the epidural catheter: 10 ml Ropivacaine 0.1 % combined with a single dose of Dexmedetomidine 30 mcg Dexmedetomidine: Dexmedetomidine belongs to the drug classification of sedatives Ropivacaine: Ropivacaine belongs to the drug classification of local or regional anesthesia for surgery and is used as standard of care	Ropivacaine + Fentanyl n=23 Participants Bolus dose at epidural initiation, through the epidural catheter: 10 ml Ropivacaine 0.1 % combined with a single dose of Fentanyl 100mcg Fentanyl: Fentanyl belongs to the drug classification of analgesic opioid agonists and is used as the standard of care Ropivacaine: Ropivacaine belongs to the drug classification of local or regional anesthesia for surgery and is used as standard of care
Pain Scores	1.7 score on a scale Standard Deviation 2.8	0.8 score on a scale Standard Deviation 2.3	0.5 score on a scale Standard Deviation 0.9

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: At the time of delivery

Population: Maternal only

This will be measured by yes/no response to cesarean delivery mode of delivery outcome. We report the raw numbers of patients who did receive a cesarean delivery according to group.

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Clonidine n=24 Participants Bolus dose at epidural initiation, through the epidural catheter: 10 ml Ropivacaine 0.1 % combined with a single dose of Clonidine 60 mcg Clonidine: Clonidine belongs to the drug classification of antihypertensives Ropivacaine: Ropivacaine belongs to the drug classification of local or regional anesthesia for surgery and is used as standard of care	Dexmedetomidine n=22 Participants Bolus dose at epidural initiation, through the epidural catheter: 10 ml Ropivacaine 0.1 % combined with a single dose of Dexmedetomidine 30 mcg Dexmedetomidine: Dexmedetomidine belongs to the drug classification of sedatives Ropivacaine: Ropivacaine belongs to the drug classification of local or regional anesthesia for surgery and is used as standard of care	Ropivacaine + Fentanyl n=23 Participants Bolus dose at epidural initiation, through the epidural catheter: 10 ml Ropivacaine 0.1 % combined with a single dose of Fentanyl 100mcg Fentanyl: Fentanyl belongs to the drug classification of analgesic opioid agonists and is used as the standard of care Ropivacaine: Ropivacaine belongs to the drug classification of local or regional anesthesia for surgery and is used as standard of care
Cesarean Delivery	3 Participants	1 Participants	3 Participants

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: Between 0-120 min after study drug administration

Population: Maternal only

This is measured as any hypotensive event occurring any time between 0-120 min after study drug administration.

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Clonidine n=24 Participants Bolus dose at epidural initiation, through the epidural catheter: 10 ml Ropivacaine 0.1 % combined with a single dose of Clonidine 60 mcg Clonidine: Clonidine belongs to the drug classification of antihypertensives Ropivacaine: Ropivacaine belongs to the drug classification of local or regional anesthesia for surgery and is used as standard of care	Dexmedetomidine n=22 Participants Bolus dose at epidural initiation, through the epidural catheter: 10 ml Ropivacaine 0.1 % combined with a single dose of Dexmedetomidine 30 mcg Dexmedetomidine: Dexmedetomidine belongs to the drug classification of sedatives Ropivacaine: Ropivacaine belongs to the drug classification of local or regional anesthesia for surgery and is used as standard of care	Ropivacaine + Fentanyl n=23 Participants Bolus dose at epidural initiation, through the epidural catheter: 10 ml Ropivacaine 0.1 % combined with a single dose of Fentanyl 100mcg Fentanyl: Fentanyl belongs to the drug classification of analgesic opioid agonists and is used as the standard of care Ropivacaine: Ropivacaine belongs to the drug classification of local or regional anesthesia for surgery and is used as standard of care
Hypotension	13 Participants	10 Participants	11 Participants

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: 0-120 min after study drug administration

Population: Maternal only

Patient self-report of nausea at any time between 0-120 min after study drug administration

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Clonidine n=24 Participants Bolus dose at epidural initiation, through the epidural catheter: 10 ml Ropivacaine 0.1 % combined with a single dose of Clonidine 60 mcg Clonidine: Clonidine belongs to the drug classification of antihypertensives Ropivacaine: Ropivacaine belongs to the drug classification of local or regional anesthesia for surgery and is used as standard of care	Dexmedetomidine n=22 Participants Bolus dose at epidural initiation, through the epidural catheter: 10 ml Ropivacaine 0.1 % combined with a single dose of Dexmedetomidine 30 mcg Dexmedetomidine: Dexmedetomidine belongs to the drug classification of sedatives Ropivacaine: Ropivacaine belongs to the drug classification of local or regional anesthesia for surgery and is used as standard of care	Ropivacaine + Fentanyl n=23 Participants Bolus dose at epidural initiation, through the epidural catheter: 10 ml Ropivacaine 0.1 % combined with a single dose of Fentanyl 100mcg Fentanyl: Fentanyl belongs to the drug classification of analgesic opioid agonists and is used as the standard of care Ropivacaine: Ropivacaine belongs to the drug classification of local or regional anesthesia for surgery and is used as standard of care
Nausea	5 Participants	4 Participants	5 Participants

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: 0-120 min after study drug administration

Population: Maternal only

Patient self-report of vomiting at any time between 0-120 min after study drug administration

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Clonidine n=24 Participants Bolus dose at epidural initiation, through the epidural catheter: 10 ml Ropivacaine 0.1 % combined with a single dose of Clonidine 60 mcg Clonidine: Clonidine belongs to the drug classification of antihypertensives Ropivacaine: Ropivacaine belongs to the drug classification of local or regional anesthesia for surgery and is used as standard of care	Dexmedetomidine n=22 Participants Bolus dose at epidural initiation, through the epidural catheter: 10 ml Ropivacaine 0.1 % combined with a single dose of Dexmedetomidine 30 mcg Dexmedetomidine: Dexmedetomidine belongs to the drug classification of sedatives Ropivacaine: Ropivacaine belongs to the drug classification of local or regional anesthesia for surgery and is used as standard of care	Ropivacaine + Fentanyl n=23 Participants Bolus dose at epidural initiation, through the epidural catheter: 10 ml Ropivacaine 0.1 % combined with a single dose of Fentanyl 100mcg Fentanyl: Fentanyl belongs to the drug classification of analgesic opioid agonists and is used as the standard of care Ropivacaine: Ropivacaine belongs to the drug classification of local or regional anesthesia for surgery and is used as standard of care
Vomiting	1 Participants	0 Participants	1 Participants

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: 0-120 min after study drug administration

Population: Maternal only

Patient self-report of shivering at any time between 0-120 min after study drug administration

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Clonidine n=24 Participants Bolus dose at epidural initiation, through the epidural catheter: 10 ml Ropivacaine 0.1 % combined with a single dose of Clonidine 60 mcg Clonidine: Clonidine belongs to the drug classification of antihypertensives Ropivacaine: Ropivacaine belongs to the drug classification of local or regional anesthesia for surgery and is used as standard of care	Dexmedetomidine n=22 Participants Bolus dose at epidural initiation, through the epidural catheter: 10 ml Ropivacaine 0.1 % combined with a single dose of Dexmedetomidine 30 mcg Dexmedetomidine: Dexmedetomidine belongs to the drug classification of sedatives Ropivacaine: Ropivacaine belongs to the drug classification of local or regional anesthesia for surgery and is used as standard of care	Ropivacaine + Fentanyl n=23 Participants Bolus dose at epidural initiation, through the epidural catheter: 10 ml Ropivacaine 0.1 % combined with a single dose of Fentanyl 100mcg Fentanyl: Fentanyl belongs to the drug classification of analgesic opioid agonists and is used as the standard of care Ropivacaine: Ropivacaine belongs to the drug classification of local or regional anesthesia for surgery and is used as standard of care
Shivering	6 Participants	4 Participants	7 Participants

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: 0-120 min after study drug administration

Population: Maternal only

Patient self-report of pruritus at any time between 0-120 min after study drug administration

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Clonidine n=24 Participants Bolus dose at epidural initiation, through the epidural catheter: 10 ml Ropivacaine 0.1 % combined with a single dose of Clonidine 60 mcg Clonidine: Clonidine belongs to the drug classification of antihypertensives Ropivacaine: Ropivacaine belongs to the drug classification of local or regional anesthesia for surgery and is used as standard of care	Dexmedetomidine n=22 Participants Bolus dose at epidural initiation, through the epidural catheter: 10 ml Ropivacaine 0.1 % combined with a single dose of Dexmedetomidine 30 mcg Dexmedetomidine: Dexmedetomidine belongs to the drug classification of sedatives Ropivacaine: Ropivacaine belongs to the drug classification of local or regional anesthesia for surgery and is used as standard of care	Ropivacaine + Fentanyl n=23 Participants Bolus dose at epidural initiation, through the epidural catheter: 10 ml Ropivacaine 0.1 % combined with a single dose of Fentanyl 100mcg Fentanyl: Fentanyl belongs to the drug classification of analgesic opioid agonists and is used as the standard of care Ropivacaine: Ropivacaine belongs to the drug classification of local or regional anesthesia for surgery and is used as standard of care
Pruritus	3 Participants	0 Participants	5 Participants

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: Immediately after delivery

Population: Maternal only

Patient self-report regarding satisfaction with analgesia on a scale of 1-10; 1 = not satisfied, 10 = the most satisfied.

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Clonidine n=24 Participants Bolus dose at epidural initiation, through the epidural catheter: 10 ml Ropivacaine 0.1 % combined with a single dose of Clonidine 60 mcg Clonidine: Clonidine belongs to the drug classification of antihypertensives Ropivacaine: Ropivacaine belongs to the drug classification of local or regional anesthesia for surgery and is used as standard of care	Dexmedetomidine n=22 Participants Bolus dose at epidural initiation, through the epidural catheter: 10 ml Ropivacaine 0.1 % combined with a single dose of Dexmedetomidine 30 mcg Dexmedetomidine: Dexmedetomidine belongs to the drug classification of sedatives Ropivacaine: Ropivacaine belongs to the drug classification of local or regional anesthesia for surgery and is used as standard of care	Ropivacaine + Fentanyl n=23 Participants Bolus dose at epidural initiation, through the epidural catheter: 10 ml Ropivacaine 0.1 % combined with a single dose of Fentanyl 100mcg Fentanyl: Fentanyl belongs to the drug classification of analgesic opioid agonists and is used as the standard of care Ropivacaine: Ropivacaine belongs to the drug classification of local or regional anesthesia for surgery and is used as standard of care
Patient Treatment Satisfaction	10 score on a scale Interval 8.0 to 10.0	10 score on a scale Interval 9.0 to 10.0	10 score on a scale Interval 8.0 to 10.0

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: 1 minute after delivery

Population: Neonatal only

The Apgar score is a method of assessing newborn health at the time of delivery. Score range 0 to 10 where 0 is poor health and 10 is the best health.