Trial Outcomes & Findings for Treating Civilian Traumatic Brain Injury With High Definition Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (ciTBI-HDtDCS) (NCT NCT05408975)

NCT ID: NCT05408975

Last Updated: 2026-02-02

Results Overview

Evaluation of treatment differences (active versus sham) in change on Category Fluency. Metric: Total Number of Correct Items Generated for Animal. Total Range 0 (minimum) - 100 (maximum). Larger numbers indicate better performance.

Recruitment status

COMPLETED

Study phase

NA

Target enrollment

5 participants

Primary outcome timeframe

Treatment differences (active versus sham) in change from Baseline to immediately and 2-months Post-Treatment.

Results posted on

2026-02-02

Participant Flow

Participant milestones

Participant milestones
Measure
Active to Sham Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation
Subjects in this arm were first randomly assigned to receive active stimulation. After completion of active stimulation, subjects were assigned to sham stimulation.
Sham to Active Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation
Subjects in this arm were first randomly assigned to receive sham stimulation. After completion of sham stimulation, subjects were assigned to active stimulation.
Baseline
STARTED
3
2
Baseline
COMPLETED
3
2
Baseline
NOT COMPLETED
0
0
Immediately Post Phase 1 Intervention
STARTED
3
2
Immediately Post Phase 1 Intervention
COMPLETED
3
2
Immediately Post Phase 1 Intervention
NOT COMPLETED
0
0
8 Weeks Post Phase 1 Intervention
STARTED
3
2
8 Weeks Post Phase 1 Intervention
COMPLETED
3
2
8 Weeks Post Phase 1 Intervention
NOT COMPLETED
0
0
Immediately Post Phase 2 Intervention
STARTED
3
2
Immediately Post Phase 2 Intervention
COMPLETED
2
2
Immediately Post Phase 2 Intervention
NOT COMPLETED
1
0
8 Weeks Post Phase 2 Intervention
STARTED
2
2
8 Weeks Post Phase 2 Intervention
COMPLETED
2
2
8 Weeks Post Phase 2 Intervention
NOT COMPLETED
0
0

Reasons for withdrawal

Withdrawal data not reported

Baseline Characteristics

Treating Civilian Traumatic Brain Injury With High Definition Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (ciTBI-HDtDCS)

Baseline characteristics by cohort

Baseline characteristics by cohort
Measure
Active to Sham Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation
n=3 Participants
Subjects in this arm will first be randomly assigned to receive active stimulation. After completion of active stimulation, subjects will be assigned to sham stimulation.
Sham to Active Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation
n=2 Participants
Subjects in this arm will first be randomly assigned to receive sham stimulation. After completion of sham stimulation, subjects will be assigned to active stimulation.
Total
n=5 Participants
Total of all reporting groups
Age, Continuous
47.7 years
STANDARD_DEVIATION 24.6 • n=13 Participants
50 years
STANDARD_DEVIATION 15.6 • n=15 Participants
48.6 years
STANDARD_DEVIATION 19.1 • n=28 Participants
Sex: Female, Male
Female
2 Participants
n=13 Participants
2 Participants
n=15 Participants
4 Participants
n=28 Participants
Sex: Female, Male
Male
1 Participants
n=13 Participants
0 Participants
n=15 Participants
1 Participants
n=28 Participants
Race (NIH/OMB)
American Indian or Alaska Native
0 Participants
n=13 Participants
0 Participants
n=15 Participants
0 Participants
n=28 Participants
Race (NIH/OMB)
Asian
0 Participants
n=13 Participants
0 Participants
n=15 Participants
0 Participants
n=28 Participants
Race (NIH/OMB)
Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander
0 Participants
n=13 Participants
0 Participants
n=15 Participants
0 Participants
n=28 Participants
Race (NIH/OMB)
Black or African American
0 Participants
n=13 Participants
0 Participants
n=15 Participants
0 Participants
n=28 Participants
Race (NIH/OMB)
White
3 Participants
n=13 Participants
2 Participants
n=15 Participants
5 Participants
n=28 Participants
Race (NIH/OMB)
More than one race
0 Participants
n=13 Participants
0 Participants
n=15 Participants
0 Participants
n=28 Participants
Race (NIH/OMB)
Unknown or Not Reported
0 Participants
n=13 Participants
0 Participants
n=15 Participants
0 Participants
n=28 Participants
Ethnicity (NIH/OMB)
Hispanic or Latino
0 Participants
n=13 Participants
0 Participants
n=15 Participants
0 Participants
n=28 Participants
Ethnicity (NIH/OMB)
Not Hispanic or Latino
3 Participants
n=13 Participants
2 Participants
n=15 Participants
5 Participants
n=28 Participants
Ethnicity (NIH/OMB)
Unknown or Not Reported
0 Participants
n=13 Participants
0 Participants
n=15 Participants
0 Participants
n=28 Participants
Region of Enrollment
United States
3 Participants
n=13 Participants
2 Participants
n=15 Participants
5 Participants
n=28 Participants
The Controlled Oral Word Association Test
30.67 items
STANDARD_DEVIATION 7.23 • n=13 Participants
30.5 items
STANDARD_DEVIATION 0.71 • n=15 Participants
30.6 items
STANDARD_DEVIATION 5.13 • n=28 Participants
Category Fluency
18 Total items
STANDARD_DEVIATION 1.73 • n=13 Participants
17 Total items
STANDARD_DEVIATION 0 • n=15 Participants
17.6 Total items
STANDARD_DEVIATION 1.34 • n=28 Participants
The Boston Naming Test
26.67 Total items
STANDARD_DEVIATION 2.52 • n=13 Participants
28 Total items
STANDARD_DEVIATION 0 • n=15 Participants
27.2 Total items
STANDARD_DEVIATION 1.93 • n=28 Participants
Semantic Object Retrieval Test
30.33 Total items
STANDARD_DEVIATION 1.53 • n=13 Participants
30.5 Total items
STANDARD_DEVIATION 2.12 • n=15 Participants
30.4 Total items
STANDARD_DEVIATION 1.52 • n=28 Participants
The Delis Kaplan Color Word Interference Test, naming
35.66666667 Time- Seconds
STANDARD_DEVIATION 5.131601439 • n=13 Participants
41 Time- Seconds
STANDARD_DEVIATION 7.071067812 • n=15 Participants
37.8 Time- Seconds
STANDARD_DEVIATION 5.85 • n=28 Participants
The Delis Kaplan Color Word Interference Test, reading
26 Time - seconds
STANDARD_DEVIATION 6.244997998 • n=13 Participants
27.5 Time - seconds
STANDARD_DEVIATION 12.02081528 • n=15 Participants
26.6 Time - seconds
STANDARD_DEVIATION 7.503332593 • n=28 Participants
The Delis Kaplan Color Word Interference Test, inhibition
57 Time - seconds
STANDARD_DEVIATION 5 • n=13 Participants
71.5 Time - seconds
STANDARD_DEVIATION 9.192388155 • n=15 Participants
62.8 Time - seconds
STANDARD_DEVIATION 9.833615815 • n=28 Participants
The Delis Kaplan Color Word Interference Test, inhibition and switching
71.33333333 Time - seconds
STANDARD_DEVIATION 19.85782801 • n=13 Participants
75 Time - seconds
STANDARD_DEVIATION 16.97056275 • n=15 Participants
72.8 Time - seconds
STANDARD_DEVIATION 16.52876281 • n=28 Participants
Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test and alternative lists, total learning
40.66666667 Total items
STANDARD_DEVIATION 15.14375559 • n=13 Participants
48.5 Total items
STANDARD_DEVIATION 3.535533906 • n=15 Participants
43.8 Total items
STANDARD_DEVIATION 11.67047557 • n=28 Participants
Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test and alternative lists, delayed recall
7.333333333 Total items
STANDARD_DEVIATION 5.033222957 • n=13 Participants
9.5 Total items
STANDARD_DEVIATION 0.707106781 • n=15 Participants
8.2 Total items
STANDARD_DEVIATION 3.768288736 • n=28 Participants

PRIMARY outcome

Timeframe: Treatment differences (active versus sham) in change from Baseline to immediately and 2-months Post-Treatment.

Population: n=3 assigned to Active to Sham arm completed phase 1 (Baseline, Immediately post phase 1 intervention, 8 weeks after post phase 1 intervention), and only n=2 assigned to Active to Sham arm completed phase 2 (Immediately post phase 2 intervention, 8 weeks after post phase 2 intervention). n=2 assigned to Sham to Active completed both phases 1 \&2.

Evaluation of treatment differences (active versus sham) in change on the Control Word Association Test. Metric: Total Number of Correct Items Generated for three different letters. Total Range 0 (minimum) - 200 (maximum). Larger numbers indicate better performance.

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure
Active to Sham
n=3 Participants
Subjects in this arm were first randomly assigned to receive active stimulation. After completion of active stimulation, subjects were assigned to sham stimulation.
Sham to Active
n=2 Participants
Subjects in this arm were first randomly assigned to receive sham stimulation. After completion of active stimulation, subjects were assigned to active stimulation.
The Controlled Oral Word Association Test
Baseline
30.67 Total items
Standard Deviation 7.23
30.5 Total items
Standard Deviation 0.71
The Controlled Oral Word Association Test
Immediate post completion of phase 1 intervention
33.33 Total items
Standard Deviation 5.69
35 Total items
Standard Deviation 0
The Controlled Oral Word Association Test
8 weeks post completion of phase 1 intervention
34.67 Total items
Standard Deviation 7.51
39.5 Total items
Standard Deviation 7.78
The Controlled Oral Word Association Test
Immediate post completion of phase 2 intervention
31 Total items
Standard Deviation 9.9
48.5 Total items
Standard Deviation 3.54
The Controlled Oral Word Association Test
8 weeks post completion of phase 2 intervention
33.5 Total items
Standard Deviation 4.95
43.5 Total items
Standard Deviation 4.95

PRIMARY outcome

Timeframe: Treatment differences (active versus sham) in change from Baseline to immediately and 2-months Post-Treatment.

Population: n=3 assigned to Active to Sham arm completed phase 1 (Baseline, Immediately post phase 1 intervention, 8 weeks after post phase 1 intervention), and only n=2 assigned to Active to Sham arm completed phase 2 (Immediately post phase 2 intervention, 8 weeks after post phase 2 intervention). n=2 assigned to Sham to Active completed both phases 1 \&2.

Evaluation of treatment differences (active versus sham) in change on Category Fluency. Metric: Total Number of Correct Items Generated for Animal. Total Range 0 (minimum) - 100 (maximum). Larger numbers indicate better performance.

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure
Active to Sham
n=3 Participants
Subjects in this arm were first randomly assigned to receive active stimulation. After completion of active stimulation, subjects were assigned to sham stimulation.
Sham to Active
n=2 Participants
Subjects in this arm were first randomly assigned to receive sham stimulation. After completion of active stimulation, subjects were assigned to active stimulation.
Category Fluency
Baseline
18 Total items
Standard Deviation 1.73
17 Total items
Standard Deviation 0
Category Fluency
Immediate post completion of phase 1 intervention
17.67 Total items
Standard Deviation 6.35
24.5 Total items
Standard Deviation 0.71
Category Fluency
8 weeks post completion of phase 1 intervention
20 Total items
Standard Deviation 2.65
22.5 Total items
Standard Deviation 0.71
Category Fluency
Immediate post completion of phase 2 intervention
11 Total items
Standard Deviation 1.41
27.5 Total items
Standard Deviation 3.54
Category Fluency
8 weeks post completion of phase 2 intervention
17.5 Total items
Standard Deviation 2.12
20.5 Total items
Standard Deviation 0.71

PRIMARY outcome

Timeframe: Treatment differences (active versus sham) in change from Baseline to immediately and 2-months Post-Treatment.

Population: n=3 assigned to Active to Sham arm completed phase 1 (Baseline, Immediately post phase 1 intervention, 8 weeks after post phase 1 intervention), and only n=2 assigned to Active to Sham arm completed phase 2 (Immediately post phase 2 intervention, 8 weeks after post phase 2 intervention). n=2 assigned to Sham to Active completed both phases 1 \&2, except for one subject in the Sham to Active group missed data at the immediate post time point for phase 2.

Evaluation of treatment differences (active versus sham) in change on The Boston Naming Test - 30 items. Metric: Total Number of Correct Items Generated. Total Range 0 (minimum) - 30 (maximum). Larger numbers indicate better performance.

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure
Active to Sham
n=3 Participants
Subjects in this arm were first randomly assigned to receive active stimulation. After completion of active stimulation, subjects were assigned to sham stimulation.
Sham to Active
n=2 Participants
Subjects in this arm were first randomly assigned to receive sham stimulation. After completion of active stimulation, subjects were assigned to active stimulation.
The Boston Naming Test
Immediate post completion of phase 2 intervention
27 Total items
Standard Deviation 1.41
30 Total items
Standard Deviation NA
Only one subject
The Boston Naming Test
8 weeks post completion of phase 2 intervention
28 Total items
Standard Deviation 2.83
30 Total items
Standard Deviation 0
The Boston Naming Test
Baseline
26.67 Total items
Standard Deviation 2.52
28 Total items
Standard Deviation 0
The Boston Naming Test
Immediate post completion of phase 1 intervention
27 Total items
Standard Deviation 1
29.5 Total items
Standard Deviation 0.71
The Boston Naming Test
8 weeks post completion of phase 1 intervention
27.33 Total items
Standard Deviation 1.53
28.5 Total items
Standard Deviation 2.12

PRIMARY outcome

Timeframe: Treatment differences (active versus sham) in change from Baseline to immediately and 2-months Post-Treatment.

Population: n=3 assigned to Active to Sham arm completed phase 1 (Baseline, Immediately post phase 1 intervention, 8 weeks after post phase 1 intervention), and only n=2 assigned to Active to Sham arm completed phase 2 (Immediately post phase 2 intervention, 8 weeks after post phase 2 intervention). n=2 assigned to Sham to Active completed both phases 1 \&2, except for one subject in the Sham to Active group missed data at the immediate post time point for phase 2.

Evaluation of treatment differences (active versus sham) in change in Semantic Object Retrieval Test. Metric: Total Number of Correct Retrievals. Total Range 0 (minimum) - 32 (maximum). Larger numbers indicate better performance.

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure
Active to Sham
n=3 Participants
Subjects in this arm were first randomly assigned to receive active stimulation. After completion of active stimulation, subjects were assigned to sham stimulation.
Sham to Active
n=2 Participants
Subjects in this arm were first randomly assigned to receive sham stimulation. After completion of active stimulation, subjects were assigned to active stimulation.
Semantic Object Retrieval Test
Baseline
30.33 Total items
Standard Deviation 1.53
30.5 Total items
Standard Deviation 2.12
Semantic Object Retrieval Test
8 weeks post completion of phase 2 intervention
32 Total items
Standard Deviation 0
31.5 Total items
Standard Deviation 0.71
Semantic Object Retrieval Test
Immediate post completion of phase 1 intervention
31.33 Total items
Standard Deviation 1.15
31.5 Total items
Standard Deviation 0.71
Semantic Object Retrieval Test
8 weeks post completion of phase 1 intervention
30.67 Total items
Standard Deviation 1.15
31 Total items
Standard Deviation 1.41
Semantic Object Retrieval Test
Immediate post completion of phase 2 intervention
30 Total items
Standard Deviation 1.41
31 Total items
Standard Deviation NA
Only one subject

PRIMARY outcome

Timeframe: Treatment differences (active versus sham) in change from Baseline to immediately and 2-months Post-Treatment.

Population: n=3 assigned to Active to Sham arm completed phase 1 (Baseline, Immediately post phase 1 intervention, 8 weeks after post phase 1 intervention), and only n=2 assigned to Active to Sham arm completed phase 2 (Immediately post phase 2 intervention, 8 weeks after post phase 2 intervention). n=2 assigned to Sham to Active completed both phases 1 \&2, except for one subject in the Sham to Active group missed data at the immediate post time point for phase 2.

Evaluation of treatment differences (active versus sham) in change on the Delis Kaplan Color Word Interference Test. Metric: Time - seconds to Name Items. Total Range 0 (minimum) - 150 (maximum). Longer time indicates worse performance.

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure
Active to Sham
n=3 Participants
Subjects in this arm were first randomly assigned to receive active stimulation. After completion of active stimulation, subjects were assigned to sham stimulation.
Sham to Active
n=2 Participants
Subjects in this arm were first randomly assigned to receive sham stimulation. After completion of active stimulation, subjects were assigned to active stimulation.
The Delis Kaplan Color Word Interference Test, Naming
8 weeks post completion of phase 1 intervention
31.66666667 Time - seconds
Standard Deviation 4.509249753
34.5 Time - seconds
Standard Deviation 7.778174593
The Delis Kaplan Color Word Interference Test, Naming
Baseline
35.66666667 Time - seconds
Standard Deviation 5.131601439
41 Time - seconds
Standard Deviation 7.071067812
The Delis Kaplan Color Word Interference Test, Naming
Immediate post completion of phase 1 intervention
32.66666667 Time - seconds
Standard Deviation 2.516611478
31 Time - seconds
Standard Deviation 8.485281374
The Delis Kaplan Color Word Interference Test, Naming
Immediate post completion of phase 2 intervention
34.5 Time - seconds
Standard Deviation 3.535533906
32 Time - seconds
Standard Deviation NA
Only one subject
The Delis Kaplan Color Word Interference Test, Naming
8 weeks post completion of phase 2 intervention
29 Time - seconds
Standard Deviation 5.656854249
34.5 Time - seconds
Standard Deviation 3.535533906

PRIMARY outcome

Timeframe: Treatment differences (active versus sham) in change from Baseline to immediately and 2-months Post-Treatment.

Population: n=3 assigned to Active to Sham arm completed phase 1 (Baseline, Immediately post phase 1 intervention, 8 weeks after post phase 1 intervention), and only n=2 assigned to Active to Sham arm completed phase 2 (Immediately post phase 2 intervention, 8 weeks after post phase 2 intervention). n=2 assigned to Sham to Active completed both phases 1 \&2, except for one subject in the Sham to Active group missed data at the immediate post time point for phase 2.

Evaluation of treatment differences (active versus sham) in change on the Delis Kaplan Color Word Interference Test. Metric: Time - seconds to Name Items. Total Range 0 (minimum) - 150 (maximum). Longer time indicates worse performance.

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure
Active to Sham
n=3 Participants
Subjects in this arm were first randomly assigned to receive active stimulation. After completion of active stimulation, subjects were assigned to sham stimulation.
Sham to Active
n=2 Participants
Subjects in this arm were first randomly assigned to receive sham stimulation. After completion of active stimulation, subjects were assigned to active stimulation.
The Delis Kaplan Color Word Interference Test, Reading
Baseline
26 Time - seconds
Standard Deviation 6.244997998
27.5 Time - seconds
Standard Deviation 12.02081528
The Delis Kaplan Color Word Interference Test, Reading
Immediate post completion of phase 1 intervention
24 Time - seconds
Standard Deviation 7
24 Time - seconds
Standard Deviation 4.242640687
The Delis Kaplan Color Word Interference Test, Reading
8 weeks post completion of phase 1 intervention
25.66666667 Time - seconds
Standard Deviation 6.658328118
25.5 Time - seconds
Standard Deviation 7.778174593
The Delis Kaplan Color Word Interference Test, Reading
Immediate post completion of phase 2 intervention
31.5 Time - seconds
Standard Deviation 3.535533906
27 Time - seconds
Standard Deviation NA
Only one subject
The Delis Kaplan Color Word Interference Test, Reading
8 weeks post completion of phase 2 intervention
24.5 Time - seconds
Standard Deviation 0.707106781
27 Time - seconds
Standard Deviation 4.242640687

PRIMARY outcome

Timeframe: Treatment differences (active versus sham) in change from Baseline to immediately and 2-months Post-Treatment.

Population: n=3 assigned to Active to Sham arm completed phase 1 (Baseline, Immediately post phase 1 intervention, 8 weeks after post phase 1 intervention), and only n=2 assigned to Active to Sham arm completed phase 2 (Immediately post phase 2 intervention, 8 weeks after post phase 2 intervention). n=2 assigned to Sham to Active completed both phases 1 \&2, except for one subject in the Sham to Active group missed data at the immediate post time point for phase 2.

Evaluation of treatment differences (active versus sham) in change on the Delis Kaplan Color Word Interference Test. Metric: Time - seconds to Name Items. Total Range 0 (minimum) - 150 (maximum). Longer time indicates worse performance.

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure
Active to Sham
n=3 Participants
Subjects in this arm were first randomly assigned to receive active stimulation. After completion of active stimulation, subjects were assigned to sham stimulation.
Sham to Active
n=2 Participants
Subjects in this arm were first randomly assigned to receive sham stimulation. After completion of active stimulation, subjects were assigned to active stimulation.
The Delis Kaplan Color Word Interference Test, Inhibition
Baseline
57 Time - seconds
Standard Deviation 5
71.5 Time - seconds
Standard Deviation 9.192388155
The Delis Kaplan Color Word Interference Test, Inhibition
Immediate post completion of phase 1 intervention
46 Time - seconds
Standard Deviation 2.645751311
64 Time - seconds
Standard Deviation 9.899494937
The Delis Kaplan Color Word Interference Test, Inhibition
8 weeks post completion of phase 1 intervention
53 Time - seconds
Standard Deviation 3.464101615
58.5 Time - seconds
Standard Deviation 9.192388155
The Delis Kaplan Color Word Interference Test, Inhibition
Immediate post completion of phase 2 intervention
48 Time - seconds
Standard Deviation 5.656854249
66 Time - seconds
Standard Deviation NA
Only one subject
The Delis Kaplan Color Word Interference Test, Inhibition
8 weeks post completion of phase 2 intervention
46.5 Time - seconds
Standard Deviation 0.707106781
59.5 Time - seconds
Standard Deviation 2.121320344

PRIMARY outcome

Timeframe: Treatment differences (active versus sham) in change from Baseline to immediately and 2-months Post-Treatment.

Population: n=3 assigned to Active to Sham arm completed phase 1 (Baseline, Immediately post phase 1 intervention, 8 weeks after post phase 1 intervention), and only n=2 assigned to Active to Sham arm completed phase 2 (Immediately post phase 2 intervention, 8 weeks after post phase 2 intervention). n=2 assigned to Sham to Active completed both phases 1 \&2, except for one subject in the Sham to Active group missed data at the immediate post time point for phase 2.

Evaluation of treatment differences (active versus sham) in change on the Delis Kaplan Color Word Interference Test. Metric: Time - seconds to Name Items. Total Range 0 (minimum) - 240 (maximum). Longer time indicates worse performance.

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure
Active to Sham
n=3 Participants
Subjects in this arm were first randomly assigned to receive active stimulation. After completion of active stimulation, subjects were assigned to sham stimulation.
Sham to Active
n=2 Participants
Subjects in this arm were first randomly assigned to receive sham stimulation. After completion of active stimulation, subjects were assigned to active stimulation.
The Delis Kaplan Color Word Interference Test, Inhibition and Switching
8 weeks post completion of phase 2 intervention
70 Time - seconds
Standard Deviation 9.899494937
52 Time - seconds
Standard Deviation 0
The Delis Kaplan Color Word Interference Test, Inhibition and Switching
Baseline
71.33333333 Time - seconds
Standard Deviation 19.85782801
75 Time - seconds
Standard Deviation 16.97056275
The Delis Kaplan Color Word Interference Test, Inhibition and Switching
Immediate post completion of phase 1 intervention
72 Time - seconds
Standard Deviation 29.13760457
58 Time - seconds
Standard Deviation 8.485281374
The Delis Kaplan Color Word Interference Test, Inhibition and Switching
8 weeks post completion of phase 1 intervention
75.33333333 Time - seconds
Standard Deviation 24.19366308
56.5 Time - seconds
Standard Deviation 6.363961031
The Delis Kaplan Color Word Interference Test, Inhibition and Switching
Immediate post completion of phase 2 intervention
61.5 Time - seconds
Standard Deviation 3.535533906
53 Time - seconds
Standard Deviation NA
Only one subject

PRIMARY outcome

Timeframe: Treatment differences (active versus sham) in change from Baseline to immediately and 2-months Post-Treatment.

Population: n=3 assigned to Active to Sham arm completed phase 1 (Baseline, Immediately post phase 1 intervention, 8 weeks after post phase 1 intervention), and only n=2 assigned to Active to Sham arm completed phase 2 (Immediately post phase 2 intervention, 8 weeks after post phase 2 intervention). n=2 assigned to Sham to Active completed both phases 1 \&2, except for one subject in the Sham to Active group missed data at the immediate post time point for phase 2.

Evaluation of treatment differences (active versus sham) in change in Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test. Metric: Number of Total learning items and Correct Recalls. Total Range 0 (minimum) - 75 (maximum). Larger numbers indicate better performance.

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure
Active to Sham
n=3 Participants
Subjects in this arm were first randomly assigned to receive active stimulation. After completion of active stimulation, subjects were assigned to sham stimulation.
Sham to Active
n=2 Participants
Subjects in this arm were first randomly assigned to receive sham stimulation. After completion of active stimulation, subjects were assigned to active stimulation.
Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test and Alternative Lists, Total Learning
Baseline
40.66666667 Total items
Standard Deviation 15.14375559
48.5 Total items
Standard Deviation 3.535533906
Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test and Alternative Lists, Total Learning
Immediate post completion of phase 1 intervention
39.33333333 Total items
Standard Deviation 11.8462371
57 Total items
Standard Deviation 7.071067812
Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test and Alternative Lists, Total Learning
8 weeks post completion of phase 1 intervention
43.66666667 Total items
Standard Deviation 11.59022577
58 Total items
Standard Deviation 4.242640687
Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test and Alternative Lists, Total Learning
Immediate post completion of phase 2 intervention
40.5 Total items
Standard Deviation 17.67766953
73 Total items
Standard Deviation NA
Only one subject
Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test and Alternative Lists, Total Learning
8 weeks post completion of phase 2 intervention
38.5 Total items
Standard Deviation 3.535533906
63 Total items
Standard Deviation 7.071067812

PRIMARY outcome

Timeframe: Treatment differences (active versus sham) in change from Baseline to immediately and 2-months Post-Treatment.

Population: n=3 assigned to Active to Sham arm completed phase 1 (Baseline, Immediately post phase 1 intervention, 8 weeks after post phase 1 intervention), and only n=2 assigned to Active to Sham arm completed phase 2 (Immediately post phase 2 intervention, 8 weeks after post phase 2 intervention). n=2 assigned to Sham to Active completed both phases 1 \&2, except for one subject in the Sham to Active group missed data at the immediate post time point for phase 2.

Evaluation of treatment differences (active versus sham) in change in Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test. Metric: Total Number of Delayed Recall items and Correct Recalls. Total Range 0 (minimum) - 15 (maximum). Larger numbers indicate better performance.

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure
Active to Sham
n=3 Participants
Subjects in this arm were first randomly assigned to receive active stimulation. After completion of active stimulation, subjects were assigned to sham stimulation.
Sham to Active
n=2 Participants
Subjects in this arm were first randomly assigned to receive sham stimulation. After completion of active stimulation, subjects were assigned to active stimulation.
Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test and Alternative Lists, Delayed Recall
Baseline
7.333333333 Total items
Standard Deviation 5.033222957
9.5 Total items
Standard Deviation 0.707106781
Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test and Alternative Lists, Delayed Recall
Immediate post completion of phase 1 intervention
6 Total items
Standard Deviation 4.582575695
12 Total items
Standard Deviation 1.414213562
Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test and Alternative Lists, Delayed Recall
8 weeks post completion of phase 1 intervention
8.666666667 Total items
Standard Deviation 4.509249753
13.5 Total items
Standard Deviation 2.121320344
Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test and Alternative Lists, Delayed Recall
Immediate post completion of phase 2 intervention
7.5 Total items
Standard Deviation 6.363961031
15 Total items
Standard Deviation NA
Only one subject
Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test and Alternative Lists, Delayed Recall
8 weeks post completion of phase 2 intervention
7 Total items
Standard Deviation 1.414213562
11.5 Total items
Standard Deviation 3.535533906

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: Treatment differences (active versus sham) in change from Baseline to immediately and 2-months Post-Treatment.

Population: n=3 assigned to Active to Sham arm completed phase 1 (Baseline, Immediately post phase 1 intervention, 8 weeks after post phase 1 intervention), and only n=2 assigned to Active to Sham arm completed phase 2 (Immediately post phase 2 intervention, 8 weeks after post phase 2 intervention). n=2 assigned to Sham to Active completed both phases 1 \&2, except for one subject in the Sham to Active group missed data at the immediate post time point for phase 2.

Evaluation of treatment differences (active versus sham) in change on the Trail Making Test (Parts A\&B). Metric: Time to Solution. Total Range 0 (minimum) - 300 (maximum). Longer time indicates worse performance.

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure
Active to Sham
n=3 Participants
Subjects in this arm were first randomly assigned to receive active stimulation. After completion of active stimulation, subjects were assigned to sham stimulation.
Sham to Active
n=2 Participants
Subjects in this arm were first randomly assigned to receive sham stimulation. After completion of active stimulation, subjects were assigned to active stimulation.
The Trail Making Test - Part A
Immediate post completion of phase 1 intervention
27.66666667 Time - seconds
Standard Deviation 11.93035345
26.5 Time - seconds
Standard Deviation 13.43502884
The Trail Making Test - Part A
8 weeks post completion of phase 1 intervention
28 Time - seconds
Standard Deviation 19.28730152
27 Time - seconds
Standard Deviation 5.656854249
The Trail Making Test - Part A
Immediate post completion of phase 2 intervention
30.5 Time - seconds
Standard Deviation 14.8492424
29 Time - seconds
Standard Deviation NA
Only one subject
The Trail Making Test - Part A
8 weeks post completion of phase 2 intervention
34.5 Time - seconds
Standard Deviation 26.1629509
26.5 Time - seconds
Standard Deviation 9.192388155
The Trail Making Test - Part A
Baseline
37.66666667 Time - seconds
Standard Deviation 14.36430762
41.5 Time - seconds
Standard Deviation 7.778174593

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: Treatment differences (active versus sham) in change from Baseline to immediately and 2-months Post-Treatment.

Population: n=3 assigned to Active to Sham arm completed phase 1 (Baseline, Immediately post phase 1 intervention, 8 weeks after post phase 1 intervention), and only n=2 assigned to Active to Sham arm completed phase 2 (Immediately post phase 2 intervention, 8 weeks after post phase 2 intervention). n=2 assigned to Sham to Active completed both phases 1 \&2, except for one subject in the Sham to Active group missed data at the immediate post time point for phase 2.

Evaluation of treatment differences (active versus sham) in change on the Trail Making Test (Parts A\&B). Metric: Time to Solution. Total Range 0 (minimum) - 300 (maximum). Longer time indicates worse performance.

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure
Active to Sham
n=3 Participants
Subjects in this arm were first randomly assigned to receive active stimulation. After completion of active stimulation, subjects were assigned to sham stimulation.
Sham to Active
n=2 Participants
Subjects in this arm were first randomly assigned to receive sham stimulation. After completion of active stimulation, subjects were assigned to active stimulation.
The Trail Making Test - Part B
8 weeks post completion of phase 2 intervention
58 Time - seconds
Standard Deviation 15.55634919
71.5 Time - seconds
Standard Deviation 7.778174593
The Trail Making Test - Part B
Baseline
68.66666667 Time - seconds
Standard Deviation 21.57158625
101 Time - seconds
Standard Deviation 9.899494937
The Trail Making Test - Part B
Immediate post completion of phase 1 intervention
63.66666667 Time - seconds
Standard Deviation 3.511884584
52.5 Time - seconds
Standard Deviation 16.26345597
The Trail Making Test - Part B
8 weeks post completion of phase 1 intervention
57.66666667 Time - seconds
Standard Deviation 21.22105872
63.5 Time - seconds
Standard Deviation 7.778174593
The Trail Making Test - Part B
Immediate post completion of phase 2 intervention
61.5 Time - seconds
Standard Deviation 10.60660172
62 Time - seconds
Standard Deviation NA
Only one subject

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: Treatment differences (active versus sham) in change from Baseline to immediately and 2-months Post-Treatment.

Population: n=3 assigned to Active to Sham arm completed phase 1 (Baseline, Immediately post phase 1 intervention, 8 weeks after post phase 1 intervention), and only n=2 assigned to Active to Sham arm completed phase 2 (Immediately post phase 2 intervention, 8 weeks after post phase 2 intervention). n=2 assigned to Sham to Active completed both phases 1 \&2, except for one subject in the Sham to Active group missed data at the immediate post time point for phase 2.

Evaluation of treatment differences (active versus sham) in change in Digit Span Forward. Metric: Memory Span, a composite score of how many numbers are repeated correctly in a forward order. Z = 0 is the normed average, with positive Z values better and negative Z values worse than the normed average.

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure
Active to Sham
n=3 Participants
Subjects in this arm were first randomly assigned to receive active stimulation. After completion of active stimulation, subjects were assigned to sham stimulation.
Sham to Active
n=2 Participants
Subjects in this arm were first randomly assigned to receive sham stimulation. After completion of active stimulation, subjects were assigned to active stimulation.
Digit Span Forward
Baseline
0.933333333 Units on Z scale
Standard Deviation 1.078579312
0.4 Units on Z scale
Standard Deviation 0.707106781
Digit Span Forward
Immediate post completion of phase 1 intervention
0.3 Units on Z scale
Standard Deviation 0.556776436
-0.085 Units on Z scale
Standard Deviation 0.021213203
Digit Span Forward
8 weeks post completion of phase 1 intervention
-0.34 Units on Z scale
Standard Deviation 0.819023809
-0.1 Units on Z scale
Standard Deviation 0
Digit Span Forward
Immediate post completion of phase 2 intervention
0.05 Units on Z scale
Standard Deviation 0.494974747
-1.05 Units on Z scale
Standard Deviation NA
Only one subject
Digit Span Forward
8 weeks post completion of phase 2 intervention
-0.85 Units on Z scale
Standard Deviation 0.777817459
-0.575 Units on Z scale
Standard Deviation 0.671751442

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: Treatment differences (active versus sham) in change from Baseline to immediately and 2-months Post-Treatment.

Population: n=3 assigned to Active to Sham arm completed phase 1 (Baseline, Immediately post phase 1 intervention, 8 weeks after post phase 1 intervention), and only n=2 assigned to Active to Sham arm completed phase 2 (Immediately post phase 2 intervention, 8 weeks after post phase 2 intervention). n=2 assigned to Sham to Active completed both phases 1 \&2, except for one subject in the Sham to Active group missed data at the immediate post time point for phase 2.

Evaluation of treatment differences (active versus sham) in change in Digit Span Backward. Metric: Memory Span, a composite score of how many numbers are repeated correctly in a backward order. Z = 0 is the normed average, with positive Z values better and negative Z values worse than the normed average.

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure
Active to Sham
n=3 Participants
Subjects in this arm were first randomly assigned to receive active stimulation. After completion of active stimulation, subjects were assigned to sham stimulation.
Sham to Active
n=2 Participants
Subjects in this arm were first randomly assigned to receive sham stimulation. After completion of active stimulation, subjects were assigned to active stimulation.
Digit Span Backward
Baseline
0.2 Units on Z scale
Standard Deviation 1.252996409
0.7 Units on Z scale
Standard Deviation 1.272792206
Digit Span Backward
Immediate post completion of phase 1 intervention
-0.933333333 Units on Z scale
Standard Deviation 0.56862407
1.525 Units on Z scale
Standard Deviation 0.035355339
Digit Span Backward
8 weeks post completion of phase 1 intervention
0.44 Units on Z scale
Standard Deviation 0.991362699
0.25 Units on Z scale
Standard Deviation 0.636396103
Digit Span Backward
Immediate post completion of phase 2 intervention
0.81 Units on Z scale
Standard Deviation 1.965756852
-0.19 Units on Z scale
Standard Deviation NA
Only one subject
Digit Span Backward
8 weeks post completion of phase 2 intervention
0.385 Units on Z scale
Standard Deviation 2.566797616
0.68 Units on Z scale
Standard Deviation 0.028284271

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: Treatment differences (active versus sham) in change from Baseline to immediately and 2-months Post-Treatment.

Population: n=3 assigned to Active to Sham arm completed phase 1 (Baseline, Immediately post phase 1 intervention, 8 weeks after post phase 1 intervention), and only n=2 assigned to Active to Sham arm completed phase 2 (Immediately post phase 2 intervention, 8 weeks after post phase 2 intervention). n=2 assigned to Sham to Active completed both phases 1 \&2, except for one subject in the Sham to Active group missed data at the immediate post time point for phase 2.

Evaluation of treatment differences (active versus sham) in change in Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure Test scores. Metric: Score. Total Range 0 (minimum) - 36 (maximum). This is a summed score of the number and accuracy of complex figure features captured. Larger numbers indicate better performance.

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure
Active to Sham
n=3 Participants
Subjects in this arm were first randomly assigned to receive active stimulation. After completion of active stimulation, subjects were assigned to sham stimulation.
Sham to Active
n=2 Participants
Subjects in this arm were first randomly assigned to receive sham stimulation. After completion of active stimulation, subjects were assigned to active stimulation.
Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure Test - Delayed Recall
Baseline
15.16666667 Score on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.577350269
25.5 Score on a scale
Standard Deviation 2.121320344
Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure Test - Delayed Recall
Immediate post completion of phase 1 intervention
18.5 Score on a scale
Standard Deviation 3.905124838
28 Score on a scale
Standard Deviation 9.899494937
Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure Test - Delayed Recall
8 weeks post completion of phase 1 intervention
18 Score on a scale
Standard Deviation 5.408326913
32.5 Score on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.707106781
Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure Test - Delayed Recall
Immediate post completion of phase 2 intervention
14 Score on a scale
Standard Deviation 9.899494937
31 Score on a scale
Standard Deviation NA
Only one subject
Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure Test - Delayed Recall
8 weeks post completion of phase 2 intervention
24 Score on a scale
Standard Deviation 11.3137085
25.45 Score on a scale
Standard Deviation 3.606244584

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: Treatment differences (active versus sham) in change from Baseline to immediately and 2-months Post-Treatment.

Population: n=3 assigned to Active to Sham arm completed phase 1 (Baseline, Immediately post phase 1 intervention, 8 weeks after post phase 1 intervention), and only n=2 assigned to Active to Sham arm completed phase 2 (Immediately post phase 2 intervention, 8 weeks after post phase 2 intervention). n=2 assigned to Sham to Active completed both phases 1 \&2, except for one subject in the Sham to Active group missed data at the immediate post time point for phase 2.

Evaluation of treatment differences (active versus sham) in change on the Digit Symbol Substitution Test. Metric: Number of Items. Total Range 0 (minimum) - 135 (maximum). Larger numbers indicate better performance.

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure
Active to Sham
n=3 Participants
Subjects in this arm were first randomly assigned to receive active stimulation. After completion of active stimulation, subjects were assigned to sham stimulation.
Sham to Active
n=2 Participants
Subjects in this arm were first randomly assigned to receive sham stimulation. After completion of active stimulation, subjects were assigned to active stimulation.
The Digit Symbol Substitution Test
Baseline
45 Total items
Standard Deviation 5.196152423
45.5 Total items
Standard Deviation 14.8492424
The Digit Symbol Substitution Test
Immediate post completion of phase 1 intervention
45.33333333 Total items
Standard Deviation 2.516611478
58 Total items
Standard Deviation 11.3137085
The Digit Symbol Substitution Test
8 weeks post completion of phase 1 intervention
47.66666667 Total items
Standard Deviation 1.527525232
58.5 Total items
Standard Deviation 23.33452378
The Digit Symbol Substitution Test
Immediate post completion of phase 2 intervention
50 Total items
Standard Deviation 4.242640687
53 Total items
Standard Deviation NA
Only one subject
The Digit Symbol Substitution Test
8 weeks post completion of phase 2 intervention
48 Total items
Standard Deviation 4.242640687
62.5 Total items
Standard Deviation 9.192388155

Adverse Events

Active to Sham Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation

Serious events: 0 serious events
Other events: 0 other events
Deaths: 0 deaths

Sham to Active Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation

Serious events: 0 serious events
Other events: 0 other events
Deaths: 0 deaths

Serious adverse events

Adverse event data not reported

Other adverse events

Adverse event data not reported

Additional Information

Hsueh-Sheng Chiang

Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center

Phone: 6176674074

Results disclosure agreements

  • Principal investigator is a sponsor employee
  • Publication restrictions are in place