The Turkish Fear of Pain Questionnaire

Study Results

Results pending

The study team has not published outcome measurements, participant flow, or safety data for this trial yet. Check back later for updates.

Basic Information

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Recruitment Status

UNKNOWN

Total Enrollment

195 participants

Study Classification

OBSERVATIONAL

Study Start Date

2022-09-08

Study Completion Date

2023-08-12

Brief Summary

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Children's chronic pain is a significant condition that affects roughly 25% of children, with approximately 3% of them requiring intense pain therapy. In the adult literature, various scales have been established to assess fear of pain. When these scales are studied, fear of pain has been shown to have a role in adult chronic pain research, but this topic has gotten less attention in pediatric chronic pain research. The Fear of Pain Questionnaire for Children (FOPQ-C) is a questionnaire that addresses this knowledge gap. The purpose of this study is to determine the validity and clinical utility of the Fear of Pain Questionnaire for Children (FOPQ-C) Scale in the Turkish community.

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Detailed Description

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Pain is a multidimensional experience that includes sensory, cognitive, emotional, and social factors. The International Association for the Study of Pain defines chronic pain as pain that lasts longer than three months, besides the lack of a clear description. Chronic pain is a critical developmental health issue that can be recurring or persistent, causing significant disruption in everyday life. Children with chronic pain that is continuous or recurrent may be unable to attend school, may withdraw from social activities, and may develop internalizing symptoms as a result of their discomfort. Given these findings, researchers and clinicians must focus on concerns connected to pediatric chronic pain in order to reduce these challenges and develop appropriate methods. Adults are reported to suffer from 19 percent of chronic pain, with two-thirds describing their pain as "persistent" and 50% describing it as "unbearable." Chronic pain has emerged as a significant problem in children, affecting around one out of every four children, while approximately 3% of children require intense pain therapy.

Psychosocial factors interact with physiological processes to influence pain outcomes such as pain perception and impairment, according to the biopsychosocial model of chronic pain. Fear of pain is a psychological mechanism that has been shown to be effective in predicting chronic pain and accompanying disability in adults. When pain-related sensations are viewed as dangerous, fear of pain develops. The Fear Avoidance Model of Pain outlines how fear of pain influences the outcomes of people who are in chronic pain. Many elements of the condition, including experimentally generated pain severity, pain during dental treatment, chronic pain behavior, and pain-related disability, have been linked to fear of pain. Simultaneously, in the Fear Avoidance Model of Pain, if pain is seen as threatening, pain-related fear develops, leading to avoidance. Simultaneously, in the Fear Avoidance Model of Pain, if pain is seen as threatening, pain-related fear develops, leading to avoidance behaviors and hypervigilance. After that, there's incapacity and depression. These negative outcomes aggravate the fear and avoidance loop. While assessing fear of pain is critical, assessing fear of re-injury is more difficult because it can entail movement, physical activity, or a mix of these things. Furthermore, patients frequently do not report or subjectively sense pain, but rather have trouble performing the actions or activities that have been required of them.

In the adult literature, various scales have been established to assess fear of pain. Fear of pain has been shown to have a role in adult chronic pain research, but it has gotten less attention in pediatric chronic pain research. The Fear of Pain Questionnaire for children and parents (FOPQ-C SF, FOPQ-P) is a questionnaire that addresses this knowledge gap. As a result, the purpose of this study is to see if the Fear of Pain Questionnaire for Children \& Parents (FOPQ-C, FOPQ-P) Scale is valid in the Turkish community and how effective it is in therapeutic practice.

Conditions

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Chronic Headache

Study Design

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Observational Model Type

CASE_CONTROL

Study Time Perspective

CROSS_SECTIONAL

Study Groups

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Chronic Headache Group

Children with chronic headache

No interventions assigned to this group

Healthy Group

Children without pain

No interventions assigned to this group

Eligibility Criteria

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Inclusion Criteria

(1) Being diagnosed with chronic pain. (2) To have the cognitive ability to answer questions for assessment. (3) Completing the test-retest assessment. (4) To be the native language Turkish.

1. between the ages of 5-18.
2. Not having any psychiatric or neurological diagnosis.
3. To be the native language Turkish.

Exclusion Criteria

1. Uncontrollable psychological diseases (eg, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, autism spectrum disorder, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, major depressive disorder), specific pathologies, will not be included in the study.
2. Patients who started a new treatment during the study or 6 weeks before the study.
3. Study participants will be instructed not to take analgesics for 48 hours prior to assessments.

1. Families and children who did not agree to participate in the study.
2. To have received medical treatment for any neuropsychiatric disorder.

Minimum Eligible Age

5 Years

Maximum Eligible Age

18 Years

Eligible Sex

ALL

Accepts Healthy Volunteers

Yes